Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich genealogical tree. Stalin. Pedigree. Return to the capital

CHAPTER THREE

PEDIGREE OF THE LEADER

So, we have established that Stalin's father, Major General Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, is the illegitimate son of Emperor Alexander II.
Therefore, he has more than a direct relationship to the Romanov Dynasty. And after the revolutionary battles and whirlwinds, it was the son of Przhevalsky who accepted the scepter of the Sovereign of the Russian Power, Soviet Russia, which since 1922 became known as the USSR or the Soviet Union.
Let's listen to what a contemporary of Stalin and his fierce enemy, an enemy not only of himself, but also of the State ruled by him, said about this. Let's listen to what Hitler said, almost hysterically appealing to the leaders Western countries, whom he tried to make allies in the fight against Stalin and the USSR:
“Stalin only pretends to be the herald of the Bolshevik revolution. In fact, he identifies himself with Russia and the Tsars and simply revived the tradition of pan-Slavism. For him, Bolshevism is only a means, only a disguise, the purpose of which is to deceive the German and Latin peoples.
From the memoirs of Hitler's comrades-in-arms, it is known that "during his life, Hitler spoke about Stalin more than once, especially willingly in his" table conversations ", combining contempt for the Bolshevik leader with admiration for his methods of government."
The fact that heredity affects the fate of a person, sometimes in the most decisive way, is no longer a secret. There was a time when other figures tried to deny this, even forged Lenin's well-known statement that a cook could run the state. Lenin spoke a little differently - a cook who has received the appropriate education can govern the state. Although here we meet with a serious inaccuracy, perhaps deliberately made. How can one not recall one well-known prophecy that Imperial Russia destroy Pugachev from the university. In some way, it was reflected in what happened - Lenin just turned out to be "Pugachev from the university."
Here we can refer to the works of our famous thinker Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin, who pointed out that education without upbringing just gives rise to “Pugachev from universities”.
Ilyin wrote:
“Education without upbringing does not shape a person, but unbridles and spoils him, because it gives him vital opportunities, technical skills, which he, unspiritual, conscienceless, unfaithful and characterless, begins to abuse.”
From this, the philosopher concluded that "an illiterate but respectable peasant is better than an educated scoundrel."
That is why the educated, but completely devoid of education, scoundrels from the "guard" of Lenin-Trotsky-Sverdlov destroyed the respectable peasantry. But the enemies of Russia have forgotten before, and are forgetting now, that in the truly Russian people, in the Great Russians, there is a remarkable strength. It lives in the blood, in the genes. And in the genes of Stalin lived the memory of the sovereign deeds of the great ancestors.

As you know, the ancestor of the Romanov Dynasty was the nephew of the first and, it is important to note, the truly beloved wife of the greatest Russian Sovereign Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia, who was poisoned by the enemies of Russia. Now enough documents have been published proving that the Sovereign John Vasilyevich himself and his mother Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya, and his sons John Ioannovich, and Feodor Ioannovich were poisoned.
The lineage of the wonderful Rurik Dynasty ended with the youngest son of Ivan Vasilyevich, Dmitry Ioannovich, who was not even destined to step on the Throne of Russian Tsars.
But in 1613, at the Moscow Zemsky Sobor, a new Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was elected, and one of the reasons for the election was precisely that he was the nephew of Tsarina Anastasia, beloved by the people. At least in this, as it seemed, the continuity of the Dynasty, which turned Rus' from separate principalities into a state capable of withstanding numerous enemies, would be observed.
Historians believe that the fall into the abyss of troubled times, during which Russia lost half of its population, was the result of the rejection of the Rurikovich state system.
But then the revival began - Rus' was on the rise again. One of the indicators of this upsurge was the fact that Ukraine (let us clarify that the very name "Ukraine" appeared much later) itself asked to be in the bosom of the Russian State. Under the arm of a weak Power is not asked. A request under a mighty hand, and not reunification, since under the hand of the Moscow Tsar of the Romanov Dynasty the registered Zaporizhzhya Army and the population of some lands controlled by the army, located on the territory of the now woven formation called Ukraine, passed. The term "reunification" was coined in the 1920s.
So, Rus' is on the rise, and when Rus' is on the rise, the rulers of the West, overt and secret always, at all times, have been corroded and corroded by anger and hatred. How to stop takeoff? Very simple - interrupt the Dynasty, destroy the heirs to the throne.
So it was under the Rurikovichs in ancient times.
In the 8th century, Burivoi reigned in Novgorod, who waged a fierce struggle against the Varangians. When he was defeated, he was forced to leave Novgorod. But the Novgorodians did not submit to the Varangians. They asked Burivoy to send his son Gostomysl to reign, under whose leadership they defeated the Varangians.
After the victory over the Varangians, the long and glorious reign of Gostomysl began. Gostomysl had four sons and three daughters. It would seem that the dynasty is strong enough. But ... Gostomysl was a very good prince and did a lot of important and good things for Novgorod Rus', strengthening its power and defense capability, and, therefore, was hated by the enemies of Slovenia. And somehow it so happened that all four of his sons passed away prematurely. Gostomysl lost his male heirs. Accident? There have never been accidents in matters of succession to the throne, either in ancient times or in times more recent. After all, the Russian Land has always been surrounded by peoples with bestial habits, ready at any convenient moment to strike an insidious blow in order to rob, mock women, children, the elderly, in a word, over those who could not fight back. Many of the aggressors are erroneously classified as Slavs and Aryans. They are much closer to what came from monkeys.
The death of all four sons of Gostomysl during his lifetime is not accidental. It is no coincidence, because according to the laws of succession, the Novgorod princely table should have passed in this case to the eldest son of the eldest daughter of Gostomysl. And she, this eldest daughter named Ulita, was married to a non-Slav, that is, not to Arius, but to someone, if we take Darwin's theory, descended from a monkey. At that time, the inheritance of the princely table through the female line was allowed in cases where the male line was interrupted.
The middle daughter of Gostomysl named Umila, the favorite of the Novgorodians, was married to the prince of the Slavic Slavs Godlav. And she had sons Rurik, Truvor and Sineus. But how to circumvent the law of succession? How to give the Novgorod table to your native Slavs? Gostomysl thought for a long time, worried, and suddenly he once had a dream that a large tree had grown from the womb of Umila, from which the people of Novgorod feed. He considered the dream prophetic and announced it to his people. The decision to make Umila's sons heirs was a common one, but the sudden death of Gostomysl prevented it from being implemented. It was necessary to give the throne to the son of Ulita, but the Novgorodians opposed this and sent a deputation to Rurik, Truvor and Sineus.
The envoys of the Novgorodians and other northern tribes of Slovenia came to Rurik, Sineus and Truvor with a proposal: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit in it, but go reign and rule over us.”
Everything is extremely clear, but clear to a person who is able to think. The Russian Land is indeed great, but there is no outfit or dresser, that is, a leader in it. Come and become leaders. But those who wanted to show that the Russian people, in general, are characterized by disorder, deliberately read in a way that suits them: “there is no order in it,” although it was still necessary to manage to read it this way, because the outfit and order are different things. Outfit is an order, control, power.
Our ancient ancestors called to Rus' the direct heirs of their beloved Prince Gostomysl to take power into their own hands. Rurik, Sineus and Truvor have ruled Slovenia since 870. Rurik survived the brothers, and after their death united all the lands of Slovenia in his hands. He was married to the Norwegian princess Efanda, who bore him a son, Igor.
Of the three sons of Umila, only Rurik had an heir. Here it should be noted that in relation to the brothers of Rurik, Academician Boris Alexandrovich Rybakov wrote: “Historians have long paid attention to the anecdotal nature of the “brothers” of Rurik, who, however, was a historical person, and the “brothers” turned out to be Russian translations of Swedish words. It is said about Rurik that he came “from his birth” (“sine use” - “his relatives” - Sineus) and “faithful squad” - (“tru war” - “faithful squad”) - Truvor). "Sineus - sine hus -" one's kind ". "Truvor - thru waring -" faithful squad ".
In other words, a retelling of some Scandinavian legend about the activities of Rurik got into the chronicle (the author of the chronicle, a Novgorodian who did not know Swedish well, mistook the mention in the oral saga of the traditional environment of Rurik for the names of his brothers.
So the dynasty could receive the names not only of the Rurik dynasty, but of the Gostomyslids ...
However, in this case, we are interested in the fact of the “accidental” death of four sons of Prince Gostomysl, successful in state activity. Let's say ... This is an accident, although it is hard to believe.
The reader may wonder why we deviate so far from considering the Romanov Dynasty. Indeed, in the first chapters it is proved that the ancestors of Stalin are the Romanovs. I will not get ahead of myself, but I will note that all this will become clear from the subsequent chapters of the manuscript. The Interweaving of Dynasties is a mysterious thing that happened not without the will of God in secret. And we will touch these secrets.
The elimination of the heirs to the throne is a common thing for the dark forces of the West. Especially these dark forces became more active when they began to be frightened by the rise of Rus'. Although Rus' always and at all times did not threaten anyone, the threat to the West was the very power of Rus'.
Rus' rose under Gostomysl - and immediately a blow to the heirs of the princely table. A new extraordinary upsurge came in the era of Ivan the Terrible - the deeds of this wonderful Sovereign strengthened Rus'. So did all four sons of Sovereign John Vasilyevich pass away by chance?
Of course, historians - fosterlings of the order of the Russian intelligentsia - argue that, of course, by chance. More precisely, they come up with the most incredible myths about how Tsar Ivan the Terrible lost his heirs.
It has already been proven that the second oldest son of John and the third oldest son Theodore were poisoned, although it is invented that the Tsar himself killed Tsarevich John. Moreover, as historians say - that is, experts in perverting the past - he killed twice. Once during a quarrel in the chambers of the Tsarevich's wife, the second time during peace negotiations with the Poles. He killed once because he began to defend his wife, who, allegedly, according to the Tsar, was not dressed as she should, for which John Vasilyevich scolded her. The second time the Tsar killed his son was because he sided with the seditious boyars when drafting a peace treaty. Moreover, in time, the murder took place before peace negotiations. But what kind of rubbish is that?! Now the West is screaming hysterically, proving that armed forces Donetsk People's Republic shot down the plane almost with a slingshot. Well, the fact that historians invented that the Tsar killed his son twice is not surprising, because in Pridurkain politicians usually commit suicide by making an obligatory control shot, and the bandits, fleeing from persecution, kill themselves twice while fleeing. And everything comes down to the real Svidomo fucked up truth.
And what happened to the firstborn of Ivan Vasilyevich and his beloved wife Anastasia Romanovna? It turns out that he, as a baby, was "accidentally" dropped into the icy water during a trip to the pilgrimage ...
Even in a multi-part false film, the episode was portrayed ... A carriage rides on water, and suddenly a baby flies out of the window and bangs into the water ... Accidentally flew out ...
Well, the fourth son was harassed in infancy ... And again, an “accident” appears - while playing, he pricked himself on a pile.
And everything is very simple - under Ivan the Terrible, Rus' achieved tremendous success. It was necessary to stop her ... And they stopped her. After the extermination of the heirs to the Throne, Russia sank into Time of Troubles in which it lost half of its population.
It was necessary to do something with the new Dynasty. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, Rus' calmly, without unnecessary noise, began its next upsurge. Well, again, the dark forces of the West took up the heirs of the Throne. True, they did not manage to resolve all the issues, and therefore they struck a blow at the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich.
There are now a lot of materials on the Internet that convincingly prove the substitution of Tsar Peter with the aim of destroying or, at least, weakening Russia. Here, for example, are the lines from the article: “Peter the Great. Reforms that killed Russia”, posted on the website “Pantry of Knowledge” on October 17, 2011. Finding an article and reading it in full is very easy.
At the very beginning it says: "The most effective way to manage us is to replace the leader." This assertion will be useful to us later.
It is further indicated that in the work “Antichrist”, Dmitry Merezhkovsky noted a complete change in the appearance, character and psyche of Tsar Peter I after his return from the “German lands”, where he went for two weeks, and returned two years later. Russian embassy, accompanying the king, consisted of 20 people, and was headed by A.D. Menshikov. After returning to Russia, this embassy consisted of only the Dutch (including the notorious Lefort), only Menshikov remained the only one from the old composition. This "embassy" brought a completely different tsar, who spoke Russian poorly, did not recognize his friends and relatives, which immediately betrayed a substitution. This forced Tsarina Sophia, the sister of the real Tsar Peter I, to raise archers against the impostor.
As you know, the Streltsy rebellion was brutally suppressed, Sophia was hanged on the Spassky Gates of the Kremlin, the impostor exiled the wife of Peter 1 to a monastery, where she never reached, and called his own from Holland. False Peter killed “his” brother Ivan V and “his” little children Alexander, Natalya and Lavrenty immediately, although official history tells us about it in a different way. And he executed the youngest son Alexei as soon as he tried to free his real father from the Bastille.
We will not go into details, since this is not our topic. We only note that Stalin, at the famous parade on November 7, 1941, did not name Peter among the great ancestors, whose images inspire feats. But after the revolution, almost one Peter was not crushed from his pedestal. And he continued to be called "great." Why didn't you name it? After all, what myths were inflated after the revolution about the military talent of Peter? By chance, Peter was not included in the list? No... There were no accidents in Stalin's deeds. Stalin, who knew perfectly well the great past of Russia, of course, had his own view of Peter and his time. Instructing the director of the film "Ivan the Terrible" Eisenstein and the performer of the role of the Tsar, Stalin said:
“Tsar Ivan was a great and wise ruler. The wisdom of Ivan the Terrible was that he stood on the national point of view and did not let foreigners into our country, protecting the country from foreign influence ... Petrukha opened the gates to Europe and let in too many foreigners. (Quoted from: V. Kobrin. Ivan the Terrible. M., 1989, p. 8).
You can often hear that the Romanov Dynasty is a pro-Western Dynasty. But let me... After all, the one who called himself Tsar Peter is not Romanov! His mockery of Russia is unbelievable, during his reign he reduced the population of Russia, according to our outstanding historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, by a third, and according to some other historians - by 40 percent! For comparison, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the population doubled.
So, the Romanov dynasty ended? Stopped. Then the children went from Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya, whom the new Tsar allegedly took away from the governor Boris Sheremetyev, who, in turn, found somewhere in Saxony.
And the attempts of those who talk about small fractions of Russian blood among representatives of the Romanov dynasty are completely in vain. The blood of the Romanovs was not left there after the liquidation of the real Peter. But… only up to a certain point.
What happened next?
Since the name of the great Empress Catherine II sounded in the title of the first chapter, let's dwell on her history in more detail.
It is known that the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna deliberately chose as a wife to the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich a bride not noble, who could not use the services of court parties in the struggle for the throne. The Empress understood that her nephew would inherit the Russian throne in his spiritual and physical qualities can not. She sought to quickly marry him, take the child for herself and raise him as the Heir to the Throne. But unexpectedly, her plans ran into an obstacle related to the state of health of the Grand Duke. As it turned out, Pyotr Fedorovich could not become a father ...
In 1774, Catherine the Second in her "Frank Confession" addressed to her chosen one G.A. Potemkin, touched on this issue. The fact is that from the moment of the marriage, that is, from August 21, 1745, Elizaveta Petrovna unsuccessfully waited 9 years for the young couple to give an heir. Alas... All was in vain.
Ekaterina Alekseevna recalled in 1774: “Maria Choglokova, seeing that after nine years the circumstances remained the same as they were before the wedding, and being often scolded by the late Empress that she did not try to change them, she did not find any other way than to both sides make an offer to choose at will from those whom she had in mind; on the one hand, they chose the widow Grot .., and on the other hand, Sergei Saltykov and this more according to his apparent inclination and at the persuasion of his mother, who was instructed in this by great need and need.
“Frank-hearted confession” is addressed to the future secret spouse, and therefore Catherine II delicately, with allusions, touches on a delicate issue. In the main text of "Notes ..." she speaks more directly and frankly about the proposals and advice made to her: "During one of the ... concerts, Sergei Saltykov made me understand what was the reason for his frequent visits. I didn't answer him right away; when he again began to talk to me about the same thing, I asked him: what does he hope for? Then he began to paint me a picture as captivating as full of passion of the happiness he hoped for; I told him:
- And your wife, whom you married out of passion two years ago, with whom you are said to be in love and who loves you to madness - what will she say about this?
Then he began to tell me that not everything that glitters is gold, and that he pays dearly for a moment of blindness.
I took every measure to get him to change these thoughts; I innocently thought that I could do it; I felt sorry for him. Unfortunately, I continued to listen to him. He was beautiful as day, and, of course, no one could compare with him, either in a large court, and even more so in ours. He had no lack of intelligence, nor of that warehouse of knowledge, manners and techniques, which give great light and especially the Court. He was 26; in general, both by birth and by many other qualities, he was an outstanding cavalier.
And next to it - a completely different specimen - rude, uneducated, tongue-tied, who never mastered the Russian language to the proper extent, but learned swear words. And besides, he also dragged after all the women in a row, who accepted the red tape only thanks to the title of a dragger, and out of a desire to annoy the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna, for whom they experienced burning envy.
But Catherine was not at all what book and television experts constantly strive to expose her to the secrets of other people's beds, that is, "gossips," according to Princess Liven's apt definition, "worse than an old woman." If Catherine paid attention to courtship, then, as she sincerely exclaimed: “God sees that it’s not from debauchery, to which I have no inclination.”
And she resisted Saltykov's courtship for a long time, not at all suspecting that they were partly caused not only by his undoubted feeling for her, but also by the urgent recommendations of Marya Choglokova, who was responsible for the birth of the heir.
Much is revealed in the secret of the birth of Pavel Petrovich by what Catherine told in her notes further: “Meanwhile, Choglokova, always busy with her favorite worries about the succession to the throne, once took me aside and said: “Listen, I have to talk to you very seriously.” I, of course, all turned into a hearing; she, in her usual manner, began a long rant about her affection for her husband, about her prudence, about what is needed and what is not needed for mutual love and to ease or burden the bonds of a husband or wife, and then turned to the statement that sometimes there are provisions higher order that force exceptions to the rule.
I let her say whatever she wanted to say, without interrupting, and not at all knowing what she was getting at, somewhat astounded, and not knowing whether it was a trap she was setting for me, or whether she was speaking sincerely. While I was thinking this inwardly, she said to me: “You will see how much I love my Fatherland and how sincere I am; I have no doubt that you would not give preference to someone: I present to you to choose between Sergei Saltykov and Lev Naryshkin. If I'm not mistaken, it's the last one. To which I exclaimed: “No, no, not at all.” Then she told me: "Well, if it's not him, then another, probably." To this I did not say a word, and she continued: "You will see that I will not interfere with you."
From the behavior of Choglokova, Catherine could not help but understand that everything comes from the Empress and that the candidates for the fathers of the heir have already been discussed, but the choice was left to her herself ...
Vladislav Khodasevich, who was going to write big book about Emperor Paul I, and therefore scrupulously studied the issue of his birth, wrote: “The childlessness of marriage annoyed and worried the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Dissatisfied and upset by the behavior of her nephew, who showed all the signs, if not insanity, then, in any case, extreme dementia, the Empress was right in dreaming of transferring the throne not directly to Pyotr Fedorovich, but to his future son. Unlimited power and the absence of a precise law on succession gave her the opportunity to eventually remove her nephew who did not justify her hopes and declare the child who should be born from his marriage as the heir.

Information about Stalin's ancestors is scarce, scarce and superficial. When, during Stalin's lifetime, some of the sycophant historians of Transcaucasia tried to find documents and materials on this subject, digging into the church books of Georgia or interviewing centenarians from the small town of Gori, where Stalin was born on December 21, 1879, Stalin expressed on this occasion not too clear on content, but extremely angry in form, a phrase that not only immediately interrupted all these archival researches, but also cost the lives of several too curious researchers of his ancestry. Stalin reacted no less sharply to the initiative of the Children's Literature Publishing House (Detgiz), which prepared for publication "Stories about Stalin's childhood" - by analogy with stories about Lenin's childhood. Without much anger, Stalin also banned Mikhail Bulgakov's play about Stalin's revolutionary youth from being staged. Only Stalin himself said in the preface to the first volume of his works that he had once been an "immature Marxist"; no one else could repeat or even quote this phrase. Just as decisively, Stalin banned the publication of a small collection of poems once composed by the young Dzhugashvili-Koba; they were hastily translated into Russian for Stalin's 70th birthday by a group of leading Soviet poets. And yet, something about Stalin's childhood and youth can be said both from sources published in the Soviet press and from the testimonies of some of his childhood and youth friends who, by the will of fate, ended up in exile.

It is known, for example, that Stalin's great-grandfather Zaza Dzhugashvili was a serf and even took part in one of the peasant uprisings that break out from time to time in the Transcaucasus - more often than it happened in Russia. Later, Zaza Dzhugashvili settled with his family in the village of Didi-Milo, not far from Tiflis, where he completed his life path. His son Vano, Joseph Stalin's grandfather, inherited his father's farm, growing grapes and making wine. Here, in Didi Milo, his son Vissarion, nicknamed "Beso", was born. As is known, serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861, and after the death of his father, Vissarion decided to abandon the hard peasant labor. He went to Tiflis and got a job as a student, and then as a worker in a leather factory. It was the shoemaking that brought Vissarion to the small Georgian town of Gori, where he met Ekaterina Geladze, who soon became his wife. Catherine also came from a peasant family. Only after the abolition of serfdom, her family moved to Gori. In Georgia, early marriages for women were accepted at that time. The first son of the Dzhugashvili spouses died at the age of one year, and much later, when the entire leadership of Georgia came to Catherine’s house to congratulate her on her birthday or on the birthday of the “great Stalin”, independent and sharp-tongued, she often said, that it was her first son who was much more capable and smarter than all the others. Joseph (Coco) was her fourth child, the second and third died in infancy. When the future "leader" was born, Catherine was only twenty years old.

We know almost nothing about Stalin's father. There is evidence that he was a rude and uneducated person and was too addicted to wine. Often he beat his little son, and these severe beatings could hardly contribute to the development of good beginnings in the character of Coco. In 1885, Vissarion left the family and again moved to Tiflis to a leather factory, although he did not completely break off ties with the family. He returned home a few years later seriously ill and died soon after. Later, Stalin never mentioned his father, and even the date of his death was not given in any " Brief biography Stalin", nor in the official chronology of Stalin's life and work. It was the lack of accurate data about Stalin's father that later gave rise to many different kinds of legends about Stalin's father and, in general, about the reality of this paternity. Some of Stalin's ill-wishers spread a rumor in Georgia that Vissarion Dzhugashvili was not a Georgian at all, but an Ossetian. In the Caucasus, from time immemorial, various manifestations of national hatred have been strong, and between Georgians and Ossetians there were not the most best relationship. I also heard that Stalin's father did not die from a serious illness, but was stabbed to death in a drunken tavern fight. On the other hand, even when the author of this article lived in Georgia, one often heard whispered rumors that Stalin's true father was some kind of Georgian prince, for whom Ekaterina Dzhugashvili worked as a laundress, or even a person of high spiritual rank. It was also said that Stalin's father was the famous Russian traveler Przhevalsky, who really was in Gori and looks very similar to the fifty-year-old Stalin, as can be seen from the photograph of Przhevalsky placed in the Small Soviet Encyclopedia. However, if we look not at the ITU, but at the biography of Przhevalsky himself, we can read that he really lived for some time in Gori, but six months after the birth of little Joseph.

In A. Rybakov's novel "Children of the Arbat", Stalin's father is depicted as a kind, gentle and cheerful person - as opposed to a harsh and irritable mother. Memories of Stalin's father according to Rybakov are the brightest memories of childhood. I will not analyze Fazil Iskander's version of Stalin's childhood here, after all, every writer has the right to fiction - where there is almost no reliable data.

Be that as it may, but the burden of worries about earning and raising her son fell on the shoulders of Ekaterina Dzhugashvili. Stalin's childhood friend, later one of his first biographers, Joseph Iremashvili, described Catherine as a very pious and economic woman and noted her great love for her son. Mother dreamed of Joseph becoming a priest. In order to pay for his son's education, he was hired as a laundress and seamstress in the rich houses of Gori, did various menial work in the same church school in which Joseph received his initial church education. Studying was not easy for the boy, and the Russian language was especially difficult for him. In those years, in the Georgian provinces, few people spoke Russian, and, not accustomed to Russian from childhood, Stalin spoke with a strong Georgian acceptance until the end of his life. Stalin almost always spoke Georgian with S. Ordzhonikidze, A. Yenukidze or L. Beria. After graduating from a church school, Stalin entered the seminary in Tiflis. Later, he very rarely visited his mother - both in Gori and, after the civil war, in Tiflis. She resolutely refused to move to her only son in Moscow and lived alone.

The revolution often severed family ties for a long time, or even forever. Parents often did not even know where their children lived and worked, and children often had little interest in their parents' lives. When Stalin visited his mother for the last time in late 1935, newspapers across the country launched a campaign to restore family ties that had been severed earlier. Thousands of party and state workers began to look for their parents and visit them. According to legend, the seriously ill mother of Stalin during their last meeting She said to her son: “It’s still a pity that you didn’t become a priest.” She died in 1936 and is buried in the Georgian Pantheon on Mount David. But Stalin did not come from Moscow to the funeral.

Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, whom Joseph was introduced to by his close friend from the seminary and Ekaterina's brother, Alexander Svanidze.

We do not have an exact date for this meeting. The combination of a legal, that is, at that time, church marriage occurred either in 1902 or in 1903, after which the young spouses moved for some time to the homeland of Dzhugashvili's ancestors - to the village of Didi-Milo. However, Stalin was not so often next to his wife; he already led the life of a professional revolutionary, and he had to move illegally from place to place from Batumi to Baku.

Ekaterina Svanidze, like Stalin's mother, was very devout, she did not go into politics, and the life of her husband, who had already survived exile and prison, incomprehensible to her, caused her only fear. But, faithful to the centuries-old traditions of the Georgian family, she did not ask her husband unnecessary questions and could only pray for him. In March 1907, in the small village of Badzhi near Kutaisi, Catherine's son Yakov was born. Stalin at that time was imprisoned in the Baku prison, and his young wife had to work hard, doing any work, not only to support the life of the baby, but also send parcels to prison from time to time.

When Yakov Dzhugashvili was not even a year old, Ekaterina Svanidze (Dzhugashvili) became seriously ill and died - according to some sources from typhus, according to others - from pneumonia. The prison authorities allowed the imprisoned Joseph to attend his wife's funeral. In the archive of one of the daughters of Prokofy Japaridze (who died among 26 Baku commissars in 1918 under the nickname "Alyosha"), back in the 60s, a photograph was kept, presented to her by the mother of Ekaterina Svanidze. In the picture one could see Stalin, overgrown with a short black beard, and relatives of his deceased wife, standing at the head of the coffin.

The Svanidze family took care of the upbringing of little Jacob. Stalin had to leave Georgia for many years, he visited different cities of Russia and Krakow, and from 1913 - in the distant Turukhansk exile. From 1918 to 1921 Georgia existed as an independent state under the control of the Menshevik government. Only in the early 1920s was Stalin able to visit Georgia again and see his son again. But it was a short meeting—Stalin now had new worries and a new wife.

With the father of his second wife, S. Ya. Alliluyev, Stalin met back in 1903 in Tiflis, where he came on business of the Baku underground printing house. A few years later, fate again brought them to Baku, where Alliluyev lived with his family, and Stalin could meet in their house not only his son Pavel and daughter Anna, but also the youngest, but very lively and attractive six-year-old Nadia. Stalin often visited the Alliluyev family, but soon he had to go into a new exile, and S. Ya. Alliluyev moved to St. Petersburg with his whole family and got a job as a worker at an electromechanical plant. S. Alliluyev continued to maintain close contact with his party comrades and carry out various party assignments. In 1910, Stalin, who illegally left his next exile - this time in Vologda, stopped precisely in the Alliluyev family. The connection with this family, which fell in love with the lonely and unsociable Stalin, continued further, and when Stalin was exiled to the distant Turukhansk region, the Alliluyevs sent him parcels with warm clothes and money. In a letter to S. Ya. Alliluyev's wife, Olga, Stalin thanks her for the parcel she has just received and asks her not to send more money, which this large family badly needed. The letter is dated 1915.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that after February Revolution In 1917, when Stalin returned to Petrograd, he sought out the Alliluev family, who lived on the outskirts of the city, and he was given a warm welcome here. Soon the Alliluyevs moved into a larger apartment, and their house became a place for secret meetings of the Bolsheviks. After the July events, V. I. Lenin hid here for several days. As for Stalin, he became almost a member of the Alliluyev family. Their eldest daughter Anna worked at the headquarters of the Bolsheviks in Smolny, and Nadezhda was still in high school. Stalin came late, but the sisters were waiting for him, fed him and gave him tea. Stalin told the girls the most various stories from his life, even read excerpts from the books of Chekhov, Gorky, Pushkin. At the same time, even then, Stalin began to give Nadezhda special signs of attention. Nadia grew up in the family of a professional revolutionary, sympathized with the Bolsheviks and was also carried away by the 37-year-old Stalin, although he was 20 years older than her. Most often silent and gloomy, Stalin nevertheless managed to restrain his inherent rudeness, trying to be attentive, helpful and even gentle to those people who he needed or to the women he liked.

The October Revolution decisively changed not only the situation in Russia, but also the position of Stalin. Now he is a member of the first Soviet government, People's Commissar on the affairs of nationalities. But he does not forget about the Alliluyevs and, forming the still small apparatus of the People's Commissariat, offers Nadezhda a job as a secretary. Nadia agreed, and at the beginning of 1919 she had to move from Petrograd to Moscow together with the entire Soviet government. Here, in Moscow, 18-year-old Nadezhda joined her fate with the fate of Stalin, taking on the chores of his simple household. However, she retained her maiden name. This was accepted among the families of many Bolsheviks. No weddings were arranged then, and only a few of the party members resorted to civil registration; more often they simply declared themselves husband and wife and began to live together. It is not surprising that many people in the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars continued to consider Stalin as still a widower or a bachelor. Meanwhile, Nadezhda Alliluyeva joined the party and, together with Stalin, went to the Tsaritsyn front.

Returning to Moscow, Nadezhda began to work no longer in the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, but in the Secretariat of the Council of People's Commissars and in Lenin's personal secretariat. To characterize the morals and relations of that time, the episode associated with the next purge of the party, which took place in 1921, is indicative. Among other employees of the apparatus, N. Alliluyeva was expelled from the party for "insufficient social activity", although she worked in Lenin's secretariat. Upon learning of this, Vladimir Ilyich sent a letter to the leaders of the commission for the purge of the party A. A. Solts and P. A. Zalutsky with a special letter, "considering it a duty" to bring to the attention of this commission the circumstances that remained unknown "in view of the youth of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva ".

“Personally, I,” wrote Lenin, “observed her work ... in the Administration of the Council of People's Commissars, that is, I am very close. However, I consider it necessary to point out that I have known the entire Alliluyev family, that is, the father, mother and two daughters, from the period before the October Revolution. In particular, during the July days, when Zinoviev and I had to hide and the danger was very great, it was this family that hid me, and all four, using the full confidence of the then Bolshevik Party members, not only hid us both, but also provided a number of conspiratorial services without which we would not have been able to get away from Kerensky's bloodhounds.

Alliluyeva was reinstated in the party.

Alliluyeva’s “insufficient social activity” was, by the way, due to the fact that it was in 1921 that her son Vasily was born (Stalin probably gave this name to him by one of his party nicknames). A few years later, the daughter Svetlana was born.

After Lenin's death, Alliluyeva worked for several years in the Revolution and Culture magazine, and at the very end of the 1920s she entered the newly formed Industrial Academy, wanting to study the then new technology for manufacturing artificial chemical fibers. She came to the Academy by tram, always crowded with passengers, and few of the students of the Academy knew that this young woman was the wife of Stalin, whom the whole country already knew about, of course. Without completing her studies, Nadezhda Sergeevna moved in the early 30s to work in the Moscow City Party Committee.

Even in those years, many rumors and legends arose around the personality of Alliluyeva. In the 1960s, the book "Stalin" came into my hands, published in Russian in Riga in 1930 by one of the émigré publishing houses. Some of the facts in this book were true, but others were simply made up. For example, the author of the book, who took the pseudonym "Essad-Bey", claimed that Stalin, like an oriental despot, kept his wife in a large apartment in the Kremlin and that none of the other residents of the Kremlin had ever seen her. In fact, N. Alliluyeva was an open and sociable woman. She was very friendly with the family of Avel Yenukidze, with the family of the deceased Alyosha Dzhaparidze, with the large Svanidze family. She was well acquainted with N. S. Khrushchev since the time of the Industrial Academy, where Khrushchev not only studied for some time, but also headed the party organization of the Academy .

At the same time, it should be noted that Nadezhda was very independent in choosing her acquaintances and by no means broke off friendly relations with those who sometimes came into conflict with Stalin for political reasons. Of the women, the closest friend of Stalin's wife was Molotov's wife, Polina Zhemchuzhina.

In addition to an apartment in the Kremlin, the Stalin family, as well as the families of other members of the Politburo, received a large state dacha in the late 1920s. At that time, such dachas were not yet built according to special projects, but various estates near Moscow that previously belonged to Moscow merchants and industrialists were equipped or converted. They were built mainly at the beginning of the 20th century and in a different style than the estates of the 19th or 18th centuries. Stalin's country dacha was located near the village of Usovo near Moscow and on the banks of the Moscow River. The couple called their house Zubalovo - after the name of the oilman who owned it before the revolution. Stalin's children - Yakov, who arrived in Moscow only in the early 1920s as a teenager, Vasily and Svetlana - lived for the most part in Moscow and went to school. But the house in Zubalov was not empty. Relatives and some friends lived here for a long time, they occupied the entire first floor. Stalin and his wife lived on the second floor, but there were many rooms in the oilman's house, and Nadezhda's brothers Fedor and Pavel with their wives were right there on the floor. Frequent guests in the house were Anna Alliluyeva and her husband, Chekist Stanislav Redens, as well as Stalin's relatives from his first wife, Alexander Svanidze with his wife, Alexandra and Mariko Svanidze. Stalin did not particularly like this crowd, but in the 1920s he still wore the mask of a "democrat" and in the house - a hospitable host.

However, even then, quarrels broke out between him and Nadezhda more and more often, the cloudless years of the first years of marriage were a thing of the past. Twice it came to the point that Nadezhda with little Svetlana left not only the apartment in the Kremlin and the house in Zubalovo, but also Moscow. However, under the auspicious influence of her father and relatives, Nadezhda returned under a common roof a few months later. The reasons for these quarrels could be different, since the views on the life and characters of Stalin and his wife turned out to be too different. Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, cites in her memoirs an episode of a quarrel between Stalin and her mother because of the presence of the "scoundrel Beria" in her house. This episode could only take place at the end of 1931 or in 1932, since Stalin and Beria met in Georgia only in 1931 during Stalin's next vacation. The head of the GPU of Georgia, L. Beriy, then decided to personally head the security of Stalin's southern dacha.

It was also difficult for Nadezhda because in quarrels with Stalin, if they went out, most of the relatives remained on the side of Stalin, especially since some of the quarrels arose not on a personal, but on a political basis - the end of the 20s and the beginning of the 30s years were an incredibly difficult time for the whole country and the party. It can be assumed that it was at this time that Nadezhda had the idea of ​​​​suicide, since she did not meet with understanding not only from Stalin, but also from most of her relatives and friends. When Pavel Alliluyev, a participant in the Civil War, a military engineer, and later the commissar of the Armored Directorate of the Red Army (RKKA), leaving on business abroad, asked Nadezhda what to bring her as a gift, she asked not for cosmetics or clothes, but for a revolver. Pavel brought her a small ladies' Browning from Berlin. Of course, Nadezhda hid this from her husband, although the possession of weapons was commonplace in those years. Almost all senior officials of the party had revolvers of different models and brands, this has been the custom since the days of the civil war. The best gift or even an award for military and even civilian distinctions was a good pistol. Each member of the Central Committee or the Politburo kept one or even two pistols in his desk. On Bukharin's Browning, for example, there was a plate with the inscription "To Dear Bukharchik from Klim Voroshilov." I remember that my father, a commissar and participant in the Civil War, also had a revolver in his desk drawer with the inscription “For Merit in civil war". Father did not hide these weapons from us, but only kept clips with cartridges in secret or in a cache. Then the Komsomol activists also had weapons. But for women, the presence of a gun was still rare in those days, although not so unusual. Therefore, Paul was not at all surprised at his sister's request.

Although the relationship between Stalin and his wife was getting worse, Nadezhda still apparently loved Stalin. According to A. Adzhubey, N. S. Khrushchev told him that on November 7, 1932, during the November demonstration on Red Square, he, Khrushchev, ended up on one of the lower stands next to Nadezhda. It was windy and rainy, and cold autumn days were already setting in in Moscow. Alliluyeva kept looking at the podium of the Mausoleum, obviously worried about her husband. She said to Nikita Sergeevich: “It’s freezing after all! She asked me to dress warmly, and he, as always, muttered something rude and left. And just 40 hours later, on the night of November 8-9, Nadezhda Alliluyeva shot herself.

Roy MEDVEDEV

History and stories

• orchid scent

  The ferocious robber Ban barely managed to escape, convinced of the correctness of the sage Lun Yi and cursing the just order of the world.
• Now, in the workshop where she began to sew wedding dresses, seven tailors worked for her from the ruined ateliers that had given way to commercial shops. These were real craftswomen who seized upon beautiful work.
• At the beginning of the 19th century, the creators of embroidery still remembered the semantic meaning of “decoration”, the ritual of reading patterns was also alive. The girls gathered for him in their best outfits, and the guys chose old women as escorts, and those, showing them the aprons embroidered by the girls and the hems of their shirts, explained the meaning of the patterns.
• It is unlikely that anyone will argue with the fact that every person wants to have a strong, strong-willed character. Having envied book and movie superheroes in childhood, we hope to see a strong personality in ourselves. And we suffer excruciatingly when we discover in ourselves the character not of a “leader,” but of a “follower.”
• An attentive viewer who is lucky enough to see these paintings all together, to see, without haste, their cozy, bright world, will certainly notice that from canvas to canvas, in almost any plot, the artist places one cute, spiritual, attractive female image with calm dignity and cordiality.
• According to foreign envoys, Russian culinary art was specific, the cuisine consisted of various dishes, but garlic and onion smells made them almost inedible for foreigners.
• Evgeny Lebedev is known to everyone and loved by everyone. ACTOR! Capitalized. And - PERSON - charming, emotional. The energy that he radiates from the stage and in life is young and incendiary.
• And during his exile in Mikhailovsky, Pushkin again planned to leave Russia without permission, which would inevitably threaten him with serious troubles.
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin owns the treatise "On Public Education"
• Exactly ten years ago, after one of the "apartment" concerts of the Aquarium group, the unknown Vitya Tsoi met his idol - Boris Grebenshchikov.
• The Russian bath is a protective system of our distant ancestors from the constant lack of heat inherent in the harsh northern and temperate latitudes. It was in order to warm up well (first to sweat, and then to steam), our ancestors - the Slavs and created the Russian bath.
• The long-awaited and beloved holiday is rapidly and inevitably approaching - New Year! So, again, as always, we will pronounce and listen dozens of times to words that have almost lost their meaning from constant use: “Happy New Year! With new happiness!" 2
• On the night of October 31, on the eve of All Saints Day, the most terrible and fun holiday is celebrated - Halloween. The main traditions on this day are carnivals, parties, bonfires, "Haunted House" and "Treat or regret" visits.
• Before the appearance of the Christmas tree, in the middle of the 19th century in England they decorated the house with a "kissing branch". It was a ring braided with oak and mistletoe branches, decorated with garlands, apples and candles. If a girl accidentally found herself under this branch, she was allowed to kiss.
• Gambling has accompanied mankind throughout its history. The game of dice at the dawn of civilization looked something like this: a gnawed bone was thrown up for a bet - whether it would fall with its hip joint to the fire.
• The inventors of central heating, plumbing and underfloor heating were the engineers of the Roman Empire. They also thought of a taximeter: while the hired carriage was driving, pebbles fell into a special urn.
• Only in late XIX century in St. Petersburg for the first time tried to illuminate the streets with electric light. At the same time, in France, on one of the streets of Paris, they installed electric "Yablochkov candles" and began to call them "Russian light".
• Nowadays, new types of cutlery are being invented. For example, in France, a special spoon for mustachioed people has been patented with an ingenious device that allows you not to dirty your mustache while eating.
• There are enough cases in history when real events coincided exactly with book stories written decades before ...
• The Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815), the victory in which made Andrew Jackson a national hero of America, took place two weeks after the signing of the peace treaty between the British and Americans.
• Valentine's Day as a mass holiday of all lovers has been celebrated in Western Europe since the 13th century, and in our country since the late 90s of the 20th century.
• The concept of haute couture was introduced by the Paris Fashion Syndicate, which determined that haute couture products must be unique and handmade by at least seventy percent.
• Agatha Christie is the queen of the detective genre. Her life was full of contradictory extraordinary episodes, which were later embodied in her works.

• Anastasia.

  Anastasia was attractive with her youthful freshness, combined with a deep, beyond her years, education and the ability to conduct a conversation in such a way that it seemed to the interlocutor that he had surpassed himself and exalted the interlocutor; and only later did he begin to guess that it was she, the noble patrician Anastasia, the first beauty of Constantinople, imperceptibly and inoffensively, with some kind of gentle grace, who raised the conversation to such a height that he had not yet had to rise.

• Baltic gold

  Since ancient times, amber has been endowed magical properties: nurses and babies were hung with amber necklaces from the "evil eye", the young, so that their life was long and comfortable, were fumigated with amber smoke, Roman gladiators decorated battle spears with amber, relying on its protective power.

• Poor Dickie

  Hearing such a quick and impudent question, the princess lowered her eyes in embarrassment, the king was speechless, and the parrot in the cage fell dead from its perch. Even the mirrors could not stand it and cracked in half, the candles in the candelabra went out, and the patterned parquet heaved in waves, like the sea in a storm.

• Donbass

  On the frescoes of Egyptian temples, built in the third millennium BC, the image of a slave who fans narrow-necked jugs and amphoras with a fan has been preserved. Why, one wonders, was this living fan needed? To speed up the evaporation of moisture from the clay walls: the stronger it is, the colder the liquid in the vessel!

• Charming beads, precious beads...

  What a miracle it is - small, smooth, shiny beads, collected with taste and patience into a marvelous picture, a purse or a glass holder! How they delight the eye with play of color, what a play of light in the depths of tiny spheres!

• "Niger Levushka" and "Little Enchantress".

  The grown-up Sashenka was not distinguished by beauty, but she charmed with unusual talent. She sang beautifully, and in the grace of dance, no one could compare with her. For the dark complexion of the face, the empress called Sasha "Black Sea Leules" and in the messages she turned simply and friendly, as if it were not an emergency, but an older friend.

• Clean Monday

  It begins to seem to me that now the former life is ending, and we must prepare for the life that will be ... where? Somewhere in heaven. It is necessary to cleanse the soul of all sins, and therefore everything around is different.

• May I sleep like this!

  At home, you could warm yourself by the hearth or in bed. A “roof” was built over the bed, from which dense curtains descended in two rows, during the day they were tied around the pillars at the corners of the bed.

• Vasnetsov's house.

  And Vasnetsov's Rus' began with Vyatka. Three centuries of priesthood, this kind of shaft on Vyatka land. Where he came from is now difficult to ascertain. There is an assumption that among the Novgorod ushkuins, who often attacked their northern neighbors, was Vasnets, who was later captured by the Vyatichi...

• Soul is full

  Here, in Vologda, I saw how they returned and did not return from the war, I understood what human grief, suffering, women's tears are ... main theme his work - the theme of female fate, female character.

• This deceptive visible world...

  IN real stories almost detective nature - there are fourteen of them in the book - tells how dowsing helps to solve the mystery of harmful anomalous radiation.

• Count-master.

  One day, his father gave Fyodor a cameo with a portrait of Napoleon, whose unusual ascent to the heights of glory then excited Russian minds. Fedor made a wax copy of the cameo.

• Borders in time

  I think that Slavic paganism is a whole boundless world. And to everything else, this world is alive to this day, he did not even think of dying, despite a thousand years of Christianity, almost a century of imposed atheism.

• Citizen, comrade, sir?

  With all this wealth of choice, there was a need for universal and neutral words, devoid of one or another emotional coloring, familiarity, attachment to a specific situation, suitable for any occasion in life and, of course, impeccably polite.

• Name day and birthday

  Name day is a personal holiday that falls on the very day when the church celebrates the memory of the saint of the same name. Otherwise, it's the day of the angel. And the birthday usually did not coincide with the name day.

• Name

  The pagan under no circumstances should have said “I am such and such”, because he could not be completely sure that his new acquaintance deserved full trust, that he was a person in general, and not an evil spirit.

• Origins of hospitality

  Surely you have heard about it: upon entering the hut of a highlander or the tent of an inhabitant of the northern tundra, a traveler often becomes an object of surprising, in our opinion, hospitality.

• History of proverbs

  Where did the proverb come from: "The truth does not sink in water and does not burn in fire."

• History of chocolate candy

  Cool spring replaces summer there, and the bright sun warms the earth all year round. Under sunlight chocolate forests of palm trees grow, and in the cool under their green tents, low cocoa trees.

• "... And the secret will become clear"

  So a coquette of the 18th century could have sung in a languid voice to the object of her adoration, but then such frank manifestations of sympathy were not accepted in the world, and in order to nevertheless “bring to the attention” of her gentleman the full force of suffering, the ladies of the past indulged in all sorts of tricks.

• IVAN RYZHOV: “Why did God give me such happiness?..”

  There an amusing incident occurred: the shooting took place near Kaluga, where my kingdom was built. Artists were brought to the shooting early. I was called somehow at seven o'clock: they dressed me up and brought me to the place. The car is gone. I stood and stood - such a good morning, there was no one. And he went to "his" kingdom to take a nap. Sat on the throne...

• "AND THE ETERNAL GOLDEN CROWN"

  There were many swamps and springs in all the forests. In the summer on Trinity Day, young girls, dressed in dark clothes and covered with white handkerchiefs (not in vain: a white handkerchief is a clean, white stream), went with shovels, hoes, buckets to the springs to clean them. . Jokes, mischief, fun. Warm, humid, spicy.

• A trap for the BUREVESTNIKA family.

  Personal life Alexei Maksimovich was not easy - his first wife, Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova, lived in Moscow, who once gave him a son, Maxim, whom the writer took with him abroad in 1922. The second, civil, wife, actress Maria Fedorovna Andreeva, appeared from time to time on the horizons of Gorky's life, but everything was over between them since her departure from Capri in 1913.

• snake crown

  For this crown, the king was especially sick of his soul. It was carved from a single carbuncle gemstone that glowed like the sun; but not only was it of exorbitant value in itself, it also had the ability to find hidden treasures: when it was carried over the place where the treasure was buried, it flashed with a bright light, so that you even had to close your eyes.

• Braid and beard

  Now it’s clear how the praise of the Spanish singer to the brave Sid is deciphered: “Your valor is so great that no one has the courage to quarrel with you.”

• Mow, spit, while dew.

  Well, the braid itself is unpretentious and simple. However, it is ingeniously simple, like many peasant tools that have come down to us from time immemorial and are marked by folk wisdom and ingenuity.

• Epiphany games with snow.

  On the same Epiphany evening, the guys and girls arranged another competition: who will cut the largest cube of snow in the field and who will be able to lower it whole into the well?

• Lion and unicorn

  A long time ago they brought an overseas carpet to Rus' in the royal palace. Magical animals are woven on it: a lion with a golden mane and a unicorn - a marvelous white horse with a sharp horn on its forehead.

• Either strength - or the ruble

  Our village has a very vague idea of ​​a market economy. There is a lot of prejudice about this. The long-term indoctrination of people in the spirit of "socialist values", and the confusion of opinions, assessments, and the purposeful stirring up of passions regarding the "bourgeois degeneration" of society also affected.

• False landmark

  The destructiveness of any false deed is especially great in conditions when it is not allowed to question it, when falsity becomes the rule, is replicated in decisions and deeds.

• Mother Vologda

  The history of Vologda is vast and amazing. And, choosing from it the brightest pages, moving through the centuries, you can see this city arranged and decorated with many temples.

• Fashion

  However, with such a wealth of diversity, do we remember when this type of clothing arose in Rus', which became one of the main elements of the Russian national costume?

• "MY PRINCESS..."

  Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich composed a spiritual one. Not for the first time - wills were written before every big battle, a difficult campaign, when the prince's life was in the balance. But now the winner of the Kulikovo field knew - life was just coming to an end.

• Natalya, Duchess of Oldenburg

  From the once romantic castle, nicknamed Babylon, now only picturesque ruins remain. Somewhere here was Natalya Gustavovna's bedroom with a glass ceiling built in at her request. Falling asleep, she loved to look at the bright Brodzyansky stars ...

• Night lakes.

  He just can't sleep. It seems that drowsiness begins to overcome, and suddenly someone knocks. He opens his eyes and looks at the lake: something is about to happen.

• Khonya

  So, driven by the mere thought that she would never leave a cat alone in the world, Matveikha flew up to her porch. Clutching Khonya to her chest, she inserted the key into the keyhole, opened the veranda and... on the veranda she saw her cat!!!

• About Karamzin.

  We do not always remember what complex meaning the people of that era put into the words “teacher” and “student” that have now been erased from the long and thoughtless use. It would be a mistake to understand them as a mere training in the craft of writing, although, of course, this was also the case.

• Eagle.

  Birds came from all over the world, animals came from all over the world. A battle ensued worse than before. They fought for several days, no one takes over.

• island of joy

  But reading books left an even deeper mark on Bolotov's life. And those that he was able to read in the rich enough libraries in Koenigsberg, and those that, not being afraid of expenses that were sensitive for his relatively modest budget, he diligently collected until the end of his days,

• From Rurik...

  Who could have imagined that one of the most romantic stories of true love is connected with the royal dynasty, with the history of Russian tsars?

• Singing stars

  And indeed! It happens like this: it seems that someone is out of place, interferes. And take it away, and everything around will change, it will become different. Something very important will disappear, perhaps the most important thing.

• Attempt on a relic

  The rightful owner, a native of Amboise, bequeathed the relic for storage to the Postal Museum, where, in accordance with the profile, it is written on the plate: “The pistol with which Alexander Pushkin was killed is the author of the story“ The Stationmaster ”.

• A princess who married... for love.

  Life in the Izmailovsky Palace was a curious mixture of patriarchal mores and new European customs. Guests were greeted here in the old fashioned way with a glass of wine offered with a low bow.

• DRAWN HISTORY OF RUSSIA

  Printers brought their products to Sretenka and hung them on the walls of the church standing here. The memory of this is still preserved in its name: "Trinity in the Sheets."
• His life will end tragically, in its prime: a month before the start of the war, he will be arrested on a denunciation, and six months later he will be shot in the camps.

• "YOU REMEMBER, OF COURSE YOU ALL REMEMBER..."

  A small house under the canopy of old willows in the very center of the village is known throughout the world for the fact that the great Russian poet was born and raised in it.

• "I see the enlightened faces of Russia"

  ... Completely black-looking board. This is an old icon, covered with a layer of dirt and soot. I put a piece of baize soaked in solvent on it, cover it with glass. After about twenty minutes, I remove the compress ...

• "In the world of beauty"

  “He was a man with an extraordinary, enormous talent, which are rare. The very inconsistency and exaggeration of judgments about Mochalov's talent proves that he really stood far beyond the ordinary.

• At the beginning of the journey

  Memoir literature about Chekhov is extraordinarily interesting. Why did the gymnasium years become such a failure in this literature?

• In harmony with life.

  ... His father, a famous fighter pilot, dies, he dies insultingly - albeit in wartime, but not in war, but in the Northern Nice sanatorium, where he ends up after being wounded: the Nazis bombed this sanatorium.

• growing up

  When a boy began to become a young man, and a girl - a girl, it was time for them to move into the next "quality", from the category of "children" to the category of "youth" - future brides and grooms, ready for family responsibility and procreation.

• LARK

  The future Russian pop star was born in 1884 into a peasant family in the village of Vinnikovo. Kursk province. The family had five children. As long as Nadya Vinnikova, Dezhka, as she was affectionately called, could remember herself, hard peasant labor was always accompanied by a song.

• Ancient Egypt

  IN Ancient Egypt medicine was very advanced. The mummies bear witness to heart bypasses, organ transplants, as well as facial plastic surgeries, and maybe even limb transplants and brain enlargements.

• Silver

  Back in 5000 BC. Silver jewelry was made in ancient Egypt. However, this was not the only use of silver. Egyptian warriors used silver to treat battle wounds - they put very thin silver plates on them, and the wounds healed quickly.

• Steel arms

  Naginata is a Japanese edged weapon on a long, up to two meters, shaft, to which a blade about 60 cm long is attached. Naginata was considered the main weapon of women from samurai clans.

• Laws in history

  The Code of Hammurabi is a code of laws of Babylonia, created at the end of the reign of Hammurabi, around 1760 BC. e. The original text of the laws, inscribed in cuneiform on a diorite stele, was found in 1901-1902. during excavations on the site of the capital of ancient Elam - the city of Susa.

• History of games.

  Billiards originated in India and China. In Europe, this game appeared in the 16th century, in Russia - under Peter I, who made it his favorite pastime. V. V. Mayakovsky, I. P. Utkin, I. Z. Babel, S. M. Budyonny, M. I. Zharov, V. S. Vysotsky were fond of billiards.

• royal affairs

  Empress Elizaveta Petrovna was very fond of fashion. Once she unsuccessfully dyed her hair, and she had to cut it, and “for company” she ordered all the ladies of the court to cut their hair. The beauties were forced to wear black wigs until their hair grew back.

• famous horses

  The horse of the Roman emperor Caligula Incitatus (Swift-footed) is famous for becoming a senator at the behest of his master. Probably, the horse would have received the rank of consul if the emperor had not been killed.

• Let's hit the road...

  In the Soviet Union, the women's rally in 1936 was held on trucks, 45 participants covered over 10 thousand km through mountains, deserts, forests and steppes. In impassable areas, the lorry had to be literally dragged by hand. But Soviet women proved their complete equality with men.

• From the history of roads

  The first country to start improving roads was France. The royal decree of 1508 prescribed the repair and improvement of roads, and established the financing of this necessary work through outpost duties.

• History of Maslenitsa

  Pure Monday - the day after the farewell to Maslenitsa - was considered the day of cleansing from sin and fast food. Men usually "rinsed their teeth", that is, they drank vodka - supposedly in order to rinse out the remnants of the fast food from their mouths.

• Philosophers

  The ancient Greek philosopher Archytas of Tarentum served as a strategist (commander) in Tarentum seven times and was never defeated in hostilities. As soon as he refused this high position, Tarentum immediately lost the war with Athens.

• Historical incidents

  In Vincent van Gogh's famous self-portrait, The Man with the Ear Cut off, his right ear is bandaged, although he actually cut off his left.

• How did writing begin

  In the second century BC. e. in Babylon and China, shards of baked clay, as well as pieces of wood and small bamboo tablets, began to be used as writing material.

• From the history of ballroom dancing

  The first secular, or ballroom, dances arose in the 12th century, during the heyday of chivalric culture. The pavan dance, which was performed with candelabra or torches in hand, was very popular.

Four years ago, the undisputed hits of the first exhibition were family trees that had not been exhibited before Russian politicians-- Lenin, Stalin, Yeltsin and Putin. Visitors to that exhibition could find out that the genealogy of the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, can be traced back to a certain “son of Yeltsin (that’s right - without soft sign) Aniki Sergeev”, born in 1726. The genealogical tree of the "father of nations" Joseph Stalin is not particularly pompous. Against the background of the trees of other famous politicians, it generally looks like some kind of saxaul. So, the researchers found that Stalin had a grandfather Vano Dzhugashvili and a great-grandfather - a certain Zaza Dzukat-Dzukaev-Dzukashvili. On the great-grandfather of Stalin, in fact, his pedigree ends. Neither the grandmother nor the great-grandmother of Joseph Vissarionovich is known to the compilers. And there are objective reasons for this: in connection with political situation Georgian archives are closed to Russian researchers. The genealogical tree of Lenin is much more magnificent than that of Stalin. Which, however, is also understandable. He worked for the genealogy of Lenin in Soviet time whole scientific institute. And information about not all the relatives of the leader was publicly available. For example, the fact that there were Jews in the family of Vladimir Ilyich was carefully hidden from the public for some time.

Pedigree of Vladimir Putin is traced by researchers most carefully. As follows from the genealogy of the current Russian prime minister, all his ancestors were serfs in the Tver province and belonged first to the noble family of the Romanov princes, and then to the Apraksin princes. Since all the prime minister's ancestors, without exception, were serfs, they did not have surnames - the surnames of the peasants appeared only after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Surnames were given to peasants only if they were engaged in the so-called laissez-faire trades. In this case, the police were forced to issue passports to them. The most famous person from the premier's family is his grandfather Spiridon Ivanovich Putin (1879-1965). As you know, he was a cook who cooked, in particular, for Nadezhda Krupskaya and Joseph Stalin.

Pedigree of Vladimir Putin was compiled by employees of the Russian state archive ancient acts. The researchers managed to trace 12 generations of this genus, up to the end of the 16th century. Researchers believe that in a global sense, all relatives and relatives to each other. Therefore, every Russian can consider himself a relative (blood relationship) or at least a relative (kinship through a husband or wife) of the president or prime minister.

The highlight of the VIII All-Russian genealogical exhibition was promised to be the tree of the current president of the country, Dmitry Medvedev. However, this did not happen. “Firstly, the tree of Dmitry Anatolyevich is not finished yet,” says Tatyana Gracheva, chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the Union for the Revival of Genealogical Traditions. “In addition, the researcher of the genealogy of the president, who was doing this through the Polish line of relatives of our head of state, did not agree to post his research in public.”

"Ancestors are very vengeful"

According to Tatyana Gracheva, people who are interested in genealogy most often get acquainted through the Internet. And they try to draw the attention of the authorities to the plight Russian archives. For example, a couple of years ago, the Union for the Revival of Pedigree Traditions held an exhibition in State Duma. Of all the deputies, only Vladimir Zhirinovsky showed interest in genealogy, who asked to hang his family tree at the exhibition. However, then he himself took it off - Vladimir Volfovich's tree was framed on a simple sheet of whatman paper and was noticeably inferior in design quality to those that were taken into museum wooden frames.

How to find out your pedigree? You can do this yourself. “I know people who specifically buy a computer to research their ancestry,” says Tatyana Gracheva. Sometimes you have to search for years. Verify your ancestry in countries Western Europe is very expensive. We have this pleasure, if you order the search for your roots to specialists, it is also not cheap. “If you immediately call a clear amount for your family tree, can turn around and leave, because no self-respecting researcher will ever say a clear amount,” says Ms. Gracheva. For example, a family tree along only one line, say, along the paternal line, from our days to the first Russian census, which took place in 1710, will cost no less than 100 thousand rubles. The maternal line is at least another 100 thousand. And that is if you do not delve into the side shoots of your family tree. And “in depth” there is an opportunity to reach the 16th century.

Many people want to change their family tree, to make it more, so to speak, representative. In principle, it is possible to build a fake family tree "on order", and there are people who are ready to do it. However, experts do not advise falsifying their own history. “Ancestors are very vengeful,” Tatyana Gracheva is convinced. - Distorting the history of one's own kind will not bring any good. People, for example, sometimes try to prove that some of their ancestor was a nobleman. And when they find out that in fact he was, say, a priest, they abandon their idea to restore the family tree.

There are other nuances of compiling pedigrees. For example, once in Russia there was a so-called personal and hereditary nobility. The first one could be cured. But for this it was necessary to submit a special petition to the authorities. However, for example, at the end of the 19th century, not everyone who could lay claim to the nobility filed a petition for the nobility. Perhaps they had a presentiment that after a while being a nobleman in Russia would not only be not prestigious, but also deadly.

Although today's descendants of such nobles who failed in their time think quite the opposite and by hook or by crook still try to become an offshoot of a noble family. These are the so-called associated nobles. Or rather, noblewomen, because the vast majority of those who want to join the nobility are women. And kinship through the female line was not considered a basis for granting the nobility. So the sufferers get out of the situation with the help of all sorts of tricks, among which is the falsification of the family tree.

My own sixth cousin

According to Tatyana Gracheva, the compilation of a peasant family tree is much more interesting for her than a noble one. From the point of view of searching for documents, it is more difficult to find noble roots - if only because the nobles did not sit in one place. Peasants, as a rule, lived in one place. And if they moved somewhere, then in the revision tales or merchant's fortresses it was always reflected where and to whom the landowners sold their peasants.

A huge number of ancestors, the number of which seems to increase as we move into the depths of centuries, no one succeeds. Because somewhere at the level of the fifth generation, as a rule, relatives marry among themselves. There is a precedent for a man to be his own sixth cousin.

The Law on Personal Data allows the publication of data on family ties of certain people who died 100 years before the present moment, that is, before 1909. Data about these people in all archives is freely available. On the other hand, there are no laws concerning genealogy proper in Russia. Before issuing pedigrees, it is necessary to conduct a historical examination, since many nobles falsified their pedigrees even in tsarist times.

The Union for the Revival of Genealogical Traditions believes that Russian society is experiencing a genealogical boom. And they cite the following argument as proof: if, for example, four years ago, about 3 thousand people communicated on a genealogical forum on the Internet, today the number of home-grown family tree researchers registered on the Web has exceeded 50 thousand.

“In Russia today there is no national idea, but our country has always been very patriarchal and the family for Russian society was the main core, - says Tatyana Gracheva. - Today, the interest in family history is huge. People realized that the family is the main thing, and began to search for their roots.”

Years in the city of Gori, Tiflis province, Georgians.

“Stalin is too rude, and this shortcoming, which is quite tolerable in the environment and in communications between us Communists, becomes intolerable in the position of General Secretary. differs from Comrade Stalin in only one advantage, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more attentive to comrades, less capriciousness, etc. "

After Lenin's death (1924), Stalin actively participated in the development and implementation of the policy of the CPSU, plans for economic and cultural development, and measures to strengthen the country's defense capability.

The country's leadership took a course towards industrialization (creation of heavy industry). New industries were created (tractor building, aviation, automotive construction). The funds mainly came from agriculture, which at that time began collectivization, which in many ways became the cause of the famine in 1932-1933.

On May 15, by a government decree signed by Stalin, a "godless five-year plan" was announced, which set the goal: by May 1, 1937 "the name of God must be forgotten on the territory of the country."

In the 1930s - 1950s, mass repressions were carried out in the USSR, usually associated with the name of Stalin, the de facto leader of the state in this period. To the victims Stalinist repressions include those convicted under Art. 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1926 (“counter-revolutionary crimes”), as well as victims of dispossession (early 1930s). The victims of repression were not only active political opponents of the Bolsheviks, but also people who simply expressed disagreement with their policies. Repressions were also carried out on a social basis (against former policemen, gendarmes, officials of the tsarist government, priests, as well as former landowners and entrepreneurs).

Estimates of the scale of repression vary greatly, mainly due to different definitions of the concept of "repression". Estimates vary from 3.8-9.8 million "political" repressed to many tens of millions, including those who were punished under criminal articles. Estimates of those killed as a result of repressions differ similarly - from hundreds of thousands shot under Article 58 to millions who died of starvation in the early 1930s.

From the year - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of the USSR. At the same time in 1941-1945. Chairman of the State Defense Committee and Supreme Commander, in 1941-1947. - People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

Since the year - marshal Soviet Union, since - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.

As head of the Soviet state, Stalin took part in the Tehran (), Crimean () and Potsdam () conferences of the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain.

He died on March 5 in Moscow. His embalmed body was placed in a mausoleum next to Lenin; in the year after the XXII Congress of the CPSU, it was moved from the mausoleum and buried near the Kremlin wall.

In the 20th Congress of the CPSU condemned Stalin's personality cult.

Stalin and the Church

Stalin's persecution of the Church in terms of cruelty and scale far exceeds the persecution in the Roman Empire.

By the year there were 54,692 parish churches in Russia. There were 1025 monasteries. The parish clergy included 51,105 priests and 15,035 deacons. In the second half of the 1930s, all the monasteries in the country were destroyed. In the year 534 churches were closed, and in - already 1119 churches. During the year, the abolition of Orthodox communities continued at an increasing pace. In Moscow, out of 500 churches, by January 1, 1930, only 224 remained, and two years later, only 87 churches were under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate. In the Ryazan diocese in 1929, 192 parishes were closed, in Orel in 1930 not a single one remained. Orthodox Church. By 1939, only about 100 cathedral and parish churches remained in all of Russia.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the authorities of the USSR relied on the Renovationist Church, which was opposed to the "counter-revolutionary", "old" Church. Support was provided to the renovationists, churches taken from the Orthodox were handed over to them, and their opponents were arrested. But the majority of the people did not follow the Renovationists. Atheistic agitation also stalled: during the 1937 census, 57.7% of those surveyed identified themselves as believers.

On July 30, the order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 00447 was issued, marking the beginning of the "great terror". In 1937, 136,900 Orthodox clergymen were arrested, 85,300 of them were shot; in the year 28,300 were arrested, 21,500 were shot; in a year 1,500 were arrested, 900 were shot; in a year 5100 were arrested, 1100 were shot; in 1948, new arrests of the clergy began, which continued until the death of Stalin. From the same time, the methodical closing of churches began. If by 1948 there were 14.5 thousand churches, then for last years Stalin's life was closed about a thousand churches. In a note to I. Stalin, filed on July 25, 1948 by the Minister of the Ministry of State Security V. Abakumov, it is reported that during the period from January 1, 1947 to June 1, 1948, 1968 "clergymen and sectarians" were arrested "for active subversive activities"; Orthodox - 679.

Used materials

• Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, Encyclopedia Around the World
• Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Site pravoslavie.ru, from the section "Questions to the Priest", Hierom. Job (Gumerov), candidate of theology
• Stalinist repressions. Encyclopedia of Russian History

These black hard years
All hope was on him,
From what super powerful breed
Created by nature?
A. Vertinsky 1945

In his memoirs, which are stored in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia and were published in the newspaper Culture No. English language under the heading "My Dear Son", Ekaterina Geladze - Dzhugashvili, mother of I.V. Stalina writes about how her husband Beso Dzhugashvili told her about the origin of his last name: - “Our ancestors were group workers. Therefore, we were called “Jogans”, otherwise we used to have a completely different surname, according to him, their ancestors were from Geri, serfs Machabeli. But Gary, it turns out, was very worried about the Ossetians - the highlanders, there were also big bloodsheds. Until the Machabels heeded their request and settled them in Lilo. Beso greatly revered the icon of St. Georgy Geri, and considered him his family patron to the end.
The name of Geri is the village of Dzher in the Tskhinvali region South Ossetia. Excellent pictures of the area and the sanctuary of Jera Zuar, which is located next to the village, were published in Maxim magazinehttp://the-maksimov.livejournal.com/28625.html
The icon, which Beso greatly revered, was from this sanctuary.
Further Ekatirina Geladze - Dzhugashvili writes; “Our family happiness was endless. Beso became a master of his craft, separated from Osef Baramov and opened his own workshop. ... A year later, our happiness was marked by the fact that our son was born. Beso almost lost his mind with joy. Made big christenings. Yakov Egnatashvili helped a lot as a godfather, but joy turned into grief, as the child died at the age of two months. Beso began to drink from grief. Family happiness cracked. In the second year, our second son was born. Yakov also baptized him, but this child did not survive and soon died. Beso almost lost his mind. He attributed all this to the disfavor of the icon of Geri, my mother agreed with him as a believer. Mother began to go to countless fortune tellers. Once I even went to Karagadzhi to find out the cause of our family grief. The icon was also accused there. Bought an icon of St. George, they began to light candles, go to Gorijvari, where they made a vow, go to Geri to pray and make a donation if our third child survived (I was already pregnant). The third child was also born a boy: Beso said: "The hand of Jacob did not justify, we must try the hand of the second best man." Egnatashvili was not offended by this. They accelerated the christening of the third child so that he would not die unbaptized. The mother hung an amulet around the child's neck and reminded Beso that they had made a vow to go to Geri to donate. Beso replied: "If only the child survived, I will go on my knees and bring the child on my shoulders." These are the stories that happened to us before the birth of my Soso. Although the child survived, he was very weak in constitution, fragile, and did not grow flesh in any way. If a contagious disease appeared somewhere, he was the first to catch it. He did not like to eat meat, but he liked beans.
From the above quotation, it can be seen that Beso's father I.V. Stalin believed that his family comes from the village of Dzher. As a memory of this, he kept and revered the icon from the sanctuary of Dzhera Dzuar. The sanctuary of Dzhera Zuar is one of the main ones in Ossetia and is dedicated to Uastirdzhi. According to the consonance of the name and partially according to the functions, Uastirdzhi coincides with St. George, therefore the ancient Aryan temple was adapted by Christians for the church of St. George. Not only the holy places of Ossetia, but also Rus' and other countries during the period of Christianization underwent a similar fate. But this is another topic. And according to the pedigree of I.V. Stalin, I found the same story in Alanka Urtati's story "Stalin's Patron"http://vlastitel.com.ru/stalin/publicistic/ urtati_pokrovitel.html The same story in the story of Alanka Urtati is recorded according to the presentation of Badil Budaty, who learned this story from Wasilla Chertkuata, who directly participated in it. Wassilla Chetkuaty was a priest, folk storyteller and singer, lived for more than 113 years. Here is how the story is told in this version: - “But let us return to the family tree of Dzugata, the roots of which grew on both sides of the Ridge, and the branch in question continued in Dzomag, in the southern part of Ossetia. Bes's ancestors moved from Dzomag to Jer. There lived a direct great-grandfather - Ivane Dzugaev. His son's name was Besa. Bes had a son, Zaza. When Zaza grew up, he went to seek his fortune in Jer.
He liked the place and stayed there. Later, he married a girl, Side, from Tualgom, which is located in the middle between the southern and northern parts of Ossetia.
Thuyon, as all women from the numerous clan of Tuals are called, had two sons. One was named after the father of Bes, and the second - in honor of his grandfather Ivane. Besa died as a child, but Ivane grew up and married Zarina Alborty from Djer. Subsequently, Ivane and Alboron left Jer and moved to Didi Lilo. Besa was born here, named after his grandfather.
There were two shoemakers in Didi Lilo - George and Misha. Besa went to them, and both loved the boy like a son, taught him their profession. Besa learned shoemaking from them, but there were no jobs for so many shoemakers in the village, and when he grew up, he moved to Gori. Here Besa met Keke Geladze, a Georgian girl, and married her in 1884. For a long 9 years, Keke did not give birth to children, but, finally, the first-born appeared. Besa named him George after a teacher from Didi Lilo, but he died in infancy. When the second was born, Besa named him after his second teacher from Didi Lilo - Misha, but this baby also died.
Keke grieved greatly, then she began to run around fortune-tellers and healers. Finally, God took pity on the husband and wife and gave them a third son, whose fate was also in jeopardy, because he was very weak, and Keke was very afraid that he would die. Keke knew about the sanctuary, to which her husband, as a representative of the Dzugata family, had a direct relationship. Saint Jeri was the patron of several Ossetian clans and surnames, so the unfortunate Keke hoped that he would help her, Dzugata's daughter-in-law, save her last baby Soso.
An old Gori fortune-teller told Keke to ask her husband to take her son to the sanctuary of his family.
Having heard about the participation of Wasilla Chertkuata in such cases, Keke, on one of his visits, found him in the Gori bazaar and ardently asked for help.
In addition to agreeing, Wasilla needed to acquire a sacrificial lamb, which was to be delivered to the Dher sanctuary.
By the time they got to Jer, the time was approaching noon. Dzugats, natives of Dzher, dispersed over time, but one of the branches of this surname remained in its family nest. The travelers went there from their long journey. The hosts received them cordially, the head of this house, who was the “dzuarlag”, that is, the servant of this sanctuary, went to the sanctuary with them.”
I will not examine the truth of the two versions of this story. Let's take only what is there and there and it will most likely be true.
1. Rod I.V. Stalin comes from with. Dzher (Geri) of the Tskhinvali region of South Ossetia.
2. The first two sons of I.V. Stalin's mother died in infancy, and his own life was in danger.
3. As a child, I.V. Stalin was taken under his patronage by Uastirdzhi through a perfect ancient ritual, which saved his life.
Some facts not directly related to this story.
1. The Dzugata family moved to Dzher from Dzomag.
2. All Ossetians living in Georgian villages had their surname endings changed to -shvili or -dze. And those who converted to Christianity were called former Ossetians, because the ethnonym Ossetians comes from a religious name. Self-carrying of Ossetians Iron (Arius).
It follows from this that I.V. Stalin belonged to the Ossetian family Dzugata.
Most of the current Ossetian surnames are descended from OsBagatar. And OsBagatar, as you know, was from the Akhsartakata clan. From the Nart legends we know that the clan of Akhsartagat was founded by the twin brothers Uruzmag and Khamyts.
And now we can bring the genealogy we are looking for I.V. Stalin in the following form below.
The One and Great God, at the request of Barduag Fire, created the first sledge. Barduag of Fire gave him the name of Sauassa. The wife of Sauassa was the Daughter of Donbetra (Barduag of Water). They had three sons Bora, Bolatbarzai and Dzulau. The elder Bora was married to Arva Chizg (Daughter of Heaven). She gave birth to twin brothers Warhag and Warhtanag. Warhag's wife bore him the twins Akhsar and Akhsartag. Akhsartag married Dzerassa (daughter of Donbetra), who gave birth to twins Uruzmag and Khamyts. Uruzmag and Khamyts, on behalf of their father, founded the clan of Akhsartagat. OsBagatar from the Akhsartagat clan had five sons. One of them was named Sidham. From him comes the family of Sidamon. Dzug was from the Sidamon clan. His descendants settled in Dzomag and began to call themselves the Dzuga clan - Dzugata. One of them was named Ivane Dzugaev. He had a son, Beso Dzugaev. His son Zaza moved to the village of Dzher. His wife was Sida of Tualgoma. They named their son Ivane in honor of his grandfather. Ivane's wife was Zarina Alborova from Djer. Ivane and Zarina moved to Didi Lilo. They had a son, whom they named Beso, in honor of his grandfather. Beso learned shoemaking and moved to Gori. Here he met Keke Geladze, who became his wife. At Beso and Keke December 21, 1879 a son was born, who later became I.V. Stalin.