« Kuban on fire Great Patriotic War»
Plan.
1. The beginning of the war.
2. Kuban on the fronts of the country.
3. Terrible days of occupation and terror.
4. Partisan movement in the Kuban.
5. Liberation of the Kuban.
6. Blue line.
7. Small land.
8. "Everything for the front, everything for victory!"
9. City-hospital..
During the classes
Episode 1
On June 22, 1941, at four o'clock in the morning, Soviet cities and villages were attacked by german bombs and shells. The Great Patriotic War began - the largest military clash in the history of mankind.
Everyone who could carry weapons was drafted into the army, into the people's militia, joined the extermination battalions, partisan detachments, and underground groups. The Kuban people made a huge contribution to the strengthening of the Red Army.
The most stubborn resistance to the enemy at the very beginning of the war was offered by the defenders of the Brest Fortress. Among them - Peter Gavrilov, whose name is one of the streets of the regional center, and many other Kuban.
The Kuban also fought heroically in the battle for Moscow. There is a street named after Sedin in Krasnodar. Here, in a house near the current medical academy, the family of the pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin lived. Pokryshkin came up with the "Kuban bookcase". Its meaning was that our planes entered the battle at different heights and in turn approached the enemy from the side of the sun, from advantageous positions. In these battles, the victory was always on the side of the red star fighters.
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin made 600 sorties during the war, took part in 156 air battles and personally shot down 59 enemy aircraft. He became three times a Hero Soviet Union. It was in the air battles in the Kuban, where he destroyed 20 enemy aircraft, that A.I. Pokryshkin became a thunderstorm for fascist aviators.
But our countrymen fought not only in the Kuban sky. Among those who are the pride of the Kuban are Vladimir Abramovich Aleksenko, Evgeny Yakovlevich Savitsky, Timofey Timofeevich Khryukin, who became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union.
Along with men, Kuban women entered the fight against the enemy. Fragile, smart, beautiful, talented Zhenya Zhigulenko. It would seem, where can she compare with men in military affairs! She begins service in the regiment of night bombers. She spent three years at the front. Behind her shoulders were nine hundred and sixty-eight sorties, after which enemy warehouses, convoys, and airfield facilities were on fire. The Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, many military orders crown the military path of our countrywoman.
And at the Krasnodar airport there is a wonderful monument to the commander of the regiment of "night witches" E. D. Bershanskaya. On Tikhoretsk land, another hero of the past war, Zakhar Artemovich Sorokin, the “Kuban Maresyev”, found a dream of heaven. Sorokin shot down three enemy planes, the last one by ramming. Seriously wounded, with knocked out teeth, the brave pilot got to his own for six days on the frozen tundra. But the tests didn't end there. Frostbitten feet had to be amputated. Having mastered the prostheses, Sorokin long and persistently sought admission to flight work. In April 1943, he again took to the air. In the future, the brave pilot successfully fought and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Having learned about their heroic countryman, the Tikhoretsk youth raised funds for the construction of the Tikhoretsky Komsomolets aircraft. It was on this machine that Zakhar Sorokin ended the war, bringing his personal combat score to 18 enemy aircraft shot down.
Episode 2 . Terrible days of occupation and terror.
During this part of the lesson, the attention of students is drawn to the atrocities of the Nazis in the Kuban, the growing wave of popular anger.
In Krasnodar, the Nazis for the first time used "gas chambers" in which thousands of people were killed. A dead loop of raids overwhelmed the houses and streets of the city. “The kit was dialed, and the command was distributed. Having saluted, the driver went around behind and opened a thick double-leaf door high above the wheels. People began to be put one by one inside the van; the weak or awkward were willingly assisted by German soldiers. The door was automatically locked, the driver climbed into the seat and started the engine, but the car did not immediately go to its destination. The officer began to smoke, the soldiers stood at ease. Everything looked extremely peaceful again: nothing disturbed the silence, not even the crackling of the exhaust pipe. And although the car was still standing still, from time to time the body heeled strangely, as if the metal itself was shuddering from the role destined for it by the devil. When the cigarette had finished smoking and these convulsive ripples had ceased, the officer gave a sign, and the car sailed over the frozen mud out of town. There was a deep anti-tank ditch where the German city authorities daily dumped their "products"
In the very center of Krasnodar, the Gestapo was located, where many opponents of the occupation regime were executed and tortured after inhuman torture.
But the struggle with the enemy grew day by day. Our people fought against the invaders, did not cooperate with them. Although there were also traitors who betrayed their homeland, their people, but they were few. After the liberation of the Kuban from the Nazis, they answered for their atrocities. In Krasnodar took place trial over murderers, rapists and robbers, as well as their accomplices. They all got what they deserved.
Episode 3. Partisan movement in the Kuban.
At this stage, a picture of the courageous and selfless resistance of the Kuban behind enemy lines is presented to the mind's eye of the students.
By July 1942, when the war came to the land of the Kuban, every fifth inhabitant went to the front. In the course of stubborn fighting, the Nazis managed to occupy almost the entire territory of the Krasnodar Territory by the beginning of September. Thousands of Kuban went to partisan detachments in order to fight the Nazi invaders in the rear. Not sparing their lives, they brought closer the liberation of their native land.
We have a Mostovsky district in the region. Those who have been there cannot help admiring the beauty of nature. Scientists call these places Kuban Switzerland. But this region is not only famous for its beauty. In the bowels of the earth here, as they say, the entire periodic table. This is where the Nazis came in the fall of 1942. They immediately began to develop the local wealth for their needs. But the inhabitants of the region did not want to put up with this. They created partisan detachments and launched a fight against the invaders. The population helped the partisans, gave them food and medicine.
For suspicion of helping a wounded pilot, the brutal Nazis killed 207 residents of the village of Mikhizeeva Polyana. More than half of those killed are children, the rest are old people and women. They were killed because they hated fascism, did not recognize the “new order” that the Nazis tried to impose, firmly believed in victory over the enemy. Covering their tracks, the Nazis burned the village to the ground. For a whole week, the Nazis forbade residents of other villages to approach the place of massacre. They did not suspect that there were witnesses of their terrible atrocity, they did not know that a harsh but fair punishment would overtake the executioners. Miraculously, several people survived, who told about the brutal fascist massacre.
Pyotr Karpovich and Elena Ivanovna Ignatov had three sons.
When the war began, Valentin went to the front, Pyotr Karpovich, Yevgeny and Genya went to the partisan detachment. On the eve of Genya, he “pulled himself up” in German, practiced driving a car: he was preparing for partisan life. He was then sixteen, he often dressed as a village boy, walked around the villages and villages occupied by the Nazis, collected information for his detachment. He was helped by local boys. Genya started a conversation with them, asked them to go and count how many enemy vehicles were in each yard, how many soldiers lived in each hut.
Partisan life is unusually hard. From their mountain fortification, the partisans made sorties.
Once an important operation was being prepared. The partisans became aware that a fascist train would go by rail, accompanied by a convoy. It was decided to mine the highway and put a mine under the train. When the mine was ready, a train suddenly appeared around the corner. He was supposed to pass here only in the morning, but, apparently, someone warned the Germans. There was no time to blow the fuse, all the preparatory work was in vain.
The partisans froze in indecision, watching the train that violated their plans approach.
Later, Pyotr Karpovich recalled this fateful moment: “The locomotive was very close. There was a whistle of steam, the measured sound of wheels. Evgeny and Genya ran towards the train. In the dim light of the stars, it was clear that they tore off anti-tank grenades from their belts and planted fuses in them. There was one explosion, another ...
In March 1943, Evgeny and Geny Ignatov were awarded the titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union. Today streets, libraries, schools are named after them.
Together with adults in partisan detachments, in the underground, on the land occupied by the enemy, the young defenders of the Kuban also fought. On the basis of the typographic collection "Pioneer-Heroes of the Kuban", children can be introduced to the selfless deeds of Zhenya Dorosh from Krasnodar (a student of school No. 66); Anapchanin Vladik Kashirin, Ust-Labinsk schoolboy Musya Pinkenzon, and other brave Kuban guys.
Episode 4. Liberation of the Kuban. blue line. Small land.
The mind's eye of children should be presented with examples of courage and heroism on the Kuban land during the expulsion of the fascist invaders from the territory of the region.
The expulsion of the Nazis from the Kuban began in the winter and spring of 1943. In January, the troops of the North Caucasian Front went on the offensive against the Nazis. Republics were completely liberated from the enemy North Caucasus, Stavropol region ( demonstration on the map of the territory). The enemy hastily retreated. The Nazis began to fear the encirclement.
Our troops made an attempt to liberate Novorossiysk from the sea. This February night, cold and windy, when a special-purpose detachment, consisting only of volunteers, under the command of Major Caesar Lvovich Kunikov, carried out a risky operation to create a bridgehead southwest of Novorossiysk, in the Myskhako region (it is known as Malaya Zemlya), entered the annals of the Great Patriotic War forever.
Here, on Malaya Zemlya, Mikhail Kornitsky from Krasnodar performed a feat. The sailors captured the school building, more precisely, its first floor, as the Germans fortified higher. Approaching German tanks opened fire on our fighters, and grenades flew at the sailors from the third and second floors. Kornitsky was wounded twice, but the ambush was destroyed (pulling out the pin, he jumped right into the crowd of German soldiers), and the sailors were able to start withdrawing from the school building. For this feat, the deceased soldier was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The struggle on this piece of land (about 30 square kilometers) lasted more than seven months. Aviation and artillery of the Germans plowed literally everything here. There was nothing alive on Malaya Zemlya - even trees and grass were burned out, and only Soviet soldiers continued to fight.
On February 12, 1943, Krasnodar was liberated. The joy of the people knew no bounds. The Nazis brought many troubles to the capital of the Kuban. The city lay in ruins. The most beautiful buildings were destroyed. The Nazis shot, tortured, and killed thousands of people in gas chambers.
But it was not possible to liberate the entire Kuban at the beginning of 1943. The Germans built a powerful defensive line from Novorossiysk to Temryuk and the Sea of Azov. They called it the Blue Line. With the move of the Red Army, it was not possible to overcome the fortifications of the enemy, heavy, bloody battles began, which lasted several months.
In October 1943, as a result of the victorious offensive of the Soviet army, the enemy was expelled from the Kuban. For another year and a half, the fire of war blazed. The Great Victory came on May 9, 1945. 500,000 Kuban residents did not return from the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.
Eternal memory to them! 356 of our countrymen were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
You can invite groups of students to find and attach red marks on the city map indicating streets named after the heroes who fought on the Kuban land, Kuban heroes, offering cards with their names.
Episode 5. "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" Hospital city.
Students' attention is drawn to the fact that after the start of the war, the life of the Kuban people obeyed the principle "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" It was very difficult to make such a turn. The whole burden of this work fell on the shoulders of women, old people and teenagers.
Already in July 1941, a hospital base began to be created in Sochi. By August 1, 1941, 24 hospitals were opened by the forces of the inhabitants of the city, and after 5 days the first wounded began to arrive in Sochi. They came in huge numbers, placed wherever there was free space. Sochi residents looked after the seriously wounded after work, cleaned the wards, brought dishes and things, harvested chestnuts, nuts, fruits of wild apple trees, pears, plums.
During the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period, the life of the Kuban people was more difficult than ever. The war caused enormous damage to the economy, everything fell into disrepair. It was necessary to restore everything, to rebuild, to quickly heal the wounds of the war, to revive self-confidence and hope for a good future.
To sum up and draw conclusions about the courage of fellow countrymen during the Great Patriotic War, about the need to keep the memory of this difficult and heroic time, about veterans who did not spare their strength and life for the sake of peace and victory, you can together with students by asking them in groups to discuss the answer to the question: “Why, in your opinion, it is necessary to remember the events of the Great Patriotic War?”
Children should pay special attention to the fact that there are few people left who won the victory. And the more important attention to them, respect for their merits, assistance to them.
"SAR" Belorechensky district KK » History »
We cannot but recall that page in the history of the Krasnodar Territory, which is connected with the Great Patriotic War. We cannot but recall the heroic feat of our people. The war left its terrible bloody trail all over the region. Our grandfathers remember the cost of victory.
The Krasnodar Territory is located very favorably. It is located in the temperate zone of the eastern hemisphere. From the northwest and southwest it is washed by the Azov and Black Seas, which have a beneficial effect on the climate of the region and serve as excellent communication routes with neighboring states.
By July 1942, when the war came to the land of the Kuban, every fifth inhabitant of the region went to the front. More than 90 fighter battalions and three Cossack formations were created from volunteers - the 50th separate cavalry division, the 4th Kuban guards cavalry corps and the Krasnodar plastunskaya division. Those leaving for the front were given an order: “Again you took swords in your hands and mounted war horses in order, as in previous years, to defend our land, our Motherland from the enemy. We trust you and are proud of you, you will faithfully fulfill the military oath you have taken and return to your native villages only with victory ... And if any of you have to give your life for your native land, give it as heroes ... "
From August 9, 1942 to February 12, 1943, the fascist occupation of Krasnodar lasted. These six months were the most terrible in his entire history. During the German occupation of the city, the Nazis used death machines - "gas chambers". During the occupation, more than 13 thousand citizens died. 870 houses were destroyed and burned. Burned 4 higher educational institutions, with laboratory equipment and libraries, theaters of dramatic and musical comedy, the Palace of Pioneers, almost all schools, clubs, cinemas. The most valuable species of trees in city parks have been cut down and damaged.
The main blow in the Maikop-Tuapse direction was taken by units and formations of the 12th Army under the command of Major General A.A. Grechko and the 18th Army under the command of Major General Kamkov. In an effort to break through to the Maikop oil region and reach the Black Sea coast in the Tuapse region, the enemy sent six divisions of the 1st tank army supported by aviation and artillery and mortar fire. From 8 to 12 August there were heavy battles on the borders of the rivers Kuban, Laba, Belaya.
By the end of August 10, the enemy tried to force the Belaya River from the march. On the left bank, a battery of Lieutenant Gorlov of the 149th mortar regiment stood like a wall in the path of the enemy. She was ordered to cover the withdrawal of our units to the mountains. In an unequal battle, the fighters exterminated up to two hundred fascists, burned and blew up several vehicles, three tanks. The mortars did not retreat and repeated the immortal feat of the Panfilov guardsmen.
Activating their actions, reinforcing the advancing units, on August 12, the enemy broke into the village of Belorechenskaya. By August 15, 1942, the entire Belorechensk region was occupied by Nazi troops. The bloody occupation of the area lasted until January 31, 1943. Officers of the military commandant's office, field gendarmerie, accomplices from among the traitors were distinguished by special cruelty and atrocities on the territory of the region. At night, shots rang out on the outskirts of the village.
It was the fascist executioners who, after inhuman torture, shot innocent people, suspecting them of hatred for the invaders. On the western outskirts of the village of Belorechenskaya, between the Kelermes River and the garden of the Lenin collective farm, 50 civilians were shot and tortured to death. Near the Belaya River, in the area of the old slaughterhouse, the Nazis shot eleven people.
On the way from the station to the village of Vechnoye, 62 prisoners of war were shot by guards, and on the way from the Kubansky farm to the village of Belorechenskaya, 26 captured Red Army soldiers were shot. At night, in cars and on foot, they were taken to the western outskirts of the village to the Belaya River, where they were shot. In total, 272 people were destroyed by the Nazis and their accomplices in the village of Belorechenskaya during the occupation. For only six months, the Nazis "hosted" in the village. But even during this time they caused huge damage to the area.
The victory over fascism went to the Soviet people at a high price. The Kuban laid the lives of almost 500,000 of its daughters and sons on the altar of Victory. Eternal memory to them! 356 Kuban soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. About 40 participants in the war were awarded the Order of Glory of three degrees.
We will always remember their heroism!
"Kuban Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812" Black Sea Hundred
Purpose: To study and reveal the role of the Kuban Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812.
Tasks: 1) Take the Black Sea Hundred as a basis 2) The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred 3) The heroic path of the Black Sea Hundred 4) Cossacks in the battle of Borodino 5) Heroes on the canvases of artists
The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred. May 18, 1811 M.B. Baraklay-de-Tolly “The Sovereign wishes to have a hundred Cossacks from the Black Sea army from the best people among his cavalry guards”
The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred. March 1, 1812 staff officer, 3 chief officers, 14 officers and 100 Cossacks. Afanasy Fyodorovich Bursak
Black Sea Hundred. heroic path. Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak V.V. Orlov-Denisov F.P. Uvarov
A. F. Bursak From the very first days of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Black Sea Hundred took part in battles with the vanguard of the main forces of the Napoleonic army on the Neman River. A hundred took part in the battles on June 14, at New Troki, on the 16th, near Vilna, on the 19th, near Pivovarki. On June 23, a hundred distinguished themselves at Kocherzhishki, where they famously cut a wedge into the enemy cavalry and repelled their attack.
V.V. Orlov-Denisov On June 9, near the village of Voskresensky, a hundred defeated the enemy vanguard (up to 1,500 soldiers), officers and several French soldiers were taken prisoner. On July 15, near Vitebsk, Life Cossacks, Black Sea men and part of the Sumy Hussar Regiment destroyed the 16th Cavalry Chasseur, almost two rifle companies and took the battery, near which Napoleon was surrounded by his retinue. In front of the eyes of the French emperor, in one minute, all the artillerymen were slaughtered, and the cannons were thrown into a ravine. This forced Napoleon to stop the offensive.
The Black Sea Hundred and the Life Guards Cossack Regiment took part in the Battle of Borodino, attacked the left flank French army. F.P. Uvarov
Chernomortsy in the Battle of Borodino. The feat of Alexei Danilovich Bezkrovny. A.D. Bezkrovny - “Commander without mistakes”
Expressing his gratitude, Kutuzov said about Bezkrovny: "This is a Cossack without mistakes" M.I. Kutuzov As part of the guard, Bezkrovny takes part in heavy and almost continuous rearguard battles. Commanding the Black Sea guards officer hundred, in 1812. A. Bezkrovny distinguished himself in the Battle of Borodino, where, with two platoons of his hundred, despite strong grapeshot fire, he cut into a French battery and captured two officers and nine soldiers. During this desperate attack, a horse was killed under him, and he himself was wounded by buckshot in his left leg. August 28, 1812 Bloodless with the Black Sea hundred, as part of a rifle chain, from 3 pm to 7 pm repelled enemy attacks. Nicholas I
Heroes on the canvases of artists. The raid of the Cossacks M.I. Platov and F.P. Uvarov in the rear of the French troops. Borodino 1812.
Heroes on the canvases of artists. Painting by Viktor Mazurovsky "The Case of Platov's Cossacks under Mir on July 9, 1812"
Heroes on the canvases of artists.
16. Question. Kuban in the Great Patriotic War. Occupation and partisans
"The French in 1812, captured by partisans (I. M. Pryanishnikov)"
PURSUIT OF FRENCH HORSE GUARDS NEAR POLOTSK ON AUGUST 6, 1812. 1890 Heroes on the canvases of artists.
Heroes on the canvases of artists. THE BATTLE FOR THE SHEVARDINSKY REDOUBTS. 2002 AVERYANOV A.Yu.
Heroes on the canvases of artists. FIRST ATTACK ON SEMYONOVSKIE FLASHES. 2004 AVERYANOV A.Yu.
Heroes on the canvases of artists. Council in Gorodnya - A.Yu. Averyanov.
Napoleon in his office. 1812 "Give me some Cossacks, and I will go with them all over Europe."
Resources: http://ukr-cazaks.ucoz.ua http://litvik.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org
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Events of the Great Patriotic War in the Kuban.
War in the Kuban 1941-1943
Kuban is a multinational region
Completed by: Trakhunova Anzhelika Viktorovna teacher primary school MBOU secondary school No. 93, Krasnodar
"Remember all by name" for the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Kuban from Nazi German invaders.
What happened, tell me the wind? What a pain in your eyes. Doesn't the sun also shine, or the grasses wither in the meadows. Don't the stars sparkle so much Maybe the birds' voices are quieter Don't the girls dream more of Happiness scarlet sails.
June 22, 1941
The battle for the Caucasus was one of the largest during the Great Patriotic War. The fighting took place here from July 1942 to the beginning of October 1943. The Nazis planned to surround the Soviet troops from the west and east, in the western direction they wanted to occupy the entire Black Sea coast from Novorossiysk to Batumi, and unite with the Turks. The operation to conduct hostilities among the Germans was headed by Field Marshal V. List. Within a few months German troops attacked in several directions, and only in November 1942 did a radical change occur - the Soviet troops switched from defense to offensive.
July-December 1942
War... pronounce this word - and terrible pictures arise in our imagination. The Great Patriotic War lasted 1418 days and nights... The war entered every family, brought severe trials and suffering, the bitterness of loss of relatives and friends. How difficult it was to survive, to provide the army with everything necessary for the Victory! Victory at the front largely depended on success in the rear. At the enterprise, both old and young went out into the field, forged weapons of victory, raised bread. 469255 fellow countrymen, incl. 2952 women did not return to their loved ones, friends, relatives, loved ones.
Atrocities of the Nazis on the Kuban land
The Nazis on the line from Taman to Krymsk tried to gain a foothold on the so-called "Blue Line" - a chain of the most complex defensive structures that made the most of the elements of the terrain. "Blue" was nicknamed because there was an abundance of water barriers. Only in September 1943, the troops of the North Caucasian Front liberated Novorossiysk and the Taman Peninsula. Defense of Novorossiysk, Tuapse defensive operation, partisan movement, the liberation of Krasnodar, the assault on the Blue Line, the battle for mountain passes - milestones of the famous battle for the Caucasus. These milestones are reminded memorable places, obelisks, memorial complexes created open-air museums and, most importantly, people. Let's talk about some of them.
Novorossiysk
City-worker, city-hero, named after Russia, a reliable guardian of its borders. In Novorossiysk there is a heroic bridgehead - Malaya Zemlya and the Gallery of Military Glory on Malaya Zemlya, reminiscent of the bow of a ship that broke into land in an unprecedented throw, the monument-ensemble "Line of Defense" on the Novorossiysk-Sukhumi highway,
Krymsk (Hill of Heroes).
The occupation of the Krasnodar Territory by Nazi Germany
In the summer of 1942, the situation for our country became seriously complicated. Having created a significant superiority in manpower and equipment, the Nazis launched an offensive towards the Volga and the Caucasus.
During the days of defensive battles in the summer of 1942, more than 100 thousand Kuban joined the ranks of the Red Army.
During the fighting, by the beginning of September 1942, the Germans managed to occupy almost the entire Kuban, with the exception of four regions - Lazarevsky, Tuapse, Adler and Gelendzhik.
August 2, 1942 under the village Kushchevskaya two regiments of the 13th Kuban division in cavalry attacked the 101st German infantry division "Green Rose" and two regiments of the SS. The attack was led by the division commander, Colonel Millerov, and the military commissar of the division, regimental commissar Shipilov. The commanders on bay beauties rushed far ahead of their subordinates, so that they could see and follow them (can you now imagine that the division commander ran ahead of the line into battle?). Cossack lava went along the front two kilometers wide. Cossacks M.F. Grachev and P.G. Kamenev together hacked to death 25 Germans.
Krasnodar Territory during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945)
Cossack Shevchenko hacked 17 and killed four invaders. The steppe was strewn with fascists, the remnants of the "Green Rose" fled in wild horror.
Well, the Cossack grandfathers probably turned over in their graves after learning about the Tsapki in Kushchevskaya, where did the current Cossacks look?
Partisan movement in the Kuban during the Second World War
At the direction of the regional committee, 86 partisan detachments were created in the Krasnodar Territory, united in 7 partisan clusters. 3455 communists, 4 secretaries of the regional committee and 147 secretaries of city committees and district committees of the party were sent to the partisan detachments of the Kuban. On August 3, 1942, under the Military Council of the North Caucasian Front, Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (UShPD). Secretary of the Krasnodar Territory Committee P.I. Seleznev. The following cluster headquarters were formed: Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Maikop, Neftegorsk, Armavir (until 11/27/1942 Mostovskoy), Slavyansk and Anapa.
Only the partisans of the Krasnodar bush were transferred to units of the 56th Army over 400 intelligence data on the deployment and movement of Wehrmacht troops.
During the occupation of the Kuban, the partisans made many successful attacks on the Wehrmacht garrisons, in particular: in the villages of Verkhnebakansky, Konoboz, Guamke, in the villages: Novosvobodnaya, Smolenskaya, farms: Novoalekseevsky, Supovsky, the village of Belaya Glina and others settlements Krasnodar Territory.
Underground partisans with the participation of the population of the oil regions of the region - Abinsky,Absheron and Neftegorsk- with bold sabotage actions, they thwarted attempts to establish by the Germans oil production in the Kuban.
Partisans of Kuban carried out a lot of sabotage actions on the roads, in particular on the highway and railway roads Krasnodar - Novorossiysk. Here they were active detachments named after the brothers Ignatov, "Gadfly" and "Thunderstorm". The most sensitive blows to the enemy were delivered by the detachment named after the Ignatov brothers.
During the years of occupation, the partisans of the Kuban destroyed about 12 thousand soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht, and also wounded about 4 thousand. Partisans of the Krasnodar Territory destroyed 206 vehicles, derailed 14 trains with Wehrmacht troops and cargo, blew up 20 railway bridges, 7 ammunition depots, cut off over 700 kilometers of telephone and telegraph communications.
During the war years there was proverb:
The Soviet Kuban gave a lot of hot baths to the Nazis!
More than a thousand partisans and underground workers were awarded orders and medals Soviet Union. Two partisans, the Ignatov brothers, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
356 sons and daughters of Kuban during the war were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Kubantsam V.A. Aleksenko, V.K. Kokkinaki, E.Ya. Savitsky, T.T. Khryukin was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1943, the region was allocated (by decision Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 01/23/1943): 3900 tractors, 350 motor vehicles, 450 combines, 3000 plows, 1000 seeders.
Between February and December 1943, 40,000 workers were trained in short-term courses. In the region, 11 vocational and railway schools and 16 FZO schools were restored with a total enrollment of 7496 students.
For October 1 1943 years in Krasnodar Territory 66,770 women worked in industry and in the countryside.
By September 1943, 30 restored timber artels, 8 sawmills, 123 various workshops were already producing products.
In 1943, 2517 km of track, 636 bridges, 4 tunnels, 25 stations were restored in the region. The oilmen put into operation a compressor station, 8 new wells, laid oil pipeline Khadyzhi - Krasnodar 90 km long, narrow gauge railway Khadyzhi - Wide Beam.
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Kuban State Technological University
Armavir Mechanics and Technology Institute
Department of In-plant Electrical Equipment and Automation
Russian history
Kuban during the Great Patriotic War
Performed:
Student of group 14-FAB-EE
Krasnova A.A.
Checked:
Chekaeva K.S.
Armavir 2014
1. Kuban in the first year of the war (1941-1942)
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany treacherously attacked the USSR. The advantage of the enemy in personnel, qualitative superiority in aviation, the miscalculations of the leadership of our country in preparing to repel aggression - this turned out to be enough to reach the initial stage wars of significant strategic superiority in the main areas of military operations. Under the onslaught of the advancing enemy, units of the Red Army were forced to retreat, suffering heavy losses in manpower and equipment.
In connection with the danger hanging over the country, a number of emergency measures. On June 22, 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to introduce martial law in all border republics and some central regions of the USSR. On the same day, the Presidium of the Supreme Council adopted the Decree on the mobilization of those liable for military service in 1905-1918. births on the territory of all military districts, except for the Central Asian, Trans-Baikal and Far Eastern.
On June 23, the Headquarters of the High Command was formed (then transformed into the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, headed by I.V. Stalin). A detailed program to fight the enemy was formulated in the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 1941 and set out in a speech on the All-Union Radio by the Chairman of the State Defense Committee I. V. Stalin (GKO was formed on June 30, 1941) July 3, 1941 time, reorganize all work on a war footing, organize all-round assistance to the front, wage a merciless fight against alarmists, deserters, and spreaders of rumors. The battle motto of the people was the slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!".
In the very first days of the war, military registration and enlistment offices, party, Soviet, Komsomol organizations began to receive applications with a request to be sent to the front. By July 9, 1941, the military registration and enlistment offices of the Krasnodar Territory alone received about 12 thousand such applications, and by the end of July - more than 17 thousand. In total, for the period from June 1941 to July 1942, about 20 percent of the population of the region, more than 600 thousand people, went into the ranks of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
In the Kuban, as well as throughout the country, swept powerful wave numerous rallies and meetings at which the elderly and young people, men and women said that they were ready to give all their strength to protect their homeland. At their rally, the workers of the Novorossiysk cement plant "Proletariy" declared that with Stakhanov's labor they would strengthen the country's economic and military might, help the Red Army with all their might and Navy. They declared themselves mobilized in order to fulfill any state task with honor.
In the first weeks of the war, the creation of volunteer battalions, militia units, anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense groups began. The fighters of the destruction battalions began to protect the most important national economic facilities - plants, factories, power plants, warehouses, bridges, enterprises and others. In 1941, 86 city, district and 6 railroad destroyer battalions, numbering 14,000 fighters, operated in the region.
Volunteers who were not subject to conscription into the army, secondary school teachers, and employees of various institutions were accepted into the militia units.
The militia units immediately began combat training. If by the end of July 1941 in the region 178 thousand people signed up for the people's militia, then by December 1941 there were already 224 thousand who wanted to become militia. For the Don, Kuban and Stavropol, the formation of volunteer Cossack formations was characteristic, which proved to be excellent on the fronts of the war.
In the Kuban, in 1941, a Cossack cavalry corps was formed from volunteers of unconscripted age. Seventy-five percent of the Cossacks and corps commanders were participants in the Civil War. The cavalry regiment created in Adygea became part of the corps. At the beginning of 1942, the 17th Kuban Cavalry Corps was enlisted in the Red Army. He distinguished himself more than once in battles in the North Caucasus, on the Don, in southern Ukraine, in Belarus, during the liberation of Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. For skillful fighting, for the organization and courage of the personnel in August 1942, the 17th Kuban Cavalry Corps, like all its divisions, was awarded the title of Guards. It became known as the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps. All his soldiers and officers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. The fighters and commanders of the Krasnodar Plastunskaya division bravely fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. For bravery and courage shown in battles with the enemy, about 14 thousand soldiers of the division received government awards.
From the very first days of the war, the training of combat reserves for the front by various voluntary organizations and societies gained unprecedented momentum.
On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee (GKO) adopted the Decree “On General compulsory education military affairs of the citizens of the USSR. Training was introduced from October 1, 1941. Male citizens aged 18 to 50 were subject to military training. Training - on-the-job. Each student had to master one of the military specialties, know the rifle well, own a hand grenade, be able to throw incendiary bottles, conduct hand-to-hand and bayonet combat, use chemical protection equipment, and disguise themselves.
Military training centers (VUPs) were organized everywhere. They were created according to the production-territorial principle, formed like an army organizational structure: department - 15 people, platoon - 50, company - 150, etc., depending on the number of students.
In the Kuban during the period of military training of the first stage, 8 battalions, 163 companies and 263 platoons functioned. Osoaviakhimovskiye organizations of the region in the second half of 1941 trained 76,120 fighters to replenish the ranks of the active army (shooters, grenade launchers, tank destroyers, snipers, signalmen, orderlies, etc.).
From the very first days of the war, the patriotic movement of the people to provide financial assistance front. It expressed itself in a wide variety of forms: in the creation of a fund for the defense of the Motherland, voluntary contributions by Soviet people to the armament of the army and navy, the implementation of state military loans and money and clothing lotteries, the collection of warm clothes and gifts for front-line soldiers, caring for wounded soldiers and much more. Already in September 1941, the workers of the Krasnodar Territory sent 120 thousand various warm clothes and linen to the soldiers, and in December 1941 this number increased to almost 600 thousand (these are sheepskin coats, overcoats, wadded jackets, bloomers, felt boots, fur mittens, woolen socks, etc.). By May 1942, the Kuban people had contributed 56 million rubles in cash and 76 million rubles in government bonds to the defense fund.
The high sense of patriotism of our people has found its vivid expression in the broad development of the donor movement. In the region, only 18,000 liters of blood were received from Komsomol donors. This made it possible to save the lives of many thousands of seriously wounded soldiers. As statistics show, the use of donated blood in hospitals during the war years, along with other medical measures, contributed to the fact that almost 73 percent of the wounded were returned to duty.
The mass participation of Soviet people in the nationwide patriotic movement to provide material assistance to the front was a clear indication of their readiness to overcome any difficulties and hardships in order to defend the freedom and independence of their homeland.
The outbreak of war required the creation of a well-coordinated and rapidly developing military economy as soon as possible. This could be done by transferring the entire economy from a peaceful position to a military one. From the very beginning of the war, all the main industrial enterprises of the region were fully or partially transferred to the production of military products. So, at the Krasnodar plant "Oktyabr" the production of component parts for the shells of the famous "Katyushas" was mastered. At the plant named after Sedin, continuing to produce machine tools, they began to manufacture separate units for tanks, cases for armor-piercing artillery shells, mortars, and hand grenades. The margarine factory and the Adyghe cannery began to manufacture parts for mortars; The laboratory of the Krasnodar Institute of Chemical Technology has started producing bottles with a self-igniting liquid. Various artels began to produce grenades and mines or parts for them. At the Novorossiysk plant "Red Engine" organized the production of mortars; at cement plants - the production of anti-tank gouges, concrete slabs for airfields, cement air bombs; at the slate factory - the production of anti-tank mines. Sewing enterprises switched to the production of tunics, trousers, harem pants, overcoats, padded jackets, army earflaps, and other property. Of the 1685 industrial enterprises of the region, 1245 provided products for the front.
Actively participated in the restructuring National economy edge, in increasing the output of military products for the youth front. Already in the summer of 1941, on the initiative of the Sverdlovsk and Gorky young workers, a movement of two hundred workers began. It was picked up in all regions of the country and developed under the slogan "Work for yourself and for a comrade who went to the front." The first two hundred men in the Kuban appeared at the Oktyabr plant in Krasnodar, they completed the task by 200-250 percent daily. The movement for the fulfillment of the two norms has assumed a wide scope in the collective farms, state farms, MTS of the region, where, as well as on industrial enterprises, entire enterprises became dvuhsotniki. “We are the same fighters, although not yet in the Red Army uniform,” said members of the Alexei Miguel brigade from the Sokolovskaya MTS. “We will work in such a way as to contribute to the complete destruction of the fascist villains with production victories.” The words of the young tractor drivers did not differ from their deeds, their team was the best in the MTS and firmly held the first place. By September 1941, the tractor brigade of Ivan Surkov from the Novoshcherbinovskaya MTS had completed the annual plan. Members of the F. Dovbnya brigade from the Krasnoselskaya MTS fulfilled the task by 150-200 percent or more. characteristic feature dvuhsotnikov in the village was a combination of positions and responsibilities. During the war, this acquired a special meaning, since it made it possible to some extent make up for the lack of personnel caused by mobilizations to the front. It became commonplace to work in the field during the day, and in the evening - at the current, in the accounting department, the village council, to carry bread. Everywhere, the heads of livestock farms were at the same time milkmaids, pigmen, and cattlemen. Accountants kept records not in one, but in two or three brigades, often simultaneously replacing weighers and tankers. So, I. Dmitriev, I. Baranov, L. Grishko from the breeding farm of the Plastunovsky district worked on a combine during the day, completing the task by 200 percent, and at night they carried grain and also overfulfilled the norm.
It should be noted that the most important integral part the restructuring of the national economy in the conditions of the outbreak of war was the transition of agriculture to the rails of the war economy. One of the main tasks of the military restructuring of agriculture was the organization of harvesting. The harvesting campaign depended on the solution of an extremely acute problem of personnel, especially machine operators. In the very first days of the war, thousands of machine operators were drafted into the army. By 1942, there were half as many tractor drivers left in the region. An exceptional role in solving the problem of machine operators was played by the patriotic movement of women and girls-Komsomol members for mastering agricultural machinery, for returning to work in their own way. former specialty. As the journal Socialist Agriculture wrote in the summer of 1941, “More than 4,000 previously trained tractor drivers drove cars in the Krasnodar Territory alone. Everywhere in the MTS, courses were opened to train women machine operators. If in most rear areas of the country the training period for tractor drivers was 30-35 days, then in the MTS of Kuban, where harvesting began earlier than anyone else, they were trained for two to three weeks. In total, in the region in the summer of 1941, more than 900 women took the helm of the combine. The entire able-bodied population of the village, as well as teenagers, students of grades 5-10, and the elderly took part in the harvesting of the first war harvest. In the Kushchevsky district, on the fields of the Krasny Urudnik collective farm, the Komsomol youth link did not leave the threshing current for three days, trying to complete the threshing as soon as possible, to pay off the state ahead of schedule. Such facts became commonplace in that harsh time.
One of the most important defense tasks of agriculture was to supply the army with conditioned horse stock, wagons, and harness. By October 1941, more than 42 thousand horses were sent from the region to the active army. The decrease in mechanical and live draft power led to an increase in the load on the remaining draft animals and carried with it additional difficulties farmers.
However, thanks to the selfless work of the grain growers, the help of the urban population, the Kuban as a whole managed to cope with the autumn field work of 1941 and the supply of agricultural products. Only on September 1, 1941, the collective and state farms of the region handed over to the state 1,057 thousand tons of grain, and then the procurement reached 1,381,850 tons. Although this figure is somewhat less than 1940, it is still the highest in the country compared to other territories and regions.
Even greater difficulties and trials awaited the Kuban in 1942. It became more difficult to live financially: from September 1, 1941, cards for bread, sugar, and confectionery were introduced in the cities and workers' settlements of the region. Working conditions became tougher. To secure workers and employees at military enterprises, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 26, 1941, all men and women employed in the military industry were declared mobilized for the entire period of the war. Persons who allowed unauthorized departure were considered deserters and were tried by a military tribunal. On February 13, 1942, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the mobilization of the able-bodied urban population for work in production and construction for the wartime period” was issued.
Since February 1942, the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers has increased by 1.5 times. The minimum was applied to adolescents aged 12-16, criminal penalties were introduced for its non-fulfilment. True, in practice they were resorted to extremely rarely. However, the tightening of labor relations was combined with incentive stimulation for completing tasks. As an incentive, food and industrial goods were widely used at enterprises, and additional cards were issued. The decisive event of the first period of the war was the Battle of Moscow. The defeat of the Germans near Moscow buried the criminal plan "Barbarossa". "Blitzkrieg" in the East did not take place. German- fascist troops suffered their first major defeat in World War II. Hitler's command had to urgently change its military tactics. It realized the need for a long, protracted war, for which Germany was not prepared. The victory near Moscow had a positive effect on the mood and morale of the army and the people; it aroused enthusiasm and a surge of new strength.
The industry of the Kuban continued to increase the output of military products, in spite of any difficulties. For example, for uninterrupted work on the fulfillment of command assignments, part of the equipment of the Novorossiysk Shipyard was transferred to an underground adit, where they worked around the clock. The main personnel of the Novorossiysk port, including the engineering and technical staff, moved to the barracks.
Back in the autumn of 1941, Komsomol youth front-line brigades began to appear at the industrial enterprises of the country.
“The front-line brigades,” Komsomolskaya Pravda wrote on December 23, 1941, “is the embodiment of the patriotic upsurge and dedication of young workers who give everything in the name of victory over the enemy.” As a rule, all members of such teams fulfilled the norms by 150-200 percent or more. The first two front-line brigades in the Kuban appeared at the Novorossiysk plant "Red Engine". By the way, in the second half of 1941 the plant fulfilled the plan for the production of defense products by 307 percent. In total, in the region in June 1942 there were 740 front-line brigades.
The most important task of agricultural workers was the successful preparation and conduct of the spring sowing campaign, which in 1942 took place in conditions of even greater difficulties. Agriculture continued to supply for defense needs material and technical means, draft and labor force, human resources. At the same time, the industry has sharply reduced the supply of simple and complex agricultural machinery. The production of harrows, seeders, tractor cultivators, mowers, threshers, grain combines was completely stopped.
The preparation was also complicated by the fact that by the beginning of 1942, 150,000 hectares of various agricultural crops remained unharvested in the region.
Everywhere in the collective farms and state farms, the load on each tractor, on each horse increased, there were not enough machine operators, especially qualified ones. All forces were thrown to repair the existing equipment. In the MTS, state farms, collective farms, Komsomol-youth repair teams were created (there were more than 2,000 of them working on the collective farms of the region), Sundays, ten days, and monthly repairs of machines and agricultural equipment were systematically held. Collective farmers and machine operators worked without sparing themselves. In the Pavlovsk MTS, locksmiths Gladkov and Renskov did not leave the workshop for three or four days when performing a task. Locksmiths Fedorov, Solomka, Semenchuk fulfilled the norms by 300-500 percent. Everywhere, work has begun to identify and collect spare parts, tools, metal for the repair of equipment. Only in 24 districts of the region from February 2 to February 20, 1942, 178,640 different parts, 12,170 pieces of tools, 56 tons of metal and repair material were collected. Thanks to this, the plan for the repair of tractors in the region was completed by 97 percent.
In the winter of 1941/42, exceptionally great attention was paid to the preparation of schoolchildren, students, employees, and housewives for agricultural work.
In the spring of 1942, the socialist competition between women's tractor brigades and women tractor drivers, initiated by the tractor drivers of the Ordzhonikidzevsky (Stavropol) Territory, developed especially widely. By the way, 70 percent of machine operators of that time were women. The initiative of our neighbors was immediately supported in the Kuban. Overcoming numerous difficulties, tractor drivers selflessly fought for the fulfillment of their obligations and made a decisive contribution to the implementation of plans for spring field work. The collective farms and state farms of the region in 1942 sowed more grain crops, sunflowers, castor beans, sugar beets, and potatoes than in 1941. In many regions of the region, a high yield of spiked crops was grown. However, it was not possible to completely remove it due to the invasion of the Nazi troops into the region. Moreover, it was necessary to save the harvested crop, the property of collective farms, state farms, MTS.
In 1942, the military council of the North Caucasian Front adopted a resolution on preparations for the destruction of stocks of grain, fuel, livestock and other valuables if it was impossible to export them. The advancing enemy troops prevented the evacuation of many enterprises. I had to hastily put out of action 38 industrial enterprises of Krasnodar, 755 wells of oil fields, 11 compressor units, an oil pipeline. The dark days of the occupation were coming.
2. Occupation of the Krasnodar Territory
After the defeat near Moscow, the Nazi command was forced to look for other ways to win. For this purpose, a bet was made on the military-economic strangulation of the USSR. The task was set to cut off the southern regions rich in raw materials from the country, to break through to the Volga, to cut this most important highway supplying our industry and the army with oil and bread, which, in the final analysis, according to Hitler, should have predetermined the outcome of the war. The fascist leadership hoped to "immediately and possibly fully use the occupied territories in the interests of Germany, to obtain as much food and oil as possible." Reich Minister of Nazi Germany Rosenberg, speaking at a special conference on the Eastern problem, noted that the task of providing food for the German people was in first place in the list of German claims in the East, that the southern territories and the North Caucasus should serve as a balance in supplying food to the German people.
In the late spring of 1942, the Nazi high command concentrated its main efforts on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front, relying on the capture of the oil regions of the Caucasus and the fertile regions of the Don, Kuban, and Stavropol. Under the blows of the Wehrmacht, our troops were forced to retreat, and by mid-July, enemy formations entered the large bend of the Don, creating a threat of a breakthrough to the Volga and the Caucasus. On July 17, 1942, the defensive period began Battle of Stalingrad, which lasted until November 18, 1942. On July 24, having captured Rostov-on-Don, the Nazis began to rapidly develop the offensive in the Stalingrad direction. At the same time, part of the German group began to implement a plan to capture the Caucasus. The enemy's plan to capture the Caucasus was set out in the directive of the Nazi command No. 45 of July 23, 1942, code name "Edelweiss", and consisted in encircling and destroying our troops south and southeast of Rostov and capturing the North Caucasus. Then it was supposed to go around the Main Caucasian Range from the west and east, at the same time to overcome it from the north through the passes. Army Group A was assigned to carry out these tasks. On July 25, the enemy launched an offensive in the Salsky, Stavropol and Krasnodar directions. The battle for the Caucasus began. It distinguishes two stages: defensive (July 25 - December 31, 1942) and offensive (January 1 - October 9, 1943) - operations carried out Soviet troops with the aim of defending the Caucasus and defeating the fascist German troops invading its borders.
Twenty-two divisions of Army Group A, nine of them armored and motorized, turned south from Rostov and rushed to the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, trying to encircle and destroy the forces of the North Caucasian Front, but failed to stop its advance across the Kuban land.
On July 30, the order of the Chairman of the State Defense Committee I.V. Stalin No. 227 of July 28, 1942 was read to the troops. It indicated that the German invaders were rushing to Stalingrad, to the Volga, they wanted to seize the Kuban, the northern Caucasus with oil and other wealth at any cost. “Retreating further means ruining oneself and at the same time ruining our Motherland ... we must stubbornly, to the last drop of blood, defend every position ...” The main requirement of this order was “not a step back.”
In the course of heavy, bloody battles, the troops of the Stalingrad and Don fronts, showing stamina and mass heroism, did not allow the Wehrmacht to take control of Stalingrad on the move. In the Caucasian direction, the troops of the North Caucasian and Transcaucasian fronts, together with Black Sea Fleet also in heavy and defensive battles they thwarted the plans of the German command to capture the Caucasus. But the enemy was able to occupy almost the entire region in the second half of August, with the exception of the Adler, Gelendzhik, Shapsugsky (from May 24, 1945 - Lazarevsky) regions, the cities of Sochi, Gelendzhik, Tuapse.
The occupation of Kuban is one of the most tragic pages in its history. Even before the capture of the regions of the region, the Nazis sent a large group of engineers and economists to the North Caucasus, who formed a special "economic committee for the Caucasus." Together with them, the former German military attache in Moscow, General Köstring, arrived as an "adviser on the affairs of the Caucasian peoples and Cossacks." Colonel Panvits was also sent here, who was entrusted with the creation of anti-Soviet military units from the peoples of the North Caucasus. White emigrants, former tsarist generals Shkuro and Krasnov, were brought from Germany to help the Nazi experts. All these advisers, experts, governors, relying on the occupation apparatus, the Gestapo and its various formations - "Einsatzgruppen", "Sonderkommando" and others, began to implement the program they had developed to rob the region and exterminate people. In the occupied areas, the Nazis zealously began to carry out their plans of conquest. Former Minister of Agriculture Nazi Germany Darré said that the conquered territories would be divided among soldiers who distinguished themselves and among exemplary members of the National Socialist Party. In this way a new landed aristocracy will arise, this aristocracy will have its own serfs: local residents.
The region was divided into ten regions headed by agricultural commandants. At the regional land congress held in Krasnodar, a “new order” for land use was announced, abolishing collective farms and establishing a “communal economy” (the so-called ten-yards) as a transitional stage to individual farming. The new order declared state farms and MTS the property of the German state and placed on the "community members" the responsibility for the full harvest and especially for the timely delivery of agricultural products. The Nazis not only robbed and destroyed material values, especially during the retreat, but also tried to ideologically disarm the inhabitants, instill in them hatred for public ownership of the means of production, for collective farms, state farms, and the Soviet system. For these purposes, the press, radio, cinema, various clubs and entertainment establishments were widely used.
The newly-appeared agricultural commandants and their local henchmen in the villages and farms distributed leaflets and appeals, which stated that ordinary people the Germans do not threaten anything, that if they suffer, it is only the Jews and the communists, that the German troops, at last, "liberated the peasants from the chains of Bolshevism", will make them "true owners of the land", that now they will work "only for themselves and for their children." In the same appeals and leaflets, the stanitsa were urged to gather the harvest as soon as possible, to sow winter crops, plowing the fallow, to help the German authorities find hidden spare parts and parts for tractors and combines. At the same time, villagers, without special permission, could not travel outside their area, as well as sell their products. The occupiers confiscated food, fodder, and livestock from the peasants in the quantities they needed. On August 9, 1942, enemy troops occupied Krasnodar. The fascist occupation of the capital of the Kuban lasted until February 12, 1943. This was the most terrible time throughout the history of Krasnodar. 13 thousand inhabitants of the city died martyrdom, of which more than 7000 were killed in gas chambers. These are 6-7-ton covered trucks with diesel engines, lined with iron inside and equipped with a double-leaf hermetically sealed door in the rear part of the body. There was a grate on the floor. Through it, through a special pipe, exhaust gases containing high concentrations of carbon monoxide entered the body. Locked in the car, people suffocated and died in agony.
The Sonderkommando SS-10 A was especially rampant in the city. She was engaged in the search for and destruction of "suspicious" people, as well as captured commanders and political workers of the Red Army, identified and repressed Jews. By the way, the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal recognized as criminal organizations the elite bodies of the Nazi Party and state security (assault detachments - SA, security detachments - SS, security service - SD, state secret police - Gestapo). All those who served in these bodies, guilty of murders and robberies of civilians, were outlawed, and the period of their prosecution was unlimited.
In the history of all previous wars, not a single army destroyed so methodically and systematically, so cruelly and cold-bloodedly captured foreign cities, as did the Nazi troops. For the first time, the German army created special teams of torchbearers to set fire to buildings, fuses to destroy not only industrial and railway facilities, but also theaters, museums, schools, and hospitals.
The damage caused to Krasnodar was enormous and amounted to over two billion rubles (in pre-war prices). In the ruins lay the factories named after Sedin and Kalinin, "October", an oil refinery, mills and bakeries, a saddlery factory, an electric power station, water supply, railroad station and river pier. 807 houses were destroyed and burned, including 420 large buildings, including 127 industrial, 98 public, 66 cultural and educational and 120 residential buildings. Four universities with laboratory equipment and libraries, drama and musical comedy theaters, the Palace of Pioneers, almost all schools, clubs, cinemas were burned.
With fire and sword, the invaders planted the "new order" in other cities of the region. The order of the German commandant of Novorossiysk noted that sabotage at work, malicious absenteeism, walking the streets after the set hour, keeping and carrying weapons, harboring partisans and commanders of the Bolshevik army were strictly prohibited. For violation of the order - execution; in the event of the murder of at least one German in any quarter, the entire quarter will be burned and its population destroyed. The city was reduced to heaps of ruins. Most of the houses of civilians were damaged in defensive battles. People were forced to live in basements and dugouts. From the first days of the “new order”, gallows appeared on the streets of Novorossiysk. On September 15, 1942, the Gestapo brought 20 Komsomol girls to the Markov club and executed them. On September 16, 1942, they drove over 1,000 unreliable residents to the Gestapo building, put them in cars, took them to the Sudzhuk Spit and shot them. During their reign in the city, the Germans destroyed more than 7,000 wounded and sick Soviet soldiers, as well as those who sheltered them. More than 32 thousand inhabitants were taken out of the city: part - to work in Germany, part - to the occupied regions, part - to suburban concentration camps. To destroy the undesirable
many of the population were carried out all sorts of "filtering, executions, liquidations." The Nazis constantly improved the technique of mass murder of people, creating crematoriums, "baths for special purposes", "gas cars". In Yeysk, fascist murderers poisoned 214 children of the Yeysk orphanage with gases. The children tried to escape, they were caught and pushed into the death machines. The operation to strangle the children lasted two days. In total, about 62 thousand people died in the region during the occupation.
From the first days of the occupation, the Nazis set about organizing administrative bodies in Krasnodar: the military administration, the commandant's office, the gendarmerie and the so-called civil self-government. On August 10, 1942, a city meeting of the "public" was held, convened by the German commandant. It was attended by 25-30 people from among the anti-Soviet-minded representatives of the local intelligentsia, mainly employees of the bar and teachers Pedagogical Institute. From among the servants of the new regime, burgomasters were appointed, city and district councils were formed. On the streets of Krasnodar were hung portraits of Hitler and posters with the image of a smiling peasant and the caption: "The Fuhrer gave me land."
September 26, 1942 under the motto: "Workers of all countries, unite in the fight against Bolshevism!" in Krasnodar, the first issue of the newspaper "Kuban" was published, designed to promote the occupation regime with the printed word. The newspaper tried to present the occupiers as "liberators and benefactors".
Facts extracted from archival documents, conversations with members of the underground and partisan movement, ordinary residents who found themselves on occupied land, indicate that fascist propaganda managed to poison the consciousness of a certain part of the population with ideas hostile to Soviet power. It is no coincidence that at the plenum of the Krasnodar Territory Party Committee it was noted: "The occupiers took all measures to undermine and nullify the socialist consciousness of the Soviet people who remained in the occupied territory, they wanted to disarm them spiritually and did something in this regard." However, the vast majority of the population behaved with dignity under the conditions of the occupation regime and remained faithful to their homeland.
As for the traitors, few of them escaped retribution. Already on July 14-17, 1943, the country's first trial took place in Krasnodar in the case of the atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices on the territory of Krasnodar and the Krasnodar Territory. The accused were 11 people, all of them voluntarily collaborated with the occupiers (10 people served in the aforementioned “SS-10 A Sonderkommando”), participated in raids and arrests, torture, executions, served gas chambers. Eight were sentenced by a military tribunal to death penalty through hanging. Three were sentenced to exile to hard labor for 20 years. Subsequently, a number of trials of fascist lackeys took place in Krasnodar.
A partisan movement developed in the occupied regions. On September 3, 1942, the Krasnodar Regional Committee of the Party adopted a special decision to create partisan "bushes": Krasnodar, Slavyansk, Novorossiysk, Anapa, Neftegorsk, Maikop, Armavir and Sochi, which united 87 partisan detachments with a total number of 5500 people. These detachments were deployed in the northern foothills of the Main Caucasian Range on the front from the upper reaches of the Urup, Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers to Novorossiysk, on the Taman Peninsula and in the lower reaches of the Kuban and Protoka rivers.
The fighters of the partisan detachments conducted reconnaissance, passing the information received to our military units conducted among the population explanatory work, distributed anti-fascist leaflets, newspapers, informed people about the situation on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, including in the Kuban.
Many examples of selflessness and heroism of partisans and underground fighters can be cited. Here are a few lines about the life of the partisan detachment "For the Motherland" (Novorossiysk "bush"). It consisted of railway workers and workers of a car repair plant. This detachment, like other detachments of the Novorossiysk formation ("Nord-Ost", "Thunderstorm", "New", "Yastrebok"), only during the autumn of 1942 successfully carried out more than ten operations in the enemy rear. At the headquarters of the detachment "For the Motherland" there was a printing house in a specially equipped dugout. Leaflets were printed here, 43 issues of the Novorossiysk Partizan newspaper were published. It was edited by journalist Semyon Ivanovich Masalov. Together with him were his sons Eugene and Anatoly. Fifteen-year-old Komsomol member Anatoly was a liaison at the headquarters of the detachment, carried out the instructions of the commander of the group of detachments of the Novorossiysk formation Pyotr Ivanovich Vasev, carried leaflets and newspapers to the partisan bases. While performing the next task, Anatoly died. Today, one of the streets of Novorossiysk bears the name of Anatoly Masalov. He was posthumously awarded the medals "For Courage" and "For the Defense of the Caucasus".
The other units also fought bravely. So, in September 1942, the partisan detachments "Storm", "Boikiy", "Resolute" derailed a military train on the stretch between the stations Abinskaya and Lineinaya. 20 wagons, a locomotive and 200 enemy soldiers and officers were destroyed.
In Novorossiysk, an underground organization led by S. G. Ostroverkhov, having obtained the seal of a German medical center, began mass issuing false certificates through doctors associated with it. The underground members also changed the dates of birth in their passports. All this saved many Novorossiysk citizens from deportation to Germany.
In an attempt to deprive the partisan movement of its main support - the support of the population of the occupied area, the Nazis increasingly used methods of terror and violence. Moreover, these methods were used not only by punitive bodies and security forces, but also by all active units. german army. Instructions for fighting partisans, developed by the Nazi command, required all troops to use mass terror both against partisans and local residents. Instructions drawn up in general staff ground forces under the leadership of Heusinger ordered to establish mutual responsibility of the population, take hostages and shoot all suspicious ones, and the "Instruction on the fight against partisans in the East" of November 11, 1942, compiled by Yodel and approved by Keitel, - to shoot and hang all men and women captured during punitive operations. Keitel demanded that the most brutal measures be used to suppress the guerrilla war in the shortest possible time and destroy all "bands" (as the Nazis called partisan detachments), but they did not give the desired results.
The terror and violence of the invaders could not break the will of the people, they only strengthened their resistance. Despite any repressions, the Nazis did not manage to liquidate the partisan movement in the Kuban.
More than a thousand Kuban partisans and underground workers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. Two partisans - brothers Yevgeny and Geny (Gennady) Ignatov - were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
3. Liberation and the beginning of the restoration of the national economy of the region
Taking advantage of the favorable strategic situation in the Stalingrad direction in the winter of 1942/43, the troops of the Transcaucasian Front went on the offensive in January 1943. (Back in September 1942, the troops of the North Caucasian and Transcaucasian Fronts were merged into one Transcaucasian Front.)
Fearing the encirclement and destruction of their troops, the Nazi command began to withdraw them from the Caucasus. At the same time, his orders noted that everything must be done in order to "not give the enemy complete freedom" and "to avoid turning the retreat into a pure flight." Retreating, the Nazi troops turned the abandoned territory into a lifeless space. The railroad Mozdok - Armavir was destroyed by the Nazis with a special track destroyer. All turnouts and service buildings were destroyed. The railway bridges near the city of Kropotkin, across the Urup River, near the Armavir station, were completely destroyed. In the January battles, the 17th German Army (the main enemy force in the Kuban) suffered significant losses, and the Romanian and Slovak divisions included in it were completely demoralized. They refused to fight and demanded that they be taken to the Crimea. Romanian soldiers deserted or surrendered in groups. In this regard, Field Marshal Kleist appealed to the General Staff of the Romanian Army with a complaint about the poor actions of the Romanian troops in the Kuban and asked to point out to the division commanders "the need to fulfill their duty."
However, it was not possible to encircle and destroy the 17th army of the enemy, and it continued to retreat to the Taman Peninsula with battles. At the same time, the German high command issued a special order to the retreating troops, which demanded the destruction of all industrial enterprises, residential buildings in the abandoned territories and the withdrawal of all men aged 15 to 65 years.
The liberation of the Kuban began on January 21, 1943 with the expulsion of the Nazis from the territory of the Uspensky district. On February 12, Soviet troops liberated Krasnodar.
The Krasnodar Territory was completely cleared of Nazi invaders by October 9, 1943.
Having liberated most of the districts of the region, including the city of Krasnodar, our troops were unable to break through the powerful enemy defenses and advance to the Taman Peninsula, where the enemy units were retreating.
The German command was well aware that the breakthrough of the Soviet troops to Taman would essentially mean the encirclement and destruction of the entire 17th Army. Therefore, by strengthening the defense on this sector of the front, it significantly condensed the battle formations of its troops north of Novorossiysk, pulled the most combat-ready German units here, replacing the Romanian ones with them.
The Germans strengthened their positions on the outskirts of the Taman Peninsula - the Blue Line - especially strongly. The depth of the main line of defense reached five to six kilometers. The basis of the defense was strongholds and centers of resistance, equipped in settlements and at dominant heights. The left flank of the Blue Line began at the Verbnaya Spit on Taman, and the southern front, 25 kilometers long, ran from the village of Neberdzhaevskaya to Novorossiysk, that is, the flanks of the Blue Line ran into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.
The Germans gave Novorossiysk exclusively great importance. As early as March 10, 1943, at a meeting held by the German supreme command, it was emphasized that the retention of Novorossiysk is desirable "for reasons of political influence on the Turks, as well as in order to keep the Russian Black Sea Fleet away from the Crimea."
The Nazi command, considering Novorossiysk the key to the defense of the entire Kuban bridgehead, spared no effort and means to turn the city and the surrounding heights into an impregnable fortress. In the area of cement plants, the enemy created a whole system of concrete pillboxes, deep trenches and communications.
A dense network of barbed wire and numerous minefields blocked the approaches to the front line of his defense.
The Nazis closed the entrance to the bay with bonnet and minefields, mined the piers and the embankment, installed about 60 guns, 90 mortars, and more than 100 machine guns in safe shelters. There were up to 1300 soldiers and officers, 60 machine guns, 20 mortars and up to 25 guns per kilometer of the front in the Novorossiysk region.
In an effort to assist our troops in the liberation of Novorossiysk, the command of the North Caucasian Front in early February 1943 decided to carry out a major landing operation. The area of Yuzhnaya Ozereevka was planned as the place for the landing of the main landing forces. Auxiliary forces were to land on the Sudzhuk Spit - on the western shore of the Tsemes Bay. The landing began on the night of 4 February. Landing ships near Yuzhnaya Ozereevka came under heavy enemy fire, suffered losses and were forced to withdraw, it was not possible to maintain a foothold near Yuzhnaya Ozereevka.
The paratroopers on the Sudzhuk Spit (Major Commander Ts. L. Kunikov) were able to capture a bridgehead up to four kilometers along the front and up to two and a half kilometers in depth, to gain a foothold on this piece of land, which they called Malaya Zemlya. On February 15, the seven-month defense of Malaya Zemlya began - a bridgehead with an area of \u200b\u200babout 30 square kilometers. The enemy repeatedly tried to destroy the paratroopers. Every day for several hours the bridgehead was bombed by enemy aircraft, but the Germans failed to eliminate it.
The attempts of our troops to break through the German defenses in the spring of 1943 were not successful, and they began to prepare for decisive battles to eliminate the enemy's Taman bridgehead.
Aircraft began to deal powerful blows to the enemy. Intense air battles in the Kuban began on April 17, 1943. Only from April 17 to 24, 152 German aircraft were destroyed in air battles, 30 were shot down by anti-aircraft artillery. During the offensive in the Krymskaya area, from April 29 to May 10, 1943, our pilots made about 10 thousand sorties and shot down 368 aircraft - this is more than a third of the opposing enemy aviation group. In the battles from May 26 to June 7, 1943, the enemy lost 315 aircraft. Our losses amounted to 150 aircraft.
In the skies of the Kuban, for the first time, the talent of the future three times Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot A. I. Pokryshkin, manifested itself in all its splendor. By the end of April, Captain Pokryshkin had 13 enemy aircraft shot down in person, and 6 in a group battle.
Air battles in the Kuban in their intensity, the number of air battles and the number of aircraft participating in them surpassed all previous air battles. More than half of all air battles that took place in April and May 1943 on the entire Soviet-German front took place over the Kuban. As a result of the fighting in the Kuban, the enemy lost more than 1100 aircraft. These huge losses did not allow the fascist German command to create numerical superiority in the air by the beginning of its summer offensive near Kursk.
The Black Sea Fleet inflicted significant damage on the enemy. In 1943, submarines, surface ships, aviation and other forces and means of the Black Sea Fleet sank 123 enemy transports, 244 warships. Enemy losses in the Black Sea theater of operations have almost quadrupled since 1942.
The offensive of our troops in the Kuban resumed only in September 1943. On September 9, the Novorossiysk-Taman operation began, as a result of which the Blue Line was broken through and Novorossiysk was liberated on September 16. The troops of the North Caucasian Front, in cooperation with aviation, the Black Sea Fleet and the Azov military flotilla, completed the defeat of the enemy's Taman grouping and on October 9, 1943, the Taman Peninsula was completely cleared of the enemy. With the liberation of the entire territory of the region, the battle for the Caucasus ended. The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 1, 1944 established the medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus", which was awarded to about 600 thousand people. Many units and formations were awarded honorary titles: Anapa, Kuban, Novorossiysk, Taman, Temryuk.
In the areas liberated from the fascist invaders, the reconstruction of party, Soviet, and Komsomol organs immediately began. In those conditions, this was the key to a successful revival of the national economy, the normalization of people's lives, and their mobilization for all possible assistance to the front.
The restoration of the national economy began already in the course of offensive operation of our troops, although it was fraught with colossal difficulties, since Krasnodar and other liberated territories continued to be front-line areas, they were subjected to enemy bombardments. For example, as a result of a Nazi air raid on Krasnodar on May 30, 1943, part of the premises of the tram park, the central warehouse were destroyed, the rail track was damaged in several places, wires were cut off. There was not enough electricity for restoration work, building materials, equipment, tools, transport, skilled workers. Forces and means were diverted to the construction of the Krasnodar defensive line. People lived very hard, there was not enough food, housing, clothing.
The region throughout its history did not know such mass destruction, which were provided by the fascist leaders. Hitler’s directive of September 4, 1943 “On destruction during the retreat from the Kuban” ordered: “All structures useful to the enemy, quartering places, roads, artificial structures, dams, etc. must certainly be destroyed. The Novorossiysk port should be so destroyed and polluted that it could not be used by the Russian fleet for a long time; destruction also includes mining of the area; the enemy must receive completely unusable for a long time, uninhabited, desert land, where mine explosions will occur for months ... "The tactics of" scorched earth "- a product of German fascism. This is the first precedent in the history of mankind in the official policy of one of the belligerents in relation to the other.
Novorossiysk and Armavir were turned into heaps of ruins. Huge destruction was in Krasnodar, Tikhoretsk, Yeysk, Maykop, Kropotkin.
In Novorossiysk, all industrial enterprises, port facilities, a railway junction, cultural and community institutions, 11,315 residential buildings with an area of 493 thousand square meters were destroyed, burned, blown up. m (out of 517 thousand - pre-war fund). Of the thirty berths, only one was serviceable. Portal cranes and other mechanisms became piles of scrap metal, the port water area was mined and cluttered with sunken ships. On the tenth day of the liberation of Novorossiysk, there were 1,200 people in the city, and according to the 1939 census, its population was 111,000 people. The invaders caused damage to the city in the amount of almost 2 billion rubles, and in the region it amounted to more than 15 billion rubles (in pre-war prices).
As a result of the losses suffered, the industry of the region was thrown far back. Therefore, the resolution of the plenum of the Krasnodar Territory Party Committee, held on March 6-7, 1943, in the field of industry and transport provided for the restoration of destroyed factories and plants, drilling, power and compressor equipment of the oil industry, forestry, light, food, local industry, trade cooperation, building materials industry, power plants, railways, highway and water transport, commissioning of high-yielding oil wells. Concrete assistance to the region was provided by the central state bodies. On May 22, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On priority measures to restore the economy of Krasnodar and the Krasnodar Territory." In 1943, more than 27 million rubles were allocated for the restoration of industrial and transport enterprises in Krasnodar. In November - December 1943, the State Defense Committee of the USSR decided to restore the Krasnodar plants: No. 233 (oil refinery), Oktyabr, named after Sedin. In December 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On additional measures to restore the economy of the Krasnodar Territory." Large state assistance to the region was provided as a result of the implementation of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of August 21, 1943 "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." The regions of the country that did not suffer from the occupation came to the aid of the population of the region: the Urals, Armenia, Georgia. For example, 133 wagons with cargo arrived from the Sverdlovsk region to the Kuban. These were building materials, machine tools, tools, industrial and household goods, household items. Construction teams from Armenia worked in Novorossiysk. Signalers of Georgia helped to restore telegraph and telephone communications.
As the restoration work expanded, the need for personnel became more and more acute. In the region, 11 vocational and railway schools, 16 FZO schools with a total enrollment of 7,496 students have resumed their work. By the end of the first year of their activity, they produced 1,558 skilled young workers for industrial and transport enterprises. Only in the period from February to December 1943, about 40 thousand workers of various specialties were trained at short-term courses operating directly at industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms and MTS, and 17 thousand people improved their skills.
Thanks to the creative and labor activity of production workers in the region, as in the pre-occupation period, the number of “two hundred”, “three hundred”, Komsomol youth front brigades grew. Only at the enterprises of Krasnodar at the beginning of 1945 there were 470 of them. More than 7,000 residents of the city in 1945-1947. were awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." Overcoming considerable difficulties and hardships, the Kuban stubbornly and persistently restored the destroyed industry and already in 1943 were able to exceed the plan for industrial output.
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On August 10, 1942, fascist troops occupied Krasnodar. Berlin radio broadcast to the whole world: "On Eastern Front events have taken place in the last 24 hours that will have a decisive influence on the outcome of the war. A new crushing blow has been dealt to the Soviets, the consequences of which still cannot be truly assessed. German troops captured Krasnodar and Maykop. The loss of these two largest cities will have an impact on the general military situation."
German occupation lasted until February 12, 1943. It was the most terrible time in the history of Krasnodar. 13 thousand inhabitants of the city died martyrdom. About seven thousand citizens died in gas chambers. The Nazis first used them in Krasnodar.
The damage caused to Krasnodar exceeded two billion rubles. In the ruins lay the factories named after Sedin and Kalinin, an oil refinery, mills, bakeries, an electric power station, a railway station and a river pier. More than 800 houses were destroyed and burned, including 420 large buildings, including 127 industrial, 98 public, 66 cultural and educational and 120 residential buildings. Four universities, theaters, the Palace of Pioneers, almost all schools, clubs and cinemas were burned.
In the summer of 1942, the situation for our country became seriously complicated. Having created a significant superiority in manpower and equipment, the Nazis launched an offensive towards the Volga and the Caucasus.
During the days of defensive battles in the summer of 1942, more than 100 thousand Kuban joined the ranks of the Red Army.
During the fighting, by the beginning of September 1942, the Germans managed to occupy almost the entire Kuban, with the exception of four regions - Lazarevsky, Tuapse, Adler and Gelendzhik.
On August 2, 1942, near the village of Kushchevskaya, two regiments of the 13th Kuban division in cavalry attacked the 101st German infantry division "Green Rose" and two SS regiments. The attack was led by the division commander, Colonel Millerov, and the division's military commissar, regimental commissar Shipilov. The commanders on bay beauties rushed far ahead of their subordinates, so that they could see and follow them (can you now imagine that the division commander ran ahead of the line into battle?). Cossack lava went along the front two kilometers wide. CossacksM.F. Grachev and P.G. Kamenev together hacked to death 25 Germans. Cossack Shevchenko hacked 17 and killed four invaders. The steppe was strewn with fascists, the remnants of the "Green Rose" fled in wild horror.
At the direction of the regional committee, 86 partisan detachments were created in the Krasnodar Territory, united in 7 partisan clusters. 3455 communists, 4 secretaries of the regional committee and 147 secretaries of city committees and district committees of the party were sent to the partisan detachments of the Kuban. On August 3, 1942, the Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (UShPD) was created under the Military Council of the North Caucasian Front. Secretary of the Krasnodar Territory Committee P.I. Seleznev. The following cluster headquarters were formed: Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Maikop, Neftegorsk, Armavir (until 11/27/1942 Mostovskoy), Slavyansk and Anapa.
Only the partisans of the Krasnodar bush were transferred to units of the 56th Army over 400 intelligence data on the deployment and movement of Wehrmacht troops.
During the occupation of the Kuban, the partisans made many successful attacks on the Wehrmacht garrisons, in particular: in the villages of Verkhnebakansky, Konoboz, Guamka, in the villages: Novosvobodnaya, Smolenskaya, farms: Novoalekseevsky, Supovsky, the village of Belaya Clay and other settlements of the Krasnodar Territory.
Underground guerrillas with the participation of the population of the oil regions of the region - Abinsky, Apsheronsky and Neftegorsky - with bold sabotage actions thwarted the Germans' attempts to establish oil production in the Kuban.
Kuban partisans carried out a lot of sabotage actions on the roads, in particular on the highway and railway roads Krasnodar - Novorossiysk. The detachments named after the Ignatov brothers, "Gadfly" and "Thunderstorm" were active here. The most sensitive blows to the enemy were delivered by the detachment named after the Ignatov brothers.
During the years of occupation, the partisans of the Kuban destroyed about 12 thousand soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht, and also wounded about 4 thousand. Partisans of the Krasnodar Territory destroyed 206 vehicles, derailed 14 trains with Wehrmacht troops and cargo, blew up 20 railway bridges, 7 ammunition depots, cut off over 700 kilometers of telephone and telegraph communications.
During the war there was a saying:
The Soviet Kuban gave a lot of hot baths to the Nazis!
More than a thousand partisans and underground workers were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union. Two partisans, the Ignatov brothers, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
356 sons and daughters of Kuban during the war were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Kubantsam V.A. Aleksenko, V.K. Kokkinaki, E.Ya. Savitsky, T.T. Khryukin was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1943, the region was allocated (by decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of 01/23/1943): 3900 tractors, 350 vehicles, 450 combines, 3000 plows, 1000 seeders.
Between February and December 1943, 40,000 workers were trained in short-term courses. In the region, 11 vocational and railway schools and 16 FZO schools were restored with a total enrollment of 7496 students.
As of October 1, 1943, 66,770 women worked in the industry and in the countryside in the Krasnodar Territory.
By September 1943, 30 restored timber artels, 8 sawmills, 123 various workshops were already producing products.
In 1943, 2517 km of track, 636 bridges, 4 tunnels, 25 stations were restored in the region. The oilmen put into operation a compressor station, 8 new wells, laid the Khadyzhi-Krasnodar oil pipeline with a length of 90 km, and the Khadyzhi-Shirokaya Balka narrow-gauge road.
In 1945, the country received over 650,000 tons of oil from oil workers in the Kuban, which accounted for 33.6% of the oil production in the region in 1940.
Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. Figures and facts.
For the first month of the war in the military registration and enlistment offices the edges 17 thousand applications were received with a request to be sent to the front.
During the first 4 months of the war, the regional party organization sent 26,000 communists to the front, or 42% of its composition.
By August 10, 1941, it was trained in chemical protection and air defense about a million citizens aged 18 to 60. 13992 instructors in PVHO have been trained.
Under the leadership of the party, a people's militia was formed. By the end of July 1941, there were 110 thousand fighters in it, and by November 20 their number had increased to 224 thousand. In total, 86 city and district and 6 railway fighter battalions were created, numbering 14 thousand fighters.
At the beginning of 1942, 8 separate battalions, 163 companies and 236 general education platoons functioned in the region.
Osoaviakhimov organizations of the Krasnodar Territory in the second half of 1941 trained 76,120 fighters to replenish the Soviet armed forces (shooters, grenade launchers, tank destroyers, snipers, signalmen, orderlies, etc.).
In the first half of 1942, the 17th Kuban Cavalry Corps was formed in the Kuban (75% of the personnel of the corps were members civil war). The 29th cavalry regiment from Adygea was also brought into the corps. For the courage and valor shown on the battlefields, on August 27, 1942, the corps was renamed the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps. The soldiers of the corps participated in the battles in the Kuban, the Don, in the south of Ukraine and in Belarus, liberated the peoples of Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia.
During the first three months of the war Krasnodar region sent more than 42 thousand horses to the active army - the regional funds "Horse of the Red Army" and "Defence - a cart with a harness" were created.
Railway workers of the Kuban in overtime built and put into service with the Red Army in December 1941 six heavy armored trains and two lightweight armored trains.
In the Krasnodar Territory in the first months of the war, 145 hospitals were created and equipped.
Surgeon I.A. Ageenko (then professor Kuban Medical Institute) returned over 7,000 servicemen to the front during the war years.
Improving the production process, the turner of the Krasnodar plant "Oktyabr" Komsomol member A.F. Dubyaga completed the shift task by 2154%!
By July 30th Kuban collective farms and state farms handed over grain twice as much as in 1940.
The Nazis took with them former Cossack chieftains, the White Guard generals Krasnov and Shkuro, to the Kuban.
During the occupation of the Kuban, the Nazi monsters shot, hanged, strangled 61 thousand Soviet citizens in the dungeons of the Gestapo.
With heavy fighting, overcoming the stubborn resistance of the enemy, by February 12, Soviet troops approached the capital of the Kuban - the city of Krasnodar.
The enemy clung to every street, road, height, crossing. On his way, he burned, mined, undermined.
The Germans were cruel and merciless.
One attack followed another. But nothing could stop the Soviet soldiers.
From August 9, 1942, the fascist occupation lasted. These 6 months were the worst in the history of the city. Entering the city, the Nazis established a "new order". More than 13,000 residents of Krasnodar perished as martyrs - approximately one in fifteen. For the first time in our city, the Germans used their death machines - gas chambers. During the occupation, the city suffered great damage: factories, 18 schools, 2 hospitals, 807 residential buildings, water supply, power plant, railway station were destroyed.
After the defeat near Moscow, the Nazi command was forced to look for other ways to win. For this purpose, a bet was made on the military-economic strangulation of the USSR. The task was set to cut off the southern regions rich in raw materials from the country, to break through to the Volga, to cut this most important highway supplying our industry and the army with oil and bread, which, in the final analysis, according to Hitler, should have predetermined the outcome of the war. The fascist leadership hoped to "immediately and possibly fully use the occupied territories in the interests of Germany, to obtain as much food and oil as possible." Reich Minister of Nazi Germany Rosenberg, speaking at a special conference on the Eastern problem, noted that the task of providing food for the German people was in first place in the list of German claims in the East, that the southern territories and the North Caucasus should serve as a balance in supplying food to the German people.
In the late spring of 1942, the Nazi high command concentrated its main efforts on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front, relying on the capture of the oil regions of the Caucasus and the fertile regions of the Don, Kuban, and Stavropol. Under the blows of the Wehrmacht, our troops were forced to retreat, and by mid-July, enemy formations entered the large bend of the Don, creating a threat of a breakthrough to the Volga and the Caucasus. On July 17, 1942, the defensive period of the Battle of Stalingrad began, which lasted until November 18, 1942. On July 24, having captured Rostov-on-Don, the Nazis began to rapidly develop the offensive in the Stalingrad direction. At the same time, part of the German group began to implement a plan to capture the Caucasus. The enemy's plan to capture the Caucasus was set out in the directive of the Nazi command No. 45 of July 23, 1942, code name "Edelweiss", and consisted in encircling and destroying our troops south and southeast of Rostov and capturing the North Caucasus. Then it was supposed to go around the Main Caucasian Range from the west and east, at the same time to overcome it from the north through the passes. Army Group A was assigned to carry out these tasks. On July 25, the enemy launched an offensive in the Salsky, Stavropol and Krasnodar directions. The battle for the Caucasus began. It distinguishes two stages: defensive (July 25 - December 31, 1942) and offensive (January 1 - October 9, 1943) - operations carried out by Soviet troops to defend the Caucasus and defeat the Nazi troops invading its borders.
Twenty-two divisions of Army Group A, nine of them armored and motorized, turned south from Rostov and rushed to the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, trying to encircle and destroy the forces of the North Caucasian Front, but failed to stop its advance across the Kuban land.
On July 30, the order of the Chairman of the State Defense Committee I.V. Stalin No. 227 of July 28, 1942 was read to the troops. It indicated that the German invaders were rushing to Stalingrad, to the Volga, they wanted to seize the Kuban, the northern Caucasus with oil and other wealth at any cost. “Retreating further means ruining oneself and at the same time ruining our Motherland ... we must stubbornly, to the last drop of blood, defend every position ...” The main requirement of this order was “not a step back.”
In the course of heavy, bloody battles, the troops of the Stalingrad and Don fronts, showing stamina and mass heroism, did not allow the Wehrmacht to take control of Stalingrad on the move. In the Caucasian direction, the troops of the North Caucasian and Transcaucasian fronts, together with the Black Sea Fleet, also in heavy and defensive battles, thwarted the plans of the German command to capture the Caucasus. But the enemy was able to occupy almost the entire region in the second half of August, with the exception of the Adler, Gelendzhik, Shapsugsky (from May 24, 1945 - Lazarevsky) regions, the cities of Sochi, Gelendzhik, Tuapse.
The occupation of Kuban is one of the most tragic pages in its history. Even before the capture of the regions of the region, the Nazis sent a large group of engineers and economists to the North Caucasus, who formed a special "economic committee for the Caucasus." Together with them, the former German military attache in Moscow, General Köstring, arrived as an "adviser on the affairs of the Caucasian peoples and Cossacks." Colonel Panvits was also sent here, who was entrusted with the creation of anti-Soviet military units from the peoples of the North Caucasus. White emigrants, former tsarist generals Shkuro and Krasnov, were brought from Germany to help the Nazi experts. All these advisers, experts, governors, relying on the occupation apparatus, the Gestapo and its various formations - "Einsatzgruppen", "Sonderkommando" and others, began to implement the program they had developed to rob the region and exterminate people. In the occupied areas, the Nazis zealously began to carry out their plans of conquest. The former Minister of Agriculture of Hitler's Germany, Darre, said that the conquered territories would be divided between soldiers who distinguished themselves in particular and among exemplary members of the National Socialist Party. In this way a new landed aristocracy will arise, this aristocracy will have its own serfs: local residents.
The region was divided into ten regions headed by agricultural commandants. At the regional land congress held in Krasnodar, a “new order” for land use was announced, abolishing collective farms and establishing a “communal economy” (the so-called ten-yards) as a transitional stage to individual farming. The new order declared state farms and MTS the property of the German state and placed on the "community members" the responsibility for the full harvest and especially for the timely delivery of agricultural products. The Nazis not only robbed and destroyed material values, especially during the retreat, but also tried to ideologically disarm the inhabitants, instill in them hatred for public ownership of the means of production, for collective farms, state farms, and the Soviet system. For these purposes, the press, radio, cinema, various clubs and entertainment establishments were widely used.
The newly appeared agricultural commandants and their local henchmen in the villages and on the farms distributed leaflets and appeals stating that the Germans did not threaten ordinary people, that if they suffered, it would be only the Jews and the Communists, that the German troops had finally "liberated the peasants from the chains of Bolshevism", would make them "true owners of the land", that now they would work "only for themselves and for their children." In the same appeals and leaflets, the stanitsa were urged to gather the harvest as soon as possible, to sow winter crops, plowing the fallow, to help the German authorities find hidden spare parts and parts for tractors and combines. At the same time, villagers, without special permission, could not travel outside their area, as well as sell their products. The occupiers confiscated food, fodder, and livestock from the peasants in the quantities they needed. On August 9, 1942, enemy troops occupied Krasnodar. The fascist occupation of the capital of Kuban lasted until February 12, 1943. It was the most terrible time in the history of Krasnodar. 13 thousand inhabitants of the city died martyrdom, of which more than 7000 were killed in gas chambers. These are 6-7-ton covered trucks with diesel engines, lined with iron inside and equipped with a double-leaf hermetically sealed door in the rear part of the body. There was a grate on the floor. Through it, through a special pipe, exhaust gases containing high concentrations of carbon monoxide entered the body. Locked in the car, people suffocated and died in agony.
The Sonderkommando SS-10 A was especially rampant in the city. She was engaged in the search for and destruction of "suspicious" people, as well as captured commanders and political workers of the Red Army, identified and repressed Jews. By the way, the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal recognized as criminal organizations the elite bodies of the Nazi Party and state security (assault detachments - SA, security detachments - SS, security service - SD, state secret police - Gestapo). All those who served in these bodies, guilty of murders and robberies of civilians, were outlawed, and the period of their prosecution was unlimited.
In the history of all previous wars, not a single army destroyed so methodically and systematically, so cruelly and cold-bloodedly captured foreign cities, as did the Nazi troops. For the first time, the German army created special teams of torchbearers to set fire to buildings, fuses to destroy not only industrial and railway facilities, but also theaters, museums, schools, and hospitals.
The damage caused to Krasnodar was enormous and amounted to over two billion rubles (in pre-war prices). In the ruins lay the factories named after Sedin and Kalinin, "October", an oil refinery, mills and bakeries, a saddlery factory, a power plant, a water supply system, a railway station and a river pier. 807 houses were destroyed and burned, including 420 large buildings, including 127 industrial, 98 public, 66 cultural and educational and 120 residential buildings. Four universities with laboratory equipment and libraries, drama and musical comedy theaters, the Palace of Pioneers, almost all schools, clubs, cinemas were burned.
With fire and sword, the invaders planted the "new order" in other cities of the region. The order of the German commandant of Novorossiysk noted that sabotage at work, malicious absenteeism, walking the streets after the set hour, keeping and carrying weapons, harboring partisans and commanders of the Bolshevik army were strictly prohibited. For violation of the order - execution; in the event of the murder of at least one German in any quarter, the entire quarter will be burned and its population destroyed. The city was reduced to heaps of ruins. Most of the houses of civilians were damaged in defensive battles. People were forced to live in basements and dugouts. From the first days of the “new order”, gallows appeared on the streets of Novorossiysk. On September 15, 1942, the Gestapo brought 20 Komsomol girls to the Markov club and executed them. On September 16, 1942, they drove over 1,000 unreliable residents to the Gestapo building, put them in cars, took them to the Sudzhuk Spit and shot them. During their reign in the city, the Germans destroyed more than 7,000 wounded and sick Soviet soldiers, as well as those who sheltered them. More than 32 thousand inhabitants were taken out of the city: part - to work in Germany, part - to the occupied regions, part - to suburban concentration camps. To destroy the undesirable
many of the population were carried out all sorts of "filtering, executions, liquidations." The Nazis constantly improved the technique of mass murder of people, creating crematoriums, "baths for special purposes", "gas cars". In Yeysk, fascist murderers poisoned 214 children of the Yeysk orphanage with gases. The children tried to escape, they were caught and pushed into the death machines. The operation to strangle the children lasted two days. In total, about 62 thousand people died in the region during the occupation.
From the first days of the occupation, the Nazis set about organizing administrative bodies in Krasnodar: the military administration, the commandant's office, the gendarmerie and the so-called civil self-government. On August 10, 1942, a city meeting of the "public" was held, convened by the German commandant. It was attended by 25-30 people from among the anti-Soviet-minded representatives of the local intelligentsia, mainly employees of the Bar Association and teachers of the Pedagogical Institute. From among the servants of the new regime, burgomasters were appointed, city and district councils were formed. On the streets of Krasnodar were hung portraits of Hitler and posters with the image of a smiling peasant and the caption: "The Fuhrer gave me land."
September 26, 1942 under the motto: "Workers of all countries, unite in the fight against Bolshevism!" in Krasnodar, the first issue of the newspaper "Kuban" was published, designed to promote the occupation regime with the printed word. The newspaper tried to present the occupiers as "liberators and benefactors".
Facts extracted from archival documents, conversations with members of the underground and the partisan movement, ordinary residents who found themselves on the occupied land, indicate that fascist propaganda managed to poison the consciousness of a certain part of the population with ideas hostile to Soviet power. It is no coincidence that at the plenum of the Krasnodar Territory Party Committee it was noted: "The occupiers took all measures to undermine and nullify the socialist consciousness of the Soviet people who remained in the occupied territory, they wanted to disarm them spiritually and did something in this regard." However, the vast majority of the population behaved with dignity under the conditions of the occupation regime and remained faithful to their homeland.
As for the traitors, few of them escaped retribution. Already on July 14-17, 1943, the country's first trial took place in Krasnodar in the case of the atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices on the territory of Krasnodar and the Krasnodar Territory. The accused were 11 people, all of them voluntarily collaborated with the occupiers (10 people served in the aforementioned “SS-10 A Sonderkommando”), participated in raids and arrests, torture, executions, served gas chambers. Eight were sentenced by the Military Tribunal to death by hanging. Three were sentenced to exile to hard labor for 20 years. Subsequently, a number of trials of fascist lackeys took place in Krasnodar.
A partisan movement developed in the occupied regions. On September 3, 1942, the Krasnodar Regional Committee of the Party adopted a special decision to create partisan "bushes": Krasnodar, Slavyansk, Novorossiysk, Anapa, Neftegorsk, Maikop, Armavir and Sochi, which united 87 partisan detachments with a total number of 5500 people. These detachments were deployed in the northern foothills of the Main Caucasian Range on the front from the upper reaches of the Urup, Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers to Novorossiysk, on the Taman Peninsula and in the lower reaches of the Kuban and Protoka rivers.
The fighters of the partisan detachments conducted reconnaissance, passing on the information received to our military units, carried out explanatory work among the population, distributed anti-fascist leaflets, newspapers, and informed people about the situation on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, including in the Kuban.
Many examples of selflessness and heroism of partisans and underground fighters can be cited. Here are a few lines about the life of the partisan detachment "For the Motherland" (Novorossiysk "bush"). It consisted of railway workers and workers of a car repair plant. This detachment, like other detachments of the Novorossiysk formation ("Nord-Ost", "Thunderstorm", "New", "Yastrebok"), only during the autumn of 1942 successfully carried out more than ten operations in the enemy rear. At the headquarters of the detachment "For the Motherland" there was a printing house in a specially equipped dugout. Leaflets were printed here, 43 issues of the Novorossiysk Partizan newspaper were published. It was edited by journalist Semyon Ivanovich Masalov. Together with him were his sons Eugene and Anatoly. Fifteen-year-old Komsomol member Anatoly was a liaison at the headquarters of the detachment, carried out the instructions of the commander of the group of detachments of the Novorossiysk formation Pyotr Ivanovich Vasev, carried leaflets and newspapers to the partisan bases. While performing the next task, Anatoly died. Today, one of the streets of Novorossiysk bears the name of Anatoly Masalov. He was posthumously awarded the medals "For Courage" and "For the Defense of the Caucasus".
The other units also fought bravely. So, in September 1942, the partisan detachments "Storm", "Boikiy", "Resolute" derailed a military train on the stretch between the stations Abinskaya and Lineinaya. 20 wagons, a locomotive and 200 enemy soldiers and officers were destroyed.
In Novorossiysk, an underground organization led by S. G. Ostroverkhov, having obtained the seal of a German medical center, began mass issuing false certificates through doctors associated with it. The underground members also changed the dates of birth in their passports. All this saved many Novorossiysk citizens from deportation to Germany.
In an attempt to deprive the partisan movement of its main support - the support of the population of the occupied area, the Nazis increasingly used methods of terror and violence. Moreover, these methods were used not only by punitive bodies and security forces, but also by all active parts of the German army. Instructions for fighting partisans, developed by the Nazi command, required all troops to use mass terror both against partisans and local residents. The instruction drawn up at the General Staff of the Ground Forces under the leadership of Heusinger ordered to establish mutual responsibility of the population, take hostages and shoot all suspicious ones, and the “Instruction on the fight against partisans in the East” of November 11, 1942, compiled by Jodel and approved by Keitel, to shoot and hang all men and women captured during punitive operations. Keitel demanded that the most brutal measures be used to suppress the guerrilla war in the shortest possible time and destroy all "bands" (as the Nazis called partisan detachments), but they did not give the desired results.
The terror and violence of the invaders could not break the will of the people, they only strengthened their resistance. Despite any repressions, the Nazis did not manage to liquidate the partisan movement in the Kuban.
More than a thousand Kuban partisans and underground workers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. Two partisans - brothers Yevgeny and Geny (Gennady) Ignatov - were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
