Human consciousness is the highest stage in the development of the psyche briefly. The fourth stage of personality development. States of consciousness. The role of sleep

The source of knowledge is inexhaustible: Whatever success Humanity gains on this path, All people will have to search, discover, learn.

I. A. Goncharov

The concept of consciousness. properties of consciousness. The role and functions of consciousness. Types of consciousness

Every person knows that he has consciousness, i.e. able to realize the world and own experiences. If, for example, a person wants to eat, then he does not need to consult with someone to find out if he really wants it. And if he hears the sound of rain on the street, then he understands, leaving the house, that he should take an umbrella, and not plug his ears. We all perceive the world and ourselves with immediate evidence. By itself, the fact of its presence (which in ordinary usage is understood as consciousness) is so beyond doubt that even in the 17th century. R. Descartes spoke of him as reliable fact in the world.

But the existence of only one's own consciousness is obvious to any person. How, for example, to establish whether there is consciousness in animals or in newborn children? They cannot tell us their opinion on this matter and tell us what they really feel. The presence of consciousness in someone other than oneself can only be assumed, but not known.

How can consciousness be explained? What determines its existence?

Scientists tried to explain the nature of consciousness by studying the processes occurring in the brain. Even in ancient times, people knew that injuries to the brain and sensory organs disrupt the conscious activity of a person, that there are chemicals and poisons, the use of which leads to changes in the state of consciousness. With the development of physiology as a science, the belief in the existence of this connection only intensified. By the middle of the XX century. it seemed almost self-evident that the psyche must be explained by physiological laws.

But consciousness reflects not the state of the brain, but the external world. Surveys of patients who survived clinical death and resuscitation showed that even in a state of clinical death they perceive events (for example, conversations of medical personnel), somehow experience them, and then, upon leaving this state, they are able to reproduce them verbally. And this at a time when the body has almost no recorded physiological reactions!

But once in a very difficult cases you can survive without consciousness, then what is consciousness for? Animals commonly thought to be unconscious are perfectly adapted to their environment. Why, then, in the process of evolution, it was necessary to create such an education as consciousness?

Modern computers solve complex problems, write poetry, prove theorems, play chess, control spaceships and factories - and do not possess consciousness. But computers have just begun their evolution. And one can hardly imagine what they will be able to do tomorrow without any consciousness. It is known that people, having got into a catastrophe, more often die not from real physical impact, but from the horror that covers their consciousness. It is much more difficult to pass a log over an abyss than to pass on the same log lying on the ground. However, lunatics, being in an unconscious state, can, without any fear, show the miracles of tightrope walking that are inaccessible to them with full consciousness - walk along the cornices of roofs, climb a tower with a rope, etc.

Thousands of years of thinking over the mysteries of consciousness have not led to success. It remained the most obvious fact personal experience everyone and at the same time the most mysterious thing in the world.

The author dwelled on the mysteries of consciousness in such detail so that the reader could understand the scale of this phenomenon, its mystery, attractiveness, and most importantly, the difficulty of cognition. He already knows what it is highest level reflections of objective reality. It should be noted that the concept of "consciousness" is used to denote the state of wakefulness of a person, when he is ready for contacts with the outside world at any time. “To lose consciousness” in this sense means to interrupt these contacts, not to respond to environmental influences.

IN scientifically consciousness is understood as the highest manifestation of the psyche, which provides a person with the opportunity not only to study the outside world, but also to see his place in this world, form an attitude towards it, organize interaction with other people, love and hate, admire and resent, set himself the nearest and the most distant goals, feel responsible for their behavior. This is the sphere of the psyche, where the reflection of objective reality (in the form of a dynamic sequence of its images) acquires special, higher forms that are unique to humans.

The question arises: what was the impetus for the evolution of the psyche from simple irritability to consciousness?

As a result of development, the nervous system and, first of all, the brain reached a level that allows a person to work. Under the influence of the latter, which is of a collective nature, a person began to develop mental processes that led to the emergence of consciousness - the highest level mental development that belongs only to him. Thus, the emergence of consciousness in a person has both biological and cultural-social conditions, i.e. the emergence of consciousness outside of society is impossible. The main conditions for these processes are the appropriate level of biological development, the presence of a social environment and collective work.

It can be assumed that similar mental activity occurs in more developed animals, such as dogs, horses, dolphins, monkeys. However, naming Everyday life these animals are "smart", we nevertheless do not speak of their consciousness.

Human consciousness differs not in the very fact of the formation of images of the surrounding world, but in the way this formation occurs.

From a psychological point of view, we can talk about several established properties of consciousness:

- it is characterized by activity;
- it is inherent in intentionality (from lat. intentio- desire), i.e. focus on any subject;
- it defines the ability to reflect (from lat. reflexio- reversal), the ability to observe one's mental states;
- his criticality - the ability to evaluate everything that happens around him from the standpoint of his views, values and morality.

Consciousness is not an imprint and not a frozen "photo" of reality. This is both a poorly studied sphere of the psyche of the highest level of organization, and a complex dynamic mental process. Consciousness is studied by many sciences - philosophy, anthropology, neurophysiology, sociology, psychology, physiology, but they have yet to reveal its secrets. All religions also pay close attention to it.

Consciousness has certain functions and roles. These concepts should be distinguished: the first reflect the purpose of the object prescribed by nature; the second is the fact how the function is used.

Functions of Consciousness consist of:

- in reflected and objective reality (outside world);
- self-knowledge of internal mental processes and states (reflections).

Roles of Consciousness boil down basically:

- to the regulation of mental activity through the formation of goals, motives and volitional efforts;
- ensuring the processes of cognition through training;
- social interaction through language and speech, emotions, feelings, non-verbal behavior.

Consciousness controls the most complex forms of behavior that require constant attention and conscious control, and turns on in the following cases:

- if a person faces unexpected complex problems that do not have an obvious solution;
- a person needs to overcome physical resistance on the way of thought movement;
- it is necessary to realize and find a way out of a conflict situation containing a potential threat to him;
- a person suddenly finds himself in a situation that cannot resolve itself

Situations of this kind arise in front of people almost continuously, therefore consciousness as the highest level mental regulation behavior is always present.

In psychology, there are several types of human consciousness::

- worldly - is formed first among other types of consciousness, arises when interacting with things, is fixed in the language in the form of the first concepts;
- design- covers the range of tasks related to the design and implementation of specific goals of the activity;
- scientific- based on scientific concepts, concepts, models, explores not individual properties of objects, but their relationships;
- aesthetic - connected with the process of emotional perception of the surrounding world;
- ethical- determines the moral attitudes of a person (from extreme adherence to principles to immorality). Unlike other types of consciousness, the degree of development of the ethical (moral) consciousness of a person is difficult to assess by himself.

Along with the development of civilization, human consciousness continues to develop, and at the present historical moment this development is accelerating, which is caused by the accelerated pace of scientific, technological and cultural progress.

Consciousness- the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, characteristic of a person, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved.

Function of consciousness consists in the formation of the goals of activity, in the preliminary mental construction of actions and the prediction of their results, which ensures a reasonable regulation of human behavior and activity. Human consciousness has a certain attitude towards environment, to other people: “My relation to my environment is my consciousness” (Marx).

The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: building relationships, cognition and experience. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a person's subjective attitude to objects, phenomena, people. These forms and types of relations are synthesized in the structures of consciousness, and they determine both the organization of behavior and the deep processes of self-esteem and self-consciousness. Really existing in a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience. “Awareness of experience is always the establishment of its objective relation to the causes that cause it, to the objects to which it is directed, to the actions by which it can be realized” (S. L. Rubinshtein).

Consciousness develops in a person only in social contacts. In phylogeny, human consciousness has developed, and becomes possible only under conditions of active influence on nature, under conditions labor activity. Consciousness is possible only under the conditions of the existence of language, speech, which arises simultaneously with consciousness in the process of labor.

In ontogenesis, the child's consciousness develops in a complex, mediated way. The psyche of a child, an infant, generally speaking, cannot be regarded as an isolated, independent psyche. From the very beginning, there is a stable connection between the psyche of the child and the psyche of the mother. In the prenatal and postnatal period, this connection can be called a psychic (sensory) connection. But the child is at first only a passive element of this connection, a perceiving substance, and the mother, being the bearer of the psyche, formed by consciousness, already in the state of such a connection, apparently transmits to the child's psyche not only psychophysical, but also human information formed by consciousness. The second point is the actual activity of the mother. The primary organic needs of the child for warmth, psychological comfort etc. are organized and satisfied from the outside by the loving attitude of the mother towards her child. The mother with a loving look "catch" and evaluates everything valuable, from her point of view, in the initially disordered reactivity of the child's organism and smoothly, gradually, with a loving action cuts off everything that deviates from social norm. It is also important here that the norms of development already always exist in some particular form in human society including the norms of motherhood. Thus, by love for the child, the mother, as it were, pulls the child out of organic reactivity, unconsciousness and brings it out, draws it into human culture, into human consciousness. Freud noted that “the mother teaches to love the child”, she really puts her love (attitude) into the child’s psyche, since the mother (her image) is the real center of all acts, all blessings and troubles for the child’s feelings and perception.

Then comes the next act of development, which can be called the primary act of consciousness - this is the identification of the child with the mother, i.e. the child tries to put himself in the place of the mother, imitate her, liken herself to her. This identification of the child with the mother seems to be the primary human relationship. In this sense, the primary is not an objective relation, but a relation of consciousness, a primary identification with a cultural symbol. Mother here gives, first of all, a cultural model social behavior, and we, concrete people, only follow these patterns. Important is the implementation, active activity of the child in reproducing samples human behavior, speech, thinking, consciousness, active activity of the child to reflect the world around him and regulate his behavior.

But the fulfillment of the meaning of a cultural symbol, a model, entails a layer of consciousness rationalized by it, which can develop relatively independently through the mechanism of reflection, analysis (thinking activity). In a sense, awareness is the opposite of reflection. If awareness is the comprehension of the integrity of the situation, gives a picture of the whole, then reflection, on the contrary, divides this whole, for example, looks for the cause of difficulties, analyzes the situation in the light of the purpose of the activity. Thus, awareness is a condition for reflection, but, in turn, reflection is a condition for a higher, deeper and true awareness, understanding of the situation as a whole. Our consciousness in its development experiences many identifications, but not all of them are fulfilled, realized. These unrealized potentialities of our consciousness constitute what we usually designate by the term "soul", which is for the most part an unconscious part of our consciousness. Although, to be precise, it must be said that a symbol as an infinite content of consciousness is, in principle, unrealizable to the end, and this is a condition for the periodic return of consciousness to itself. From here follows the third fundamental act of consciousness (“development of consciousness”) - awareness of one's unfulfilled desire. Thus the circle of development closes and everything returns to its beginning.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness (consciousness for being), including:

1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions;

2) sensual images.

II. Reflective consciousness (consciousness for consciousness), including:

I) meaning;

Meaning - the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man; it can be operational meanings, subject, verbal meanings, worldly and scientific implications- concepts.

Sense - subjective understanding and attitude to the situation, information. Misunderstanding is associated with difficulties in understanding meanings. The processes of mutual transformation of meanings and meanings (comprehension of meanings and meaning of meanings) act as a means of dialogue and mutual understanding. On the existential layer of consciousness, very complex tasks are solved, since for effective behavior in a given situation, it is necessary to actualize what is needed in this moment image and the necessary motor program, i.e., the mode of action must fit into the image of the world. The world of ideas, concepts, worldly and scientific knowledge correlates with the meaning (of reflective consciousness). The world of human values, experiences, emotions correlates with the meaning (of reflective consciousness).

The world of industrial, subject-practical activity correlates with the biodynamic fabric of movement and action (the existential layer of consciousness). The world of representations, imaginations, cultural symbols and signs correlates with the sensual fabric (existential consciousness). Consciousness is born and is present in all these worlds. The epicenter of consciousness is the consciousness of one's own "I". Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being. Functions of consciousness: 1) reflective, 2) generative (creative-creative), 3) regulatory-evaluative, 4) reflective - the main function that characterizes the essence of consciousness. The object of reflection can be: 1) reflection of the world, 2) thinking about it, 3) ways a person regulates his behavior, 4) the processes of reflection themselves, and 5) his personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image, 2) operational and objective meaning, 3) meaningful and objective action. The word, the language, does not exist only as a language; forms of thinking are objectified in it, and they take possession of us through the use of language.

Since consciousness, considered from the outside, is objectively a certain sign structure and the structure of objectified thinking, it can be studied and described quite objectively. But the external structure somehow points to the internal one, implicates it, so a transition to understanding the internal contents of consciousness is possible.

The crown of the development of consciousness is the formation of self-consciousness, which allows a person not only to reflect the external world, but, having distinguished himself in this world, to know his own inner world experience it and treat yourself in a certain way. The measure for a person in his attitude towards himself is, first of all, other people. Each new social contact changes a person's idea of himself, makes him more multifaceted. Conscious behavior is not so much a manifestation of what a person really is, but the result of a person's ideas about himself, formed on the basis of communication with others around him.

Awareness of oneself as a stable object presupposes internal integrity, constancy of the personality, which, regardless of changing situations, is able to remain itself. A person's feeling of his uniqueness is supported by the continuity of his experiences in time: he remembers the past, experiences the present, has hopes for the future. The continuity of such experiences gives a person the opportunity to integrate himself into a single whole. The main function of self-consciousness is to make available to a person the motives and results of his actions and make it possible to understand what he really is, to evaluate himself; if the assessment turns out to be unsatisfactory, then a person can either engage in self-improvement, self-development, or, by turning on protective mechanisms, displace this unpleasant information, avoiding the traumatic influence of an internal conflict.

Only through awareness of one's individuality does a special function arise - a protective one: the desire to protect one's individuality from the threat of its leveling.

For self-consciousness, it is most significant to become oneself (to form oneself as a person), to remain oneself (regardless of interfering influences) and to be able to support oneself in difficult conditions. In order to self-actualize, to become yourself, the best of what you are capable of becoming, you must: dare to completely immerse yourself in something without a trace, forgetting your postures, overcoming the desire for protection and your shyness, and experience this something without self-criticism; decide to make choices, make decisions and take responsibility, listen to yourself, give the opportunity to manifest your individuality; continuously develop their mental abilities, to realize their full potential at every given moment.

Consciousness is the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, inherent in a person, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved.

The function of consciousness consists in the formation of the goals of activity, in the preliminary mental construction of actions and the prediction of their results, which ensures a reasonable regulation of human behavior and activity. Human consciousness includes a certain attitude towards the environment, towards other people.

Consciousness develops in a person only in social contacts. In phylogenesis, human consciousness has developed and becomes possible only under conditions of active influence on nature, in conditions of labor activity. Consciousness is possible only under the conditions of the existence of language, speech, which arises simultaneously with consciousness in the process of labor.

And the primary act of consciousness is the act of identification with the symbols of culture, organizing human consciousness, making a person a person. The isolation of the meaning, symbol and identification with it is followed by the implementation, the active activity of the child in reproducing patterns of human behavior, speech, thinking, consciousness, the active activity of the child in reflecting the world around him and regulating his behavior.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness (consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

II. Reflective consciousness (consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning is the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man. These can be operational meanings, subject, verbal meanings, everyday and scientific meanings - concepts.

On the existential layer of consciousness, very complex tasks are solved, since for effective behavior in a given situation, it is necessary to actualize the image that is needed at the moment and the necessary motor program, i.e. the mode of action must fit into the image of the world. The world of ideas, concepts, worldly and scientific knowledge correlates with the meaning (of reflective consciousness).

Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being.

Functions of consciousness:

1. reflective,

2. generative (creative-creative),

3. regulatory and evaluation,

4. reflexive function - the main function, characterizes the essence of consciousness.

The object of reflection can be:

1. reflection of the world,

2. thinking about it,

3. ways a person regulates his behavior,

4. the processes of reflection themselves,

5. your personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image; 2) operational and subject value; 3) meaningful and objective action. Words, language do not exist only as language, they objectify forms of thinking that we master through the use of language.

Page 35 of 100

35. Consciousness as the highest level mental development

Consciousness is the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, characteristic of a person, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved.

The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: building relationships, knowing and experiencing. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a subjective attitude of a person to objects, phenomena, people. These forms and types of relations are synthesized in the structures of consciousness, and they determine both the organization of behavior and the deep processes of self-esteem and self-consciousness. Really existing in a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness(consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

II. Reflective Consciousness(consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning- the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man. These can be operational meanings, objective, verbal meanings, worldly and scientific meanings - concepts.

Meaning- subjective understanding and attitude to the situation, information. Misunderstanding is associated with difficulties in understanding meanings. The processes of mutual transformation of meanings and meanings (comprehension of meanings and meaning of meanings) act as a means of dialogue and mutual understanding.

Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being.

Functions of Consciousness:

1. reflective,

2. generative (creative-creative),

3. regulatory and evaluation,

4. reflexive function - the main function, characterizes the essence of consciousness.
The object of reflection can be:

1. reflection of the world,

2. thinking about it,

3. ways a person regulates his behavior,

4. the processes of reflection themselves,

5. your personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image, 2) operational and objective meaning, 3) meaningful and objective action. Words, language do not exist only as language, they objectify forms of thinking that we master through the use of language.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness(consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

II. Reflective Consciousness(consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning- the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man. These can be operational meanings, objective, verbal meanings, worldly and scientific meanings - concepts.

Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being.

Functions of Consciousness:

1. reflective,

2. generative (creative-creative),

3. regulatory and evaluation,

4. reflexive function - the main function, characterizes the essence of consciousness.
The object of reflection can be:

1. reflection of the world,

2. thinking about it,

3. ways a person regulates his behavior,

4. the processes of reflection themselves,

5. your personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image, 2) operational and objective meaning, 3) meaningful and objective action. Words, language do not exist only as language, they objectify forms of thinking that we master through the use of language.

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social status. Systematization of social roles
Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which implies certain rights and obligations, is called a status. A person can have multiple statuses.

Role and intrapersonal conflicts
A person performs many different roles, and each time he needs to be somehow different in order to receive approval and recognition. However, these roles should not be contradictory, incompatible. If one

Freud's personality structure
No direction has gained such loud fame outside of psychology as Freudianism, his ideas influenced art, literature, medicine and other areas of science related to man. H

Theory of sexual development 3. Freud
Features of sexual development in childhood determine the character, personality of an adult, his pathologies, neuroses, life problems and difficulties. Freud formulated the theory of sexual

Defense mechanisms (according to Freud)
Protective behavior allows a person to protect himself from those problems that he cannot solve yet, allows you to relieve anxiety from threatening events (loss of a loved one, favorite toy, loss of a loved one).

Behaviorism
Behaviorism defined the face of American psychology in the 20th century. Its founder John Watson (1878-1958) formulated the creed of behaviorism: "The subject of psychology is behavior." From here and

Behavioral concept of B. Skinner
The behavioral concept considers personality as a system of reactions to various stimuli (B. Skinner, J. Homans and others). A separate line in the development of behaviorism is represented by the system

Typology of behavior according to McGuire
According to the concept of the American psychologist McGuire, the classification of human behavior and actions should be carried out depending on the goals, needs, situation. A need is an experience

Cognitive theories of personality
The word "cognitive" comes from the Latin verb cognoscere - "to know". Psychologists who have rallied around this approach argue that a person is not a machine.

A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
If Freudian studies neurotic personality, desires, actions and words of which diverge from each other, judgments about oneself and about other people are often diametrically opposed ("Usually people

Personal self-actualization
A "self-actualizing personality" has the following features: 1. complete acceptance of reality and a comfortable attitude towards it (not hiding from life, but knowing, understanding

Transpersonal psychology. Views of K. Jung
Although transpersonal psychology did not take shape as a separate discipline until the late 1960s, transpersonal trends in psychology have existed for several decades. The most prominent

Transpersonal realm
According to S. Grof, transpersonal phenomena reveal a connection between a person and the cosmos - a relationship that is currently incomprehensible. It can be assumed in this regard that

The Genetic Approach of Champion Teutsch
To a certain extent, the approach of Dr. Champion Kurt Teutsch is close to transpersonal psychology. His concept that genetic code before the birth of a person determines most of the prospects

Psychological structure of personality
Elements psychological structure personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, commonly referred to as "personality traits". There are a lot of them. But all this elusive number of St.

Capabilities
Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person that ensure success in activities, in communication and ease of mastering them. Abilities cannot be reduced to knowledge, skills and

The concept of temperament and its physiological foundations
Temperament - these are those innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and

Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics
The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, the rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity

Accounting for temperament in activities
Since each activity imposes certain requirements on the human psyche and its dynamic features, there are no temperaments that are ideally suited for all types of activities. R

Constitutional and clinical typologies
The constitutional typology of personality was proposed by Kretschmer on the basis of the allocation of four main types of physique constitution (congenital features of a person’s physique are predetermined by the dynamics of the internal

Clinical personality typologies
Based on the analysis of clinical material, the following types of pathological character variants are distinguished, from the characteristics of which the person himself or those around him suffers. Schizoid type

Character
Character is the frame of the personality, which includes only the most pronounced and closely interconnected personality traits that are clearly manifested in various types activities. All character traits

Character accentuations
According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, in 20-50% of people, some character traits are so pointed (accentuated) that this, under certain circumstances, leads to the same type of conflict.

Neurosis. Types of neuroses
Neurosis is an acquired functional disease nervous system, in which there is a "breakdown" of the activity of the brain without any signs of its anatomical

Autotraining
One of the most powerful means of restoring emotional balance is auto-training - a special technique of self-hypnosis against the background of maximum muscle relaxation. Suggested t

Psychosociotypes
The thinking type is characterized by the desire to understand, explain the essential features, patterns of events, life. For the emotional type - the main expression of attitude to the event, evaluation of the event, &q

Sensory typology
It can be seen that people think differently, and the differences correspond to the three main areas of sensory experience - visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. visual type. All

Psychogeometric typology
Psychogeometry as a system developed in the USA. The author of this system, Susan Dellinger, is a specialist in the socio-psychological training of managerial personnel. Psychogeometry - system

Inferiority complex and lifestyle (according to Adler)
The term "inferiority complex" was introduced by psychologist A. Adler. He believed that all children experience a sense of inferiority, which is an inevitable consequence of their physical size.

Psychological growth (according to Adler)
Psychological growth is, first of all, a movement from self-centeredness and the goals of personal superiority to the tasks of constructive mastery of the environment and socially useful development.

Life scenarios in the fate of a person
Every person in childhood, most often unconsciously, thinks about his future life, as if scrolling through his life scenarios in his head. The script is a progressively unfolding

Human adaptability and fundamental typology of individuality
Adaptation - the level of actual adaptation of a person, the level of his social status and self-awareness - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with himself and his life. Che

Functions and structure of communication
Communication is a specific form of human interaction with other people as members of society; in communication are implemented social relations of people. In communication, there are three mutual

Types of communication
There are the following types of communication: 1. "Contact masks" - formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the personality of the interlocutor, use

Transactional analysis of communication
Transactional analysis of communication identifies three main positions: Child, Parent, Adult, which can repeatedly replace one another during the day, or one of them can prevail in behavior.

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication
Communication, being a complex socio-psychological process of mutual understanding between people, is carried out through the following main channels: speech (verbal - Latin words "oral, verbal

Communication as people's perception of each other
The process of perception by one person of another acts as a mandatory component communication and constitutes what is called perception. Since a person always enters into communication as a person,

Methods of psychological influence
Reception of influence - a set of means and an algorithm for their use. Methods of influence - a set of techniques that implement the impact on: 1) needs, interests

Groups and collectives
Communication, interaction of people occurs in various groups. A group is a collection of elements that have something in common. There are several types of groups: 1) conditional and

sociometric technique
The word "sociometry" literally means "social dimension". Methodology developed American psychologist J. Moreno and is intended for assessment interpersonal relationships nave

Leadership
In any group, there is a leader, a leader. He may be appointed officially, or may not occupy any official position, but in fact lead the team by virtue of his organizational

Management styles
The following management styles are distinguished. Authoritarian (or directive, or dictatorial) - it is characterized by a rigid sole decision-making by the head of all decisions ("

Leadership Effectiveness
The probabilistic model of leadership effectiveness (F. Fiedler) is mediated by the degree of control the leader has over the situation in which he acts. The situation depends on the parameters: 1) the degree of well-being

Psychological requirements for a manager
The manager is a professionally trained leader. However, managers differ in the effectiveness of their leadership. What does it depend on? Outstanding Managers Survey USA, Euro

Human consciousness is the highest stage in the development of the psyche briefly. The fourth stage of personality development. States of consciousness. The role of sleep

100 Psychology Exam Answers

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Anti-Soviet rebellion in Hungary (1956)