Topic 1. Ancient Rus' (IX - XIII centuries)
1) On what territory was the Old Russian state created?
On the territory of modern Ukraine.
2) Who created the Old Russian state?
ancient Russian state Eastern Europe, which arose in the last quarter of the ninth century. as a result of the unification under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty of the two main centers Eastern Slavs- Novgorod and Kyiv, as well as lands located along the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks."
3) Which city became the capital Old Russian state?
In 882 Prince Oleg captured Kyiv and made it the capital of the state.
4) When did Rus' adopt Christianity?
Under Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich, he is also known as Vladimir the Saint, Vladimir the Great, in the history of the church - Vladimir the Baptist.
6) What is the religious symbol of Christianity?
7) What famous Orthodox churches were built in Ancient Rus'?
Tithe Church, three-domed Saint Sophia Cathedral, the Church of St. Irina and the Great Martyr George, the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernihiv.
8) From which state did Rus' become dependent in the 13th century?
In the XIII century, Rus' fell into dependence on the Golden Horde.
Alexander Nevsky - Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240, 1241–1252 and 1257–1259), Grand Duke Kiev (1249-1263), Grand Duke Vladimir (1252-1263), famous Russian commander, defender of the holy Russian Orthodox Church and land. He led the Novgorod army in the battle with the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240 and in the Battle of the Ice with the Teutonic Knights in 1242. Holy noble prince who did not lose a single battle.
Topic 2. Muscovy (XIV - XVII centuries)
1) When did it happen?
2) Who won the Battle of Kulikovo?
In the Battle of Kulikovo, Rus' won under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy.
3) Which city became the center of the unification of Russian lands?
Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands.
4) When did the Russian lands unite around Moscow?
The middle of the XV century, the beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow.
5) In what year did the liberation of Rus' from Horde yoke(dependencies)?
In 1480.
6) What name in history did Tsar Ivan IV receive?
V. M. Vasnetsov. Tsar Ivan the Terrible, 1897.
7) Conqueror of Siberia?
Ermak T. - "Unknown by birth, famous in soul."
8) What artist of the 15th century painted the famous Trinity icon?
Andrei Rublev.
Andrei Rublev is the most famous and revered master of the Moscow school of icon painting, book and monumental painting of the 15th century. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint.
9) What is the name of the architectural monument-fortress in Moscow, which was built as a symbol of the formation of a single Moscow state?
All Saints Bridge and the Kremlin at the end of the 17th century. Drawing by A. M. Vasnetsov
10) In what century was the Time of Troubles in Russia?
Turn of the XVI-XVII centuries.
11) When was Moscow liberated from the Polish army by the people's militia led by Minin and Pozharsky?
Moscow was liberated in October 1612.
12) What dynasty began to rule in Russia since 1613?
Romanov dynasty.
Section II. Russian Empire (XVIII-early XX centuries)
Topic 3. Russia in the 18th century
1) Who carried out reforms in Russia in early XVIII century?
Posthumous romanticized portrait of Peter I.
Painter Paul Delaroche (1838).
2) What is the name of the city that became the capital of Russia in the era of Peter I?
Saint Petersburg.
3) In which city was the first university in Russia established in the 18th century?
In Moscow.
4) What Russian scientist played a major role in the creation of the first university in Russia?
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
5) When and under what Russian empress did the Crimean Peninsula become part of Russia?
On April 8, 1783, Catherine II signed a manifesto on the "Accession of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state."
Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress and Autocrat of All Russia. She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism.
6) Who was A.V. Suvorov?
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov - the great Russian commander, military theorist, strategist, national hero of Russia.
7) What monument is the symbol of the city of St. Petersburg?
8) In which city is the largest museum in Russia - the Hermitage?
Saint Petersburg.
Topic 4. Russia in the 19th century
1) When was World War II?
The Patriotic War was in 1812.
2) What is the name of the most major battle Patriotic War?
Battle of Borodino.
3) Who won the Patriotic War?
Russia won. Napoleon's army was almost completely destroyed.
4) Who was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the war years?
Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov - Russian commander and diplomat, Field Marshal General from the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812. The first full knight of the Order of St. George.
Portrait of M.I. Kutuzov by R.M. Volkova
5) Who are the Decembrists?
Russian revolutionaries who raised an uprising in December 1825 against autocracy and serfdom.
6) When Russia canceled serfdom?
The abolition of serfdom took place in 1861.
7) Under what Russian emperor was serfdom abolished?
under Alexander II.
- Emperor of All Russia. He carried out large-scale reforms. Abolished serfdom (manifesto of February 19, 1861). He won the victory in Russian-Turkish war(1877–1878). He died as a result of a terrorist act organized by the secret organization Narodnaya Volya.
8) When did Central Asia join Russia?
In 1880.
9) Who was A.S. Pushkin?
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - the great Russian poet, playwright and prose writer, literary critic, translator, publicist, historian.
10) Which Russian scientist discovered the periodic law in the second half of the 19th century chemical elements?
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a Russian encyclopedic scientist: chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, oilman, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker. Professor at St. Petersburg University. Among the most famous discoveries- the periodic law of chemical elements, one of the fundamental laws of the universe, inalienable for all natural science.
11) Who was L.N. Tolstoy?
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Count, great Russian writer, thinker, known to the whole world, educator, publicist, religious thinker. Member of the defense of Sevastopol.
12) Who was P.I. Chaikovsky?
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - the great Russian composer, conductor, teacher, musical public figure, music journalist.
13) Who was F.M. Dostoevsky?
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great Russian writer, thinker, philosopher and publicist. Dostoevsky is a classic of Russian literature and one of the world's best novelists.
Topic 5. The Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century
1) What were the main religions represented in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?
The main religions represented in Russia are Christianity (Orthodoxy predominates), as well as Islam and Buddhism.
2) Representatives of what religion made up the majority of the population of the Russian Empire?
The majority of the population is Orthodox.
3) When did the First Russian Revolution take place?
In 1905.
4) What was the main result of the First Russian Revolution?
New state bodies were formed - the beginning of the development of parliamentarism; some limitation of autocracy; democratic freedoms were introduced, censorship was abolished, trade unions and legal political parties were allowed; the bourgeoisie had the opportunity to participate in political life countries; the situation of workers has improved, wages have been raised, the working day has decreased to 9-10 hours; redemption payments of peasants were canceled, their freedom of movement was expanded; limited the power of zemstvo chiefs.
5) Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party?
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), one of the main organizers and leaders October revolution 1917 in Russia, Chairman of the Council People's Commissars(government) of the RSFSR, creator of the first socialist state in world history.
6) When was the first World War?
7) Who was A.P. Chekhov?
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a famous Russian writer, playwright, classic of world literature.
8) What was the name of the Russian scientist who invented the radio?
Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
9) What is the name of the theater in Moscow, famous all over the world for its performances of opera and ballet?
Section III. History of the USSR
Topic 6. History of the USSR before the Great Patriotic War
1) What revolution took place in Russia in 1917?
Great October Socialist Revolution.
2) What was the name of the last Russian emperor?
Nicholas II - Emperor of All Russia, Colonel. The reign of Nicholas II was marked economic development Russia and at the same time the growth of socio-political contradictions in it, the revolutionary movement that resulted in the revolution of 1905-1907 and the February Revolution of 1917; the war with Japan, as well as Russia's participation in the military blocs of European powers and the First World War.
Nicholas II abdicated the throne during February Revolution 1917 and was with his family under house arrest in the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. In the summer of 1917, by decision of the Provisional Government, he was sent into exile with his family to Tobolsk, and in the spring of 1918 he was moved by the Bolsheviks to Yekaterinburg, where in July 1918 he was shot with his family and close associates. Canonized (together with his wife and children) by the Russian Orthodox Church.
3) Which party came to power in Russia in the autumn of 1917?
The Bolshevik Party, headed by V.I. Lenin.
4) What was the name of the state that was created in 1922 on the territory of the former Russian Empire?
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
5) Under what leader of Russia was the church separated from the state, and the school from the church?
under Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
6) What was the name of the policy to create large-scale industry in the USSR?
Industrialization.
7) What was the name of the policy of creating collective farms in the countryside in the USSR?
Collectivization.
8) What was it like major achievement USSR in the field of education in the first half of the twentieth century?
Elimination of illiteracy.
Topic 7. USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945)
1) When was the Great Patriotic War?
2) Which countries were allies of the USSR in the fight against Nazi Germany?
The allies of the USSR were the USA, Great Britain, Mongolian People's Republic, Tuva People's Republic (countries anti-Hitler coalition).
3) What was the name of the most important (turning) battle of the Great Patriotic War?
4) Who were G.K. Zhukov and K.K. Rokossovsky?
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov - four times Hero Soviet Union, holder of two Orders of Victory, many other Soviet and foreign orders and medals. During the Great Patriotic War, he successively served as chief General Staff, front commander, member of the Headquarters Supreme High Command, Deputy Supreme Commander. In the post-war period, he served as Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, commanded the Odessa, then the Urals military districts. After the death of I. V. Stalin, he became the first deputy minister of defense of the USSR.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky - Soviet and Polish military leader, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (1949). The only marshal of the two countries in the history of the USSR. He commanded the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945 on Red Square in Moscow. One of the greatest commanders of World War II.
5) Who won the Great Patriotic War?
6) In what city soviet soldiers M. Egorov and M. Kantaria raised the banner of Victory in May 1945?
In Berlin, Germany.
7) How many Soviet people died during the Great Patriotic War?
27 million people.
Victory Day.
Topic 8. USSR in the post-war period (1945 - 1991)
1) In what year and on the initiative of which Soviet leader was Crimea transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR?
2) Who was the chief designer of the first Soviet spaceships THE USSR?
Korolev Sergei Pavlovich - Soviet scientist, designer and chief organizer of production rocket and space technology and missile weapons of the USSR, the founder of practical astronautics. One of the largest figures of the 20th century in the field of space rocket and shipbuilding. On his initiative and under his leadership, the launch of the first artificial satellite Earth and the first cosmonaut of the planet Yuri Gagarin.
3) What was the name of the first astronaut in the world?
Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich - Soviet cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of the highest distinctions of a number of states, honorary citizen of many Russian and foreign cities. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in world history to fly into outer space.
4) In what year Yu.A. Gagarin made the world's first flight into space?
5) What is the name of the first female astronaut in the world?
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female cosmonaut, major general (1995). Candidate technical sciences, Professor. The only woman in the world who has committed space flight by oneself. The first woman in Russia with the rank of major general.
6) What important international sporting event took place in Moscow in 1980?
Olympics.
7) What was the name of M.S.'s reform policy? Gorbachev?
Perestroika.
8) Who was the president of the USSR?
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich - Soviet and Russian state, political and public figure. Last general secretary Central Committee of the CPSU. The last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, then the first Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The only President of the USSR. Has a number of awards and honorary titles, the most famous being the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. Included in the list of 100 most studied personalities in history.
9) How many Soviet republics were part of the USSR in the 1960s-1980s?
15 republics.
10) When did the collapse of the USSR occur?
11) What organization was created after the collapse of the USSR by some former Soviet republics?
CIS (Commonwealth Independent States).
12) Who was A.I. Solzhenitsyn?
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich - Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and political figure. Laureate Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960–1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, the political system of the USSR and the policies of its authorities.
Section IV. Modern Russia
Topic 9. Reforms in the Russian Federation in 1991-1999.
1) When was the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia adopted?
2) Who was the first president of Russia?
3) What reforms did B.N. Yeltsin?
Liberalization of foreign trade, reorganization of the tax system and other transformations that radically changed the economic situation in the country. The result of the reforms marked Russia's transition to a market economy.
4) When was the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted?
5) Which state in its own way national composition is the Russian Federation?
Multinational.
6) What language is state language in Russia?
Russian language.
7) What city is the capital of Russia?
8) What is the name of the main square of the capital of Russia?
Topic 10. Russia in the 21st century
1) In what years were the presidents of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and D.A. Medvedev?
V.V. Putin - from May 2, 2000 to May 7, 2008,
May 7, 2012 to present;
YES. Medvedev - from May 7, 2008 to May 7, 2012.
2) Who is the current president of Russia?
3) What new republic became part of Russia in 2014?
4) Who is the Head of the Russian Orthodox Church?
Patriarch Kirill (Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyaev).
5) What is the name of one of the main organizations of Muslims in Russia?
Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia (TsDUM of Russia).
6) Which Russian city hosted the XXII Winter Olympic Games in 2014?
Sochi, Russia.
Block of cultural issues (Modern holidays in Russia)
1) When in Russia they celebrate New Year?
Nativity.
Defender of the Fatherland Day.
International Women's Day.
Russia Day.
National Unity Day.
Day of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY
Marketing research methods
Marketing research
Interview technology
Types and types of interviews
Interview methodology
Expert survey
Sociological survey
INTERVIEWING METHODS
For clarification public opinion Today it is customary to ask questions. Large populations of people without the use of sampling methods and statistical generalizations simply cannot be covered. In essence, surveys are just asking specific questions to selected groups of people, as long as the wording of the questions and the selection of respondents are based on a scientific basis.
Possibly, surveys in some very simplified and rudimentary form have been conducted since time immemorial - for example, before the election of an elder or the adoption of a tribe of some important issue. Even the process of voting by show of hand in a meeting is considered polling. In all such cases, the organizers of the event receive generalized information about the opinions of many people. Given this, the history of surveys should be kept from the time when questions were first asked to obtain information about the mindset of people. Exactly when this happened is not known, but ancient history we know about the first polls, which boiled down to recounting goals. In modern English language the very word "survey" (poll) derived from the Old English word for "head" (pol, polle)- in the Middle Ages in England, elections were carried out by counting heads. Most often, such surveys were conducted to obtain information about who lives where and about the size of the population as a whole. This kind of survey is called a census.
The first "professional sociologist" is just right to call the great ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. In any case, he was excellent at interviewing. He lived in the 5th century. BC, the heyday of ancient democracy, so philosophers, prominent political figures, members of the government (archons) easily talked with passers-by on the streets, discussing the most pressing social problems. True, Socrates went a little further v tried to find out the deep questions of human existence, to solve serious philosophical problems with the help of this method. Pretending to be a simpleton, he asked seemingly ingenuous questions about the meaning of life, the origins and essence of beauty in nature. Since they were all thought out in advance and built according to a certain logic, the interviewee from
often stumped, exposed as an unlucky layman. Unfortunately, the moment of triumph contained the seeds of inevitable defeat: apart from the contradiction in the opinions and views of the people, Socrates did not find out anything. It turned out to be impossible to solve purely scientific questions with the help of a public opinion poll. Fortunately, the results of Socrates' "research" have not been lost. A peculiar scientific account of them was written by another great Greek - Plato in a work called "Dialogues". However, it is not the real people who were questioned by Socrates that are deduced here, but some ideal types, collective images - bright representatives of one or another point of view, position, worldview that prevails in society.
Rice. 1. First attempts at polls to study public opinion
However, as recognized scientific method public opinion polls have only been around for three hundred years. In the middle of the XVII century. the efforts of the French mathematician B. Pascal and later the Italian scientist I. Bernoulli formulated the laws big numbers and probabilistic calculations, on which the theory of sampling in mass surveys is based. In 1660, the collaboration of two Englishmen, J. Graunt and W. Petty, ended with the creation new area research, which they called political arithmetic. In the same year, the German scientist G. Konring reads a university course in "statistical lectures", which today is called "political science".
If Conring, comparing different social phenomena, did not use numbers much, then D. Davis in 1787 widely used the statistical apparatus and was one of the first to systematically practice the questionnaire. After his work “Study of the family budget of the working classes in England” in 1797, also on the basis of personal data, a report appeared on the situation of the poor F.M. Eden. Questionnaires were widely used in Germany in
19th century; in just one study by Theodor van der Goltd (1874-1875), 15,000 landlords were questioned about the living conditions of agricultural workers 1 . In Russia, the first questionnaire survey was conducted in 1760.
Today, polls have become a big industry, with tens of billions of dollars in circulation every year. General figures no, but, according to expert estimates, up to 500,000 studies of various directions, topics, and genres are conducted annually in the world. Most of them are tailor-made to help firms in the market or political candidates. Many polls are organized specifically to influence public opinion.
A large number of Polls are explained by the fact that they are conducted by a wide variety of firms and organizations (primarily the giants of the polling industry - the world-famous services of Gallup, Roper and Harris). In addition, the surveys are carried out by the means themselves. mass media, including well-known and respected associations of print and electronic media. Polls High Quality are also conducted by lesser known but reputable regional and local polling firms and scientific organizations. Among the latter, the most famous is the Institute social studies at the University of Michigan and the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. A huge number of surveys are conducted by the federal government and on its orders. Only a small part of the received data leaks to the media, most of them remain forever in corporate archives.
When conducting observational and field studies and experiments, observational methods are used that involve some kind of interaction between the researcher and the subjects. In contrast, in the course of historical research and interviews, the researcher may never meet the subjects. At historical research observational data is extracted from documents compiled by other people. An industrial-organizational psychologist might, for example, use these documents to investigate the nature of the relationship between the gender of employees in a company and their level of absence from work. He does not need to meet with employees, since he can obtain the necessary information by studying the company's documentation.
When conducting survey questionnaires are used to obtain observational data. Subjects can be selected based on group membership (as in the American Psychological Association employment surveys reported in Chapter 1) or on some specific characteristic (for example, at least five years of work experience in a particular company). years). The survey data consists of reports from the subjects themselves; in most cases, subjects complete the questionnaires without meeting the researcher. (Sometimes data is obtained through interviews, but this method would be properly called a field survey.)
Both historical research and surveys have the advantage that they allow the researcher to collect great material for more a short time and at the same time less disrupt the normal activities of the subjects or organizations than using other methods. However, they also have disadvantages. The researcher conducting historical research becomes dependent on how accurate and complete the documentation is, and this can cause him frustration. For example, one of the employees forgot to record the number of absenteeism and lateness or the number of products produced for the most important period of time. Long-retired assistant administrator wrote like a chicken paw. Data files for three years from the middle of the study period are accidentally erased by a new employee entering data into a computer.
Similar problems arise when conducting surveys. Some questions remain unanswered at all, others are given two answers each, and besides, there are also answers, the veracity of which, for one reason or another, is in doubt. One respondent may have completely illegible handwriting, while another may have spilled coffee on the questionnaire and several responses are unreadable due to the stain. Many questionnaires simply disappear, and the researcher hopes in vain that the subjects will return them.
Because of the problems described, some industrial-organizational psychologists have abandoned surveys entirely (eg, Campbell, 1982). Others are trying to figure out in which areas the weaknesses inherent in self-report data (selfreport data), s most likely to be the source serious problems when interpreting (eg Crampton & Wagner, 1994), and developing methods to minimize the impact of these deficiencies (eg Arnold, Feldman & Purbhoo, 1985). Still others are working on ways to reduce the overall number of problems that arise when conducting surveys. In a series of five studies, Brennan (1992) found an effective and cost-effective way to simultaneously increase the number of returned questionnaires and the speed of return: it is enough to offer subjects a monetary reward for returning a questionnaire in the amount of 50 cents.
A more serious problem than the problem of returning questionnaires is the problem of the veracity of self-reported data. When conducting any research, there are always reasons why some subjects, answering questions, pursue their own goals, which do not coincide with the goals of the researcher. One of the most common reasons is the desire to present oneself in a favorable light. A subject who is completely dissatisfied with his job may choose to report high level job satisfaction, because there is a perception that people who admit to being dissatisfied are thinking "negatively". In turn, negative thinking is considered undesirable in many sectors of American culture.
The tendency to underestimate the level of personal characteristics and feelings that are perceived as socially undesirable (such as negative attitudes) and to overestimate the level of characteristics perceived as socially desirable (such as loving one's job) is called social desirability bias. (social desirability bias)(Crowne & Marlowe, 1964). Several researchers have studied the impact of this bias on dependencies that are described in industrial-organizational psychological research. Their consensus was that if self-report data is the main focus of the study, it should also include a measure of the level of social desirability bias (Ganster, Hennessey & Luthans, 1983). Over time, as the results of such studies accumulate, researchers will become more vigilant of conditions and variables that may be particularly affected. strong influence this tendentiousness, which is a form of bias. Perhaps then ways will be developed to control it or to separate its influence from the influence of other variables.
Naturally occurring events, such as strikes, provide industrial-organizational psychologists with the opportunity to conduct useful field and observational research.
Even when people try very hard to answer the questionnaire accurately, they may find it difficult to understand some of the questions or remember the information needed to answer. Their responses may also be influenced by some factors related to the context in which the interview is conducted. An interesting example is a study in which it was found that researchers could have a positive effect on the responses of subjects completing a questionnaire on the level of job satisfaction, it was enough to treat subjects with cookies during a questionnaire session (Brief, Butcher & Roberson, 1995).
The results of studies such as the one mentioned above lend credence to the suggestion of Jones (Johns, 1994), who advises psychologists not to use surveys as a data-gathering tool, but simply to study self-report data as a source of unique information about human behavior. This suggestion, in itself, seems interesting enough to follow without seeing it as an alternative strategy. Despite the problems described, both historical research and surveys remain popular because they have many virtues; it seems unlikely that psychologists will ever abandon their use as research methods.
Similar information.
In 2014-2015, specialists from the Moscow University for the Humanities conducted a sociological survey in a number of Moscow universities, designed to determine the level of historical knowledge of student youth. The survey was conducted within the framework of the project "The influence of historical falsifications and myths on consciousness and social behavior modern Russian youth". The project uses state support funds allocated as a grant in accordance with the Presidential Decree Russian Federation dated 17.01.2014 N 11rp and on the basis of a competition held by the ISEPI Foundation. Among the respondents are students of various courses, studying in specialties of various, mainly social and, to a lesser extent, humanitarian profile. A total of 2,051 students from eight metropolitan universities were surveyed.
Usually, the historical knowledge of today's youth, which depends largely on random circumstances, on the Internet "picture", is evaluated very low and even in tragic tones. Indeed, the vast majority of respondents take their historical knowledge, including from the Internet (60.1%), as well as from films and television series (45.4%). However, the undisputed leader is the textbook (78%), which, as we shall see later, predetermined many of the results of the survey.
Questions of a formal nature, designed to reveal the "upper" layer of historical awareness, were usually answered correctly by the majority, about half, or at least the relative majority of the respondents. Thus, 75.5% are familiar with the concept of "Norman theory". To the commanders and naval commanders of the XVIII century. attributed primarily to A.V. Suvorov (62%), the second place was taken by F.F. Ushakov (33%), and the third - M.I. Kutuzov (12.5%), which, strictly speaking, is not a mistake. Mostly young people know that Russia's allies on the eve of World War I were Great Britain and France (64.8%), that Hitler's war plan against the USSR was called "Barbarossa" (72.6%). Much fewer respondents correctly associated the name of the "Battle of the Nations" with the Leipzig Battle (38%) and remembered the Brusilov breakthrough in 1916 (53.5%), but these answers also took first place. Somewhat worse than knowledge in chronology, but in general they turned out to be at the proper level - the test experience definitely went "benefit" here. Even questions that, in their very wording, introduced a certain historical term and thus assumed a deeper level of knowledge, were mostly given correct answers. So, the majority, as it turned out, is aware that Vasily Shuisky was the successor of False Dmitry I in the kingdom and that after the Northern War the Treaty of Nystadt was concluded. The only exception was the question of the most prominent icon painter of the Novgorod school - here the most famous icon painter of Rus' Andrei Rublev (49.2%) won a confident championship, surpassing Theophan the Greek (26.6%).
So, analyzing the survey materials, we can conclude that the knowledge of young people studying in universities in the history of Russia is more focused on information obtained from textbooks and reference books. This is evident from a group of questions designed to identify precisely the influence of historical mythology, both folklore and literary, on respondents, as well as some well-known examples of falsification of history.
Despite the popularity of some common historical myths (Alaska, allegedly sold under Catherine II, - 23.9% of respondents; G.K. Zhukov as the Supreme Commander during the war years - 24.3%), they are still inferior to true historical ideas. True, there are also opposite examples. The inclusion of Russia among the victorious powers in the First World War (42.2%) clearly responds to the wave of mythologizing the history of the latter in connection with the sad anniversary of 2014. One of the most popular myths of the Soviet era is about corn as the main agricultural crop during the reign of N. WITH. Khrushchev is not only alive, but dominates mass consciousness so far (67.4%). As for the newest "academic" and pseudo-academic mythology and falsifications of the recent historical past, they, in contrast to the "folklore" ones, apparently remain either unknown to the respondents, or basically they are not perceived by them. So, completely in accordance with the Russian scientific mainstream, the respondents represent folding and early history Old Russian state - which should be associated, of course, not so much with acquaintance with scientific works, how much with confidence in the information taught at school and university. As for the history of the newest period, here, too, the majority, judging by the results, does not see a reason for discussions with established ideas (even with not quite accurate ones, as in the case of the early USSR as a "union of sovereign republics" - an option supported by 70% of respondents) .
Well, can we conclude that the student youth in a greater or relatively greater part has historical knowledge? However, this raises serious doubts about the self-esteem of the respondents. Answering the question about their attitude to history, 41.7% honestly admitted that from school they treat it with indifference - not a favorite subject, but not an unloved one either. When answering another question about knowledge of history, 47.9% reasonably admit that they do not yet know history enough, although they are studying it, while 27% cannot admit that they know history at all. You can believe in the latter - after all, in the above answers to "formal", test questions, the level of correct ones rarely rose to two-thirds.
The box of optimistic illusion that results can create is easy to open. It is specifically about student youth - in currently a student taking a test dealing with a textbook. The knowledge gained in this way is retained - but often only as long as there is a pragmatic need for it associated with a successful education. Insufficient, contrary to expectations, the influence of historical myths and widely published fictions on young people indicates not so much a lack of receptivity to them, but a lack of interest in the topic at the moment. With only formal, ultimately superficial knowledge, this can be fatal if "interest" arises - or is aroused by political manipulators.
To select and understand useful information in the discord of the Internet and the media, you need to know true story- as the Fatherland, and preferably the world. But our youth just cannot boast of this knowledge for many reasons, and for the most part objective ones. In a society where for a long time the principle of "every man for himself" was proclaimed almost openly, the search for pleasure becomes the main value. The consumer is looking for "interesting" in the information field. And he finds - various kinds of retellings of history, sometimes deliberately falsified. Obviously, bright and simple, easily recognizable "pictures" are best absorbed from the entire flow of information. It is also well known that vices historical knowledge young people often lead to aggression, distrust of authorities, including state power, and demonstrative opposition, and in extreme cases to the involvement of young people in various extremist movements. The falsification of history leads to the distortion of historical consciousness and the destruction of the identity of the people of Russia. This problem can be seen as a threat to the security of the state.
Within the framework of the same project, a survey was conducted in autumn 2014 of experts - specialists in youth issues working with young people, historians, teachers, and young historians. Almost all experts agreed with the opinion that it is necessary to strengthen the historical education of young people as part of the education of a citizen and a patriot. This problem, and in our opinion, is acutely on the agenda.
However, there are a number of other problems on the way to its solution, which are also reflected in the materials " round table""The influence of historical falsifications and myths on the consciousness and social behavior of modern Russian youth", held on May 13, 2015 in the Moscow humanitarian university. In particular, according to the participants of the event, state and broad public support is needed for associations of professional historians engaged in historical and educational activities, especially the fight against historical falsifications. At present, structures of this kind can, on a general basis, receive support for their individual projects, while their daily existence and full-fledged activity depend on random circumstances.
A number of problems are associated with popular science book publishing in the field of history. The actively promoted "scientometric" approach in assessing the qualifications of scientists leaves little room for such a recently respected genre as the popular science monograph. Compared with an academic "peer-reviewed" monograph and an even more important article (again, not in a popular, but in a "peer-reviewed" journal), working on a popular science book turns out to be not only useless, but even "harmful" for the scientist's self-realization, since it distracts from more urgent tasks for the scientific and teaching career. A historian who wants to address his work to a wide range of readers faces a very difficult choice. Meanwhile, it is in the historical sphere that popular science book publishing is most developed and most in need of the attention and participation of professionals. The tasks of protecting the history of Russia from falsifications cannot be solved without the support of the professional self-realization of those historians who are ready to deal with it.
The history of Russia at all times aroused a wide interest of its citizens. The study of history forms in the younger generation a historical consciousness, a sense of patriotism, belonging to the history of the Fatherland, and socio-cultural identity. Our survey revealed the level of knowledge of history - but not of historical consciousness. Meanwhile, the latter includes a whole set of interrelated elements: knowledge of history, understanding of historical experience and the lessons arising from it, social forecasting, awareness of historical responsibility for one's activities. The historical consciousness of both an individual and a group of individuals is very difficult to reveal. But our youth today, and society as a whole, definitely does not have this consciousness, in contrast to some knowledge of history.
Solving the problem of reconstructing historical consciousness and historical memory in accordance with the reliable historical past of our country - for historical education and historical and patriotic education. And this problem cannot be solved by scientists alone. Genuine historical consciousness will take shape when a new Russian society will be finally formed when it develops a unified system of patriotic values. It seems that the time for decisive steps in this direction has already come.
