MBOU "Secondary School No. 25"
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
RostovtsevaYuliana
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, the highest privileged closed educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia for children of the nobility; intended to train mainly senior government officials. Founded in 1810 in Tsarskoye Selo. It was opened on October 19, 1811 near the capital in Tsarskoye Selo with the aim of preparing noble children for public service. The initiative to create a privileged university belonged to the Minister of Public Education A.K. Razumovsky and Comrade (Deputy) Minister of Justice M.M. Speransky. Was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, since 1882 - the military department. The lyceum admitted children 10-12 years old, the number of pupils ranged from 30 (in 1811-17) to 100 (since 1832). Initially, in the building of the Lyceum there were palace premises built in late XVIII century according to the project of I.V. Neelova. And in 1811, the outstanding Russian architect Stasov rebuilt the palatial premises of the wing and adapted them to the needs of the school.
Director of the Lyceum
Internal management in the Lyceum, the director, whose candidacy was approved by the emperor, carried out. Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, a Russian educator and diplomat, was appointed the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Malinovsky tried to educate his pets useful to the Fatherland
Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky
teachers
The educational process at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was organized by the director, seven professors, two adjuncts, one priest - a teacher of the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastic exercises, three overseers and three tutors.
In addition, the staff of the Lyceum included a doctor, an accountant, two hairdressers, a porter, five scribes, several watchmen, cooks, laundresses and other auxiliary workers.
Particular attention was paid to the selection of professors who headed the departments.
Among the first professors were well-known domestic and foreign teachers.
Lyceum students
Of fundamental importance was the staffing of the Lyceum, where the best representatives of noble origin were admitted. In August 1811, 38 applicants were selected from 30 young men who made up the first course.
The first issue is famous for the names of the great Russians public figures and future Decembrists Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Küchelbecker, Anton Delvig, Alexander Gorchakov, Fyodor Matyushkin, Vladimir Volkhovsky and, of course, Alexander Pushkin.
He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal -
Unshakable, free and carefree
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
Wherever fate takes us,
And happiness wherever it leads
We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us;
Fatherland to us Tsarskoye Selo.
Cases from the life of lyceum students
Lyceum years of Pushkin and his comrades are the years of serious study. Suffice it to say that the final exams in 1817 included 15 subjects.
The life of the boys was strictly defined by order, even during the holidays, which lasted only one month a year, they could not leave the walls of the Lyceum.
Like all boys, they were naughty, made fun of each other, quarreled, reconciled. There were various amusing incidents.
"Yes, monsieur"
On the opening day of the Lyceum on October 19, 1811, after a solemn ceremony, the Empress Mother came to the dining room to see how the boys were being fed.
She was of German origin and did not speak Russian very correctly. Approaching the smallest one - Kornilov, she asked: "Karosh soup?"
The boy, out of confusion, answered in French: "Oui, monsieur" (yes, monsieur). Some of the lyceum students snorted, and the queen, smiling, went on.
And for Kornilov, the nickname "Monsieur" was preserved for years.
Nicknames
They began to appear from the first days, it was not only with Kornilov.
Pushkin, for example, immediately began to call "French", because even before coming to the Lyceum, he already knew this language perfectly. Later, because of his liveliness and restlessness, another nickname appeared - "Egoza".
Prince Gorchakov paid much attention to how he looked, for which he was named Frant. The bold, desperate and pugnacious Ivan Malinovsky was nicknamed the Cossack, and the large and lazy Danzas was the Bear. For the dreams of the sea, the future Admiral Fyodor Matyushkin was called "I want to swim." Affectionately, but with malice - Olosenka was called Alexei Illichevsky.
Everyone had nicknames. Some did not even need explanations: Ivan Pushchin - Big Jeanno or Ivan the Great, Anton Delvig - Tosya, Tosenka, Kyuchelbeker - Kyukhlya, Myasoedov - Myasozhorov or Myasin.
Lyceum literature
At the Lyceum, they were fond of writing. They wrote poetry, prose, the so-called "national", that is, lyceum songs, fables, epigrams.
"And the astonished nations do not know what to do:
Go to bed or get up."
Methods of work of teachers
The teaching staff was free to choose the methods of their work.
However, the main principle of education was strictly observed - lyceum students should not be in an idle state.
For each section of the training program, certain methodical rules which were strictly followed. At the Lyceum they taught to think consciously, to reason, to argue about the truth. Scientists, lawyers, philologists did not leave the walls of the Lyceum; graduates received an encyclopedic education; acquired a humanistic worldview, respect for the individual, regardless of the class of the person.
The number of classes depended on the knowledge of the students. It was not determined strictly according to some document, but was established after the recruitment of pupils, when their level of training was already known. Each new course had its own number of lessons.
Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum Pushkin
Teachers help students achieve their goals. So, Alexander Gorchakov, while still at the Lyceum, decided to devote himself to diplomatic activity, which is why teachers got him genuine diplomatic materials from the Foreign Collegium. And Fedor Matyushkin dreamed of becoming a navigator. Graduates of the Lyceum did not get into the fleet, but director Engelhardt helped his pupil Matyushkin get assigned to the Kamchatka sloop, commanded by V.M. Golovin. Sometimes the wisdom of professors was that they simply did not interfere with the development of their student's talent. Mathematics professor Kartsov did not try to make Pushkin know his subject, he saw the poet's talent and jokingly said: "You, Pushkin, everything ends in zero in my class. Sit down in your place and write poetry."
Lyceum students were brought up in an atmosphere of impossibility to encroach on the dignity of another person. In the Lyceum, any person, regardless of their social status, had the right to respect. Lyceum students were forbidden to scold ministers, even if they were serfs. There was no corporal punishment in the Lyceum.
Each pupil had his own small room where he could retire. The lyceum was kept clean, the air temperature was kept up to a degree. The premises were ventilated, and in order for the air to circulate properly, the partitions in the rooms of the lyceum students did not reach the ceiling. The classrooms were beautiful and spacious.
All life in the Lyceum was aimed at ensuring that the pupils developed correctly, successfully mastered knowledge and did not indulge in laziness. Six days a week were training days. The training lasted a whole year, with the exception of August - the month of holidays. At the same time, the classes were properly organized, study alternated with rest and walks, so that the pupils did not feel overwhelmed.
There was freedom of communication between lyceum students and teachers. Together they were a family. The special relationship between lyceum students and teachers is evidenced by the fact that quite a lot of caricatures of teachers have been preserved. The students were not afraid of their mentors and considered it possible to play a trick on them. This was not the case in other educational institutions of that time. Most often, the buildings of educational institutions were bad and could hardly accommodate the pupils, the audiences were cramped, the bedrooms were poorly ventilated. For the most part, other educational institutions were distinguished by exhausting discipline, constant cramming.
At the Lyceum, everything was different. Relations between lyceum students were regulated by certain rules, which said that "all pupils are equal, ... pupils should live peacefully and friendly among themselves." Thanks to these rules and the efforts of teachers, a spirit of camaraderie and solidarity reigned in the Lyceum. No one has ever extradited a guilty person if he himself did not admit to his deed.
The daily routine of lyceum students
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was closed university, and his pupils were on full board. Departure from the Lyceum on time school year was forbidden. All lyceum students obeyed a strict daily routine, which was observed by the director, full-time supervisors and teachers.
6.00 - rise, prayer
7.00 - 9.00 - training sessions
9.00 - tea with a white roll
9.00 - 10.00 - walk
10.00 - 12.00 - classes
12.00 - 13.00 - walk
13.00 - lunch
14.00 - 15.00 - calligraphy and drawing
15.00 - 17.00 - doing homework
17.00 - tea and walk
20.30 - dinner
Form at the Lyceum
Distinctive feature The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a single uniform. The uniform of the Lyceum consisted of a caftan of dark blue cloth with a standing collar of red cloth and the same cuffs, with gold and silver embroidery. The buttons were smooth, gilded, the lining was blue. Camisole and underdress - white cloth .
First issue and imperial
In 1817, the first graduation of pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum took place. public service.
By an imperial decree of March 18, 1822, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was transferred to the department of the chief director of the Page and cadet corps.
Lyceum under Nicholas I
After the accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I, by decree of February 23, 1829, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum switched to preparing pupils only for civil service.
Has changed and organizational structure Lyceum. Instead of two classes of 3 years, pupils began to study in four classes of 1.5 years each.
According to the new regulation, the sons of nobles at the age of 12-14 could enter the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, who were necessarily baptized and with good health.
Moving Lyceum from Tsarskoye Selo
In 1843, the Lyceum left Tsarskoye Selo. On November 6, 1843, Emperor Nicholas I signed the Decree "On the Introduction of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum into the General Organization of Civil Educational Institutions." According to this decree, the Lyceum passed under the direct supervision of the monarch and moved from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg to the building of the Alexander Orphanage.
After that, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was renamed the Imperial Alexander Lyceum.
200th anniversary of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
October 19, 2011 - Day of the lyceum student. This day is inextricably linked with the name of A.S. Pushkin, with the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and with the history of all Russian education. It was on this day 200 years ago that the legendary educational institution in Tsarskoye Selo was opened.
The education and upbringing of the younger generation has always been a socially important topic. Time could only change the goals and objectives facing teachers, while the training itself has always remained urgent task society. This is what happens in our time. Education in Russia is currently undergoing very strong changes. GIA and USE became mandatory, Primary School already working according to the new standards, high school still have to go to them, higher education a system of bachelor's and master's degrees. You can criticize these changes or welcome - only time will tell the result. And today we want to remember one of the best educational institutions in the country. This is where they came into life. the best people Russia: A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig, V.K. Kuchelbecker, I.I. Pushchin, A.M. Gorchakov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and others.
Lyceum was closed educational institution, so the pupils had no right to leave him. This was insisted on by the first director of the Lyceum, V.F. Malinovsky. The director believed that children could be "harmful" at home and sought to isolate the children from this. Such a system made it possible to exclude excessive guardianship from parents, spoilage, influence on the formation of lyceum students from the outside. They lived and studied at the Lyceum. And this is where they become individuals. This is where their worldview took shape. From the walls of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum came a whole galaxy of remarkable people who left their mark on history. Therefore, thinking about modern reforms in education, it is useful to remember the unique experience of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Speaking of the great Russian poets, selfless Decembrists, we will talk about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. We will talk about it as the first privileged educational institution in which young men were prepared for the most important public service, as a freedom-loving "lyceum republic" that revealed to the world the names of Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker and, of course, Pushkin.
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The building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. Pushkin studied and graduated, was a kind of Russian educational institution of the early to mid-nineteenth century, “not a boarding school, not a school, not a university, but all together. Pension, because everything is ready; school, because there will be no overgrowths; university because there are professors”(Yu. Tynyanov "Pushkin")
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was located in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, 20-30 km. south of St. Petersburg
History of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
The initiator of the creation of the Lyceum was Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (1772-1841), a Russian statesman during his reign. He came from a family of a priest. graduated from the most authoritative Alexander Nevsky Seminary in Russia, then taught there. With the accession of Paul the First, he changed church activities to civil service. Already in 1799, thanks to his outstanding abilities, he received a significant position as a state adviser. Six months after the accession to the throne of Alexander Perovoy, Speransky was already a real state councilor. He owns part of the projects for the reorganization of the state, which the new tsar planned to implement, including Speransky, who considered it necessary to introduce a constitution in Russia. The idea of creating the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum came to his mind when there was a need for civil servants capable of implementing his innovations.
“It was necessary to embrace, embrace, comprehend and arrange everything in a system. The laws were to be strict and strict. The generals, who were expanding the space of the empire, not only could not create a balance, which is the center of government, but were also its enemies, because they did not know how to understand what order is. But there were no people capable of lower service ... “There are no people, Andrei Afanasyevich, except perhaps a small handful of his own, there are no people,” Speransky told Samborsky. - The old people are mired, the new ones - whoever is honest is dumb. At the beginning, there was no word, but the official, according to her time, we can’t connect two words. ”
Speransky conceived a new educational institution for the education of the brothers of Alexander I, Grand Dukes Constantine and Nicholas, who were then 21 and 14 years old
“(Before) giving the grand dukes to the university, they should be prepared earlier. In order to distract them from marching and court habits and to remove them from the hands of the gentle gentlemen who are in charge of their education, a special Russian school should be established for them. Having studied literature, history, geography, logic and eloquence, mathematics, physics and chemistry, systems of abstract concepts, natural and popular law, and the science of morals, ... they comprehended everything on their own ... The Grand Dukes, infected by the example of their peers, became virtuous over time. The fate of the future state was prepared by them. The younger one, in whom vile features were noticed, corrected himself. He did not have outbreaks and convulsions of anger, which all the brothers had - the inheritance of his father - nor hypocrisy and treachery, like the current Caesar "
Principles of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
- —
The name is in honor of the ancient lyceum where Aristotle created his students
— Complete separation from family
— Young people from different states
— In the way of life - equality, without distinction in the table and clothes
— Teaching in Russian
— Partnership without any meanness
— Lack of corporal punishment
The education of the Grand Dukes at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was not approved by their mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. The emperor and the Minister of Education of Russia Razumovsky rejected the proposal to admit young men “from different states” to the lyceum: children should be noblemen; shortened list subjects, the number of students was determined - no more than 50. Each was given his own room. The lyceum was located in the wing of the Catherine Palace (the official summer residence of Catherine I, Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II), rebuilt especially for this
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened on October 19 (O.S.) 1811, existed until 1843
Sciences that were comprehended by lyceum students
- Russian literature
- Languages: German, French, Latin
- Rhetoric
- Russian history, general
- Geography
- Mathematics
- Physics
- Statistics
- Drawing
- Dancing
- Fencing
- Horseback riding
- Swimming
A. S. Pushkin was admitted to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum on August 12, 1811 after a successfully passed exam. He left the Lyceum on June 9, 1817
Uniform of lyceum students
“Soon, with skill, both (the emperor and his favorite Arakcheev) took up the choice of uniform for the lyceum. They went over the colors that, without mixing with the colors of the troops, would have been pleasant, and settled on the uniform of the old Tatar Lithuanian regiment, long ago canceled: a single-breasted caftan, dark blue, with a red standing collar and the same cuffs. There are two buttonholes on the collar: the younger ones are embroidered with silver, the older ones with gold.
The daily routine at the Lyceum was approximately the following: lessons - seven hours; walks; games, gymnastics. Required: music, foreign languages, drawing. Marks were usually not set, a review was compiled for each pupil
Directors of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
—
The first director of the Lyceum from 1811 to 1814 was a diplomat, publicist Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky.
—
From 1814 to 1823, the writer and teacher Yegor Antonovich Engelgardt led the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
—
In 1823 he was replaced by General Fyodor Grigoryevich Goltgoer, who was in office until 1840.
The first teachers of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum who taught Pushkin
- A. P. Kunitsyn (1783-1840) - professor of law and political sciences, taught from 1811 to 1821
- N. F. Koshansky (1781-1831) - professor, Russian and Latin literature, 1811-1828
- A. I. Galich (1783-1848) - professor, Russian and Latin literature, 1814-1815
- Ya. I. Kartsov (1784-1836) - professor, physics and mathematics, 1811-1836
- I. K. Kaidanov (1782-1843) - professor, history
- D. I. de Boudry (1756-1821) - French literature
- F. P. Kalinich (1788-1851) - calligraphy, (1811-1851)
- F. M. Gauenschild (1780-1830) - professor, German language and literature
- S. G. Chirikov (1776-1853), art teacher
Lyceum friends of Pushkin
- S. F. Broglio (1799 - unknown) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he left for Piedmont, where he participated in the revolution, died during the liberation of Greece from the Ottoman yoke
- A. M. Gorchakov (1798-1883) - after graduating from the Lyceum - served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from 1856 - Minister of Foreign Affairs
- P. F. Gravenitz (1798-1847) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- S. S. Esakov (1798-1831) after graduating from the Lyceum, an officer
- K. K. Danzas (1800-1870) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an officer
- A. A. Delvig (1798-1831) - poet, publisher of the Literary Gazette
- A. D. Illichevsky (1798-1837) after graduating from the Lyceum, an official, writer
- S. D. Komovsky (1798-1880) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an official, assistant to the Secretary of State of the State Council
- K. D. Kostensky (1797-1830) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the Ministry of Finance
- N. A. Korsakov (1800-1820) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- M. A. Korf (1800-1876) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the Ministry of Justice
- V. K. Küchelbecker (1797-1846) - poet, Decembrist
- V. P. Langer (1802 - after 1865) - official for Special Assignments at the Ministry of Public Education, artist
- S. G. Lomonosov (1799-1857) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- I. V. Malinovsky (1796-1873) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the guard
- F. F. Matyushkin (1799-1872) - after graduating from the lyceum, a sailor, scientist, since 1867 - admiral
- P. N. Myasoedov (1799-1869) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an officer, then an official of the Ministry of Justice
- V. D. Olkhovsky (1798-1841) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an officer, a Decembrist
- I. I. Pushchin (1798-1859) - after graduating from the Lyceum, a guards officer
- P. F. Savrasov (1799-1830) - after graduating from the Lyceum - an officer of the Guard
- F. H. Steven (1797-851) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an official, governor of Vyborg
- A. D. Tyrkov (1799-1843) - after graduating from the Lyceum, an officer
- P. M. Yudin (1798-1852) - after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- M. L. Yakovlev (1798-1868) - after graduating from the lyceum, an official, privy councilor, senator, composer
Feasting Students
Friends! leisure time has come;
All is quiet, all is at rest;
More like a tablecloth and a glass!
Here, golden wine!
Sip, champagne, in glass.
Friends, what about Kant?
Seneca, Tacitus on the table,
Folio over tome?
Under the table of cold sages
We will take over the field;
Under the table of scientific fools!
Without them, we can drink.Can we find someone sober?
Behind a student's tablecloth?
Just in case, choose
More like a president.
As a reward for drunks - he will pour
And punch and fragrant grog,
And you, Spartans, will bring
Water in a clean glass!
Apostle of bliss and coolness,
My good Galich, vale!You are the younger brother of Epicurus,
Your soul is in a glass.
Remove the head with wreaths,
Be our president
And the very kings will become
Envy students.Give me your hand, Delvig! what are you sleeping?
Wake up, sleepy lazy!
You are not sitting under the pulpit,
lulled into Latin.
Look: here is your circle of friends;
The bottle is filled with wine
Drink for the health of our muse,
Parnassian red tape.
Kind wit, deal with it!
Full glass of leisure!
And pour out a hundred epigrams
To foe and friend.And you, handsome young man,
The radiant rake!
You will be a dashing Bacchus priest,
On the other - a veil!
Although a student, although I'm drunk,
But I respect modesty;
Move the frothy glass,
I bless you for swearing.Dear comrade, direct friend,
Let's shake our hands,
Let's leave in a circular bowl
Pedants are akin to boredom:
Not the first time we drink together
Often we fight
But let's pour a cup of friendship -
And we'll make up immediately.And you, who from childhood
You breathe one joy
Funny, right, you are a poet,
Though you write fables badly;
I hang out with you without ranks,
I love you with my soul
Fill the mug to the brim -
Reason! god be with you!And you, rake of rake,
Born on a prank
Clever grip, cutthroat
soulful friend,
Bottles, glasses break
For the health of Platov,
Pour punch into a Cossack hat -
And let's drink again!Come closer, our dear singer,
Favorite Apollo!
Sing to the ruler of hearts
Guitars silently.
How sweet in a tight chest
The languor of sounds is pouring! ..
But can I breathe with passion?
No! drunk only laughs!Isn't it better, Rode note,
In honor of the Vackhov village
Now hide you with a string
An upset fiddle?
Sing along, gentlemen,
There is no need, which is awkward;
Hoarse? - it's not a problem:
It's all right for drunks!But what?.. I see everything together;
Doubled damask with arrack;
The whole room went around;
Eyes covered in darkness...
Where are you, comrades? Where I am?
Tell me, Bacchus for the sake of ...
You slumber, my friends,
Leaning over notebooks...
Writer for your sins!
You seem to be the most sober;
Wilhelm, read your poems
For me to fall asleep sooner
The poem was written by Pushkin in October 1814. "The Radiant Rake" - Gorchakov, "Dear Comrade" - Pushchin, "The Rake of the Rake" - Malinovsky, "Our Dear Singer" - Korsakov; “Rode note” - Yakovlev, who played the violin (Rode was a famous violinist); "Wilhelm" - Küchelbecker
Literature about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
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"Pushkin in the memoirs of contemporaries", volume 1 and 2, Ed. Fiction", 1974
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P. Anenkov “A. S. Pushkin: Materials for his biography and evaluation of works. Publishing House "Public Benefit", 1873
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D. Blagoy creative way Pushkin (1813-1826)". Ed. USSR Academy of Sciences, 1950
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V. Veresaev "Pushkin's Companions", Ed. " Soviet writer", 1937
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A. Gessen "Everything excited the tender mind": Pushkin among books and friends, Ed. "Science", 1965
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L. Grossman "Pushkin", Ed. "Young Guard", 1965
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B. Meilakh "The Life of Alexander Pushkin", Ed. "Fiction", 1974
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L. Chereisky "Pushkin and his entourage". Ed. "Science", 1975
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K. Grot "Pushkin Lyceum", Printing house of the Ministry of Railways, 1911
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Y. Grot "Pushkin and his lyceum comrades and mentors", Imperial Academy of Sciences Printing House, 1887
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D. Kobeko “Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; Mentors and Pets, 1811-1843, Kirshbaum Printing House, 1911
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N. Eidelman "Our union is beautiful ...", Ed. "Young Guard", 1979
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M. Rudenskaya "They studied with Pushkin", "Lenizdat", 1976
On October 31, 1811, the most famous lyceum in the history of Russia was opened in Tsarskoye Selo. According to legend, the dying Pushkin regretted that his lyceum teachers were not with him. We read 7 legends about the order of the Lyceum and the adventures of lyceum students.
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a closed university with a strict daily routine, and it was forbidden to leave it during the academic year. All pupils were on full board.
But lyceum students, of course, more than once tried to escape into "AWOL", leaving their tutors at home. So, once Pushkin and Kuchelbecker decided to leave for St. Petersburg, but they could not get rid of the persistent tutor named Triko, who followed them. Having approached the outpost, Pushkin had to name himself, and he reported: “Alexander However!” Zastavny wrote down the name and let it through. Kuchelbecker followed him. When asked what his last name was, the young man said: “Grigory Dvako!” Zastavny hesitated, but wrote down the name and let the young man through. But when the unfortunate tutor frankly answered the same question: “Tights!”, the outpost lost his temper and shouted: “One after the other - One-ko, Two-ko, Three-ko! Naughty, brother, go to the guardroom! The unfortunate Triko spent the whole day under arrest, while Pushkin and his friend enjoyed St. Petersburg alone.
Nicknames and pranks
Despite the fact that "golden youth" studied at the Lyceum, the children of very respected people, they did not always call each other by their last names, as was customary among the nobles. Lyceum students had a whole collection of underground nicknames, easy to decipher and not very easy. Pushkin, for example, was called a "Frenchman" for his love of French poetry and language (as is well known, Pushkin was never abroad until his death). And also - "Monkey with a Tiger", "Cricket" ... Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin was nicknamed "Zhano", and Wilhelm Kuchelbecker had several nicknames, and not the most pleasant ones - "Kyukhlya", "Worm" ... By the way, on Kuchelbeker, most of the epigrams have been preserved, and some of them were even printed in the "Lyceum Sage". Once Pushkin wrote there: "Writer! For your sins / You seem to be the most sober of all: / Wilhelm, read your poems / So that I can fall asleep sooner." Offended, Küchelbecker ran to drown himself in the pond. They managed to save him. Soon, a cartoon was drawn in the "Lyceum Wise Man": Küchelbecker drowns himself, and his long nose sticks out of the pond.
Cranberry duel
All because of the same unsuccessful poems, it once came to a duel. Kuchelbecker often visited Zhukovsky, a lyceum teacher and poet, pestering him with his poems. Once Zhukovsky was invited to some friendly dinner and did not come. Then he was asked why he was not there, the poet replied: "I upset my stomach the day before, besides, Kuchelbecker came, and I stayed at home ..." Pushkin, hearing this, wrote an epigram:
I ate at dinner
Yes, Jacob closed the door by mistake -
So it was for me, my friends,
And kyukhelbekerno, and sickening ...
Kuchelbecker for such an insult, of course, demanded a duel! The duel took place. Both fired. But the pistols were loaded... with cranberries.
Feasting Galich
A friend of all students, a tireless interlocutor, psychology teacher Galich is one of the brightest teachers of the Lyceum. His lectures were held in the form of conversations, heated debates, in a rather relaxed atmosphere. To study the works of the ancient classics for him was "to shake the laurels of the old people." Korf called him "a kind and amusing eccentric," and the lyceum students simply adored him. Galich was a teacher who met with students not only in classrooms, he participated in their feasts and feasts, provoked philosophical disputes and competed with them in oratory. Pushkin mentions this teacher more than once in his poems, most often comic:
Apostle of bliss and coolness,
My good Galich, vale!
You are the younger brother of Epicurus,
Your soul is in a glass.
Or: O Galich, faithful friend of the glass
And fat morning feasts,
I call you, lazy sage,
In the shelter of poetry happy,
Under the distant bliss of shelter.
Lyceum revenue
Despite the fact that Pushkin himself, by the time of graduation in 1817, was twenty-sixth of twenty-nine students in terms of academic performance, he showed excellent success "in Russian and French literature, as well as in fencing." Among the young lyceum poets, he was one of the best, and there are many legends about how witty he could emphasize this. For example, once a lyceum student Nevedomsky, who was very weak in poetry, had to write poems about sunrise for a rhetoric teacher N.F. Koshansky. The poor student could squeeze out only the first line of the seven-foot poem: "From the West rises the magnificent king of nature" - and, in despair, he turned to Pushkin for help. Here is how the young Pushkin continued this verse and "helped" his fellow student:
"From the west rises the splendid king of nature.
They don't know whether to sleep or not? - confused peoples.
Nevedomsky - a poet unknown to anyone,
Prints poetry for no reason.
Points ban and place of honor
Glasses at the beginning of the nineteenth century became so fashionable that they were worn even by those who had one hundred percent vision. For the rest, looking through magnifying glasses caused fear, because. It was believed that flaws that were not visible to the ordinary eye could be seen through them. The Moscow commander-in-chief, Count Gudovich, seeing a man with glasses, sent a servant to him with the words that there was nothing to look at and the glasses could be removed. A look through glasses at a lady or at a senior in rank was considered impudent, and therefore lyceum students, all the more, were not supposed to wear them. Delvig suffered from this, who really had poor eyesight and who, leaving the Lyceum and acquiring glasses, according to legend, exclaimed that not all women, it turns out, are written beauties!
In the classrooms and in the dining room, lyceum students were seated according to their behavior and success. “Blessed is the husband who / He sits closer to the pulpit” - this is how it was said about this in lyceum songs.
sovereign blessing
There is no joke in this legend; on the contrary, it is full of serious grandeur and triumph of the spirit. But a few minutes of Pushkin's public examination have become the talk of the town and are relentlessly told. We are talking about an exam at which Pushkin read his poems "Recollection in Tsarskoye Selo", and the elderly Derzhavin, who was present in the commission, moved towards him and bowed his ear, listened attentively. Touchingly describes this friend of the poet I.I. Pushchin, or, in the lyceum, Jeannot:
“... Derzhavin crowned our young poet with his sovereign blessing. All of us, his friends and comrades, were proud of this celebration. Pushkin then read his "Memoirs in Tsarskoye Selo". In these magnificent verses, everything living for the Russian heart is touched. Pushkin read with extraordinary enthusiasm. Listening to familiar verses, a chill ran through my skin. When the patriarch of our singers, delighted, with tears in his eyes, rushed to kiss the poet and dawned on his curly head, - under some unknown influence, they were reverently silent. They wanted to hug our singer themselves - he was no longer there, he ran away.
The reason for the opening of the Lyceum was the desire of Alexander I to create a special educational institution in which, together with several peers, the young grand dukes, the brothers of the emperor, Nikolai and Mikhail, could receive a comprehensive education. However, in the end, it was decided to expand the number of students, whose education ultimately boiled down to the education of comprehensively developed, widely erudite young people who intended to build their careers in the public service. The format itself educational institution- the lyceum - was not chosen by chance: it appealed to a long historical and cultural tradition based on models of ancient educational institutions, including the one founded by the teacher of Alexander the Great Aristotle in the 4th century BC. e. Like.
The concept of a unique educational institution was developed in 1808 with the direct participation of M. M. Speransky, and therefore it offered new model Not only educational process, but was also called upon to form a new type of personality, corresponding to the high ideals of Russian culture early XIX century. By the way, according to Speransky's original idea, gifted representatives of different classes were to be admitted to the educational institution, without any property qualifications, however, in the final charter of 1810, the provisions on the equality of students were eliminated. The lyceum was given a special place in the system of public education - it was actually equalized in rights and privileges with universities, by the beginning of the century there were six of them: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, Derpt and Kiev. The idea of a collective community formed the basis of the lyceum philosophy - the Lyceum was perceived as a home-family, a special association of like-minded adherents selected for training according to strict criteria: ".
Lyceum. (wikipedia.org)
On September 22, 1811, Alexander I signed the "Charter to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum", after which representatives of the most noble Russian families were eager to arrange their sons in this educational institution. First entrance exams were held in three stages, and 36 out of 50 applicants for the high title of future lyceum students were admitted to them. Based on the test results, 30 people were accepted for training. By the way, entrance exams were held at the estate of the Minister of Education, Count A.K. Razumovsky, which was intended to emphasize the special, privileged position of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, since control over the selection of students was entrusted to the highest person V Russian education. Applicants differed in age: for example, Baron Modest Andreyevich Korf, the future director of the Imperial Public Library, was 11 years old at admission, and Ivan Vasilyevich Malinovsky, a close friend of Pushkin, was 16. It is worth noting that before entering the Lyceum, children were trained in a variety of formats : in boarding schools (in particular, at Moscow University), gymnasiums (for example, St. Petersburg was famous) or home education.
The entire way of life of the pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was subordinated to the upbringing of a new breed of citizens. This even applied to the introduction of a special daily routine, once approved and practically unchanged, trying to harmoniously combine rest time and study hours. At 6 am, the disciples woke up and went to prayer. The first morning classes were held from 7 to 9. At 9 o'clock - a break for tea drinking, after which they went for a walk until 10 o'clock. From 10 to 12 - again "classes". Then another hour walk. Lunch was at one o'clock in the afternoon, and from two to five lessons of calligraphy or painting followed, as well as other additional classes, depending on the inclinations of the students. At 5 o'clock tea drinking again, and then a walk, after which the pupils were taken to do their homework and repeat the material covered during the day. At 8.30 - dinner, and then rest until 10 pm, or, as it was called according to the charter, "recreation". At 10 o'clock the disciples went to the evening prayer, after which they went to bed.
Room No. 14, where Pushkin lived. (wikipedia.org)
Given that the purpose of creating the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was to educate future statesmen, the implementation of such an important task was entrusted to a large, according to our modern ideas, staff of leaders, professors, tutors, overseers and other employees. Defining main idea the content of education, the director of the Lyceum, Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, emphasized that he was trying to make sure that “the educators and the educated were one class”, so that the pupil felt in teachers not bosses, but friends. It should be noted that the Lyceum was then the only educational institution in Russian Empire where children were not flogged.
The treatment of students was exceptionally polite and tactful. Teachers and tutors called them by their last names, with the addition of the word "master." By the way, the first director of the Lyceum, Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, a famous Russian diplomat and publicist, preached the exceptional principles of humanism and enlightenment. In creating a unique concept of education, he paid special attention to the issues of war and peace, believing that all mankind should participate in the struggle for eternal, universal peace. Being a man of very progressive views, he shared the theory of natural law and the idea of the social contract put forward by the European philosophers of the Enlightenment of the 18th century. It is interesting to note, however, that he was convinced of the sacredness of monarchical rule, although he proposed measures that could, with the help of certain constitutional articles, limit absolutist tyranny in Russia, speaking of the need to subordinate power to laws, which in turn should be an expression of the general will of the people.
Contemporary photography of the Lyceum. (wikipedia.org)
The most famous graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was, of course, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. He communicated most of all with the most “incapable and lazy”, according to teachers, Anton Delvig, than with the diligent and diligent Alexander Gorchakov. It is curious that at the Lyceum for the first time there was a “ban on writing”, it was something like a “forbidden fruit” for the pupils. Naturally, the lyceum students still composed furtively. And only later, with the special permission of Professor N.F. Koshansky, the ban was lifted. Many teachers noted Pushkin's abilities, but did not place special hopes on him. One of the favorite teachers of the lyceum students, Professor Alexander Petrovich Kunitsyn, wrote in the statements about Pushkin's success in logic: “ good progress. Not diligent. Very understandable." By the way, among the Lyceum poets, Pushkin was not immediately recognized as the first. The palm was successfully held by Alexey Demyanovich Illichevsky, who wrote fables, epigrams (especially on Kuchelbecker), messages. Pushkin called him "a kind wit" and offered to pour a hundred epigrams "on an enemy and friend." In addition, Illichevsky had an amazing talent for drawing caricatures, preserved in the form of illustrations, for various "topics of the day" in the school collection.
It is noteworthy that all the professors of the Lyceum, except for David Ivanovich de Boudry, were young people who had barely reached the age of thirty. According to contemporaries, in particular, the first biographer of Pushkin, Pavel Vasilyevich Annenkov, lyceum professors Alexander Petrovich Kunitsyn, Ivan Kuzmich Kaidanov, Yakov Ivanovich Kartsev, Nikolai Fedorovich Koshansky "should be considered the foremost people of the era in the educational field." Kunitsyn, Kaidanov and Kartsev graduated from the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute and, as having distinguished themselves, were sent to continue their education abroad. Their "improvement" took place in Göttingen, Jena, Paris - in the largest cultural and educational centers of that time. The principle was considered important that teachers working with gifted students themselves create programs that study guides and also engaged in scientific research. So, Professor Koshansky, who before the Lyceum taught at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School and had a Ph.D. in Philosophy and Liberal Arts, actively collaborated with magazines, published articles, translations, his own poems, published several textbooks and an anthology "Flowers of Greek Poetry". While working at the Lyceum, he wrote a Latin grammar, translated and printed a huge "Manual Book of Ancient Classical Literature", the fables of Phaedrus, the works of Cornelius Nepos - all this was used by the students of the Lyceum in the learning process.
General information about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Once upon a time in ancient Athens there was a legendary school founded by the philosopher Aristotle, called Lyceum or Lyceum. The Russian Lyceum of Tsarskoye Selo is an elite educational institution that aspired to be similar to the model of high antiquity, imbued with the spirit of romanticism and free thought. The lyceum gave Russia many great names. It was founded in 1810 in Tsarskoye Selo and opened on October 19, 1811. The creators of the Lyceum turned not only to the ideal of antiquity, but also to Russian traditions: it is no coincidence that the outstanding historian Karamzin was among the trustees of the educational institution.
"The establishment of the Lyceum aims to educate young people, especially those destined for important parts of the state service," read the first paragraph of the lyceum charter. The author of the project to create the Lyceum, M.M. Speransky, saw in the new educational institution not only a school for the training of educated officials. He wanted the Lyceum to educate people capable of implementing the planned transformation plans. Russian state. The broadest knowledge, the ability to think and the desire to work for the good of Russia - these are the qualities that the graduates of the new educational institution should have distinguished. It is no coincidence that in the new keynote speech addressed to the pupils on the day of the grand opening, Associate Professor of Moral and Political Sciences Alexander Petrovich Kunitsy spoke about the duties of a citizen and war, about love for the Fatherland and duty to him. For the rest of their lives, the boys remembered the words: "Love for glory and the fatherland should be your leaders."
The lyceum admitted children 10-12 years old, the number of pupils ranged from 30 (in 1811-17) to 100 (since 1832). In the course of 6 years of study (two 3-year courses, from 1836 - 4 classes for a year and a half) the following sciences were studied at the Lyceum: moral (God's law, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy); verbal (Russian, Latin, French, German literature and languages, rhetoric); historical (Russian and General history, Physiography); physical and mathematical (mathematics, the beginnings of physics and cosmography, mathematical geography, statistics); fine arts and gymnastic exercises (handwriting, drawing, dancing, fencing, horseback riding, swimming). An extensive program harmoniously combined the humanities and the exact sciences, gave encyclopedic knowledge. A large place was given to the "moral" sciences, under which, as the lyceum charter stated, "... we mean all those knowledge that relate to the moral position of a person in society and, consequently, the concept of the structure of civil societies, and of the rights and obligations that arise from this ". The most important place in the curriculum was given to a deep study of Russian history. The development of patriotic feelings was closely associated with the knowledge of the native country, its past, present, and future.
The curriculum of the lyceum has been repeatedly changed, but it retained the humanitarian and legal basis. Graduates received the rights of those who graduated from the university and civil ranks of the 14th - 9th grades. For those who wish to enter military service additional military training, and they were granted the rights of graduates of the Corps of Pages.
The lyceum was a closed educational institution. The order of life here was strictly regulated. Pupils got up at six o'clock in the morning. During the seventh hour it was necessary to get dressed, wash, pray to God and repeat the lessons. Classes began at seven o'clock and lasted two hours. At ten o'clock the lyceum students had breakfast and took a short walk, after which they returned to the classroom, where they studied for another two hours. At twelve they went for a walk, after which they repeated the lessons. At the second hour they had lunch. After lunch - three hours of classes. In the sixth - a walk and gymnastic exercises. Pupils were engaged in a total of seven hours a day. Hours of study alternated with rest and walks. Walks were made in any weather in the Tsarskoye Selo Garden. The rest of the pupils are classes in fine arts and gymnastic exercises. Among the physical exercises at that time, swimming, horseback riding, fencing, and skating in winter were especially popular. Items that help aesthetic development- drawing, calligraphy, music, singing - and now it is in the secondary school curriculum.
In the first years of its existence (1811-1817), the Lyceum created an atmosphere of enthusiasm for new Russian literature, represented by the names of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, K. N. Batyushkov, and French literature Age of Enlightenment (Voltaire). This enthusiasm contributed to the unification of a number of young people into a creative literary and poetic circle, which determined the spirit of the educational institution (A. S. Pushkin, A. A. Delvig, V. K. Kyuchelbeker, V. D. Volkhovsky, A. D. Illichevsky, K K. Danzas, M. L. Yakovlev and many others). The circle published handwritten magazines "Lyceum sage", "Bulletin", "For pleasure and benefit", etc., creative literary competitions were held between its members, poems of lyceum students Pushkin, Delvig, Kuchelbeker and others. Europe", "Russian Museum", "Son of the Fatherland"). The poetic creativity of the lyceum students and their interest in literature were encouraged by N. F. Koshansky, a professor of Russian and Latin literature, a friend of Zhukovsky, and his successor from 1814, A. I. Galich.
The students read a lot. “We learned little in the classroom, but a lot in reading and in conversation with the incessant friction of the minds,” Modest Korf recalled. The replenishment of the library was a constant concern of the Council of Lyceum Professors. In a letter to Pavel Fuss, answering the question whether new books reach the Lyceum, Alexey Illichevsky reflects on the benefits of reading: “Do the newly published books reach our solitude? You ask me; can you doubt this? .. Never! Reading nourishes soul, forms the mind, develops abilities ... ". Lyceum students knew their contemporaries - Russian writers and poets - not only by their writings. Illichevsky’s testimony from a letter to the same Fuss is interesting: “... until I entered the Lyceum, I did not see a single writer - but at the Lyceum I saw Dmitriev, Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Vasily Pushkin and Khvostov; I also forgot: Neledinsky, Kutuzov , Dashkova". Professor of Russian and Latin literature Nikolai Fedorovich Koshansky considered the basis literary education the ability to write, compose, and approved of the poetic experiments of his pupils. Often in the lessons he offered to write poems on a given topic. “As I now see that after-dinner class of Koshansky,” Ivan Pushchin later recalled, “when, having finished the lecture a little earlier than the school hour, the professor said: “Now, gentlemen, we will try feathers: please describe to me a rose in verse.”
The lyceum was located in Tsarskoye Selo in an outbuilding of the Catherine Palace. The building of the Lyceum of simple, strict forms, traditional for Russian classicism, forms, together with the church wing of the Grand (Ekaterininsky) Palace, a single architectural ensemble, unusual both in its compositional construction and peculiar beauty. The building was built under Catherine II by the architect Ilya Neelov. The main façade of the building, facing the palace, has a portico of four Corinthian columns; there is a decorative frieze above the windows of the third floor. The lyceum and church wings are connected by a narrow passage, the walls of which, cut through by arches at the bottom, seem to let the street pass through them. On the sides of the middle arch there were niches for decorative statues, above which were placed round bas-reliefs made by the Tsarskoe Selo sculptor Grigory Makarov. The eastern facade of the Lyceum with its front porch is the most spectacular. From this side, the three-span arch connecting the lyceum building with the church building harmoniously closes the prospect of the canal embankment separating Ekaterininsky Park from the city blocks. Through the arch you can see the turn of the street and the Alexander Park. From the western side of the Lyceum, from under the arches, a perspective opens up on the street descending downhill and Catherine's Park.
The lyceum was the most modern educational institution of its time, which is why many of its students shared radical political views and participated in the Decembrist movement. After an attempted uprising in 1825, the government went to reorganize the Lyceum, establishing a restrictive regime for pupils, control over the selection of teachers and the direction of lectures. At the end of 1843, the Lyceum was reorganized into Aleksandrovsky and in January 1844 transferred to St. Petersburg. In 1917, the lyceum was closed due to the abolition of class privileges.
For 33 years of existence of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, 286 people graduated from it, including 234 in the civilian part, 50 in the military, 2 in the navy. Many of them joined the ranks of the bureaucratic nobility of the Russian Empire, became ministers, diplomats, senators, members of the State Council (Prince Gorchakov, the future Minister of Foreign Affairs, N. Korsakov and others). They preferred a bureaucratic career scientific activity K. S. Veselovsky, Ya. K. Grot, N. Ya. Danilevsky, and others. The graduates of 1817, A. A. Delvig, the Decembrists V. K. Küchelbecker, and I. I. Pushchin, brought historical fame to the Lyceum. The great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin truly glorified the Lyceum throughout the world.
The trustees of the Lyceum were Emperor Alexander I, the great Russian poets Derzhavin and Zhukovsky, the outstanding Russian historian Karamzin, M.M. Speransky, Minister of Public Education A.K. Razumovsky, director of the Department of Public Education I.I. Martynov.
The first director of the lyceum was Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky (1765 - 23.III.1814) - a graduate of Moscow University, diplomat, writer, who led the institution from the moment it was opened until 1814. Vasily Fedorovich was the author of one of the first projects for the abolition of serfdom (1802), was a supporter of state reforms M.M. Speransky. In the family of the director of the lyceum, first-year lyceum students spent "leisure hours". At the end of March 1814, lyceum students attended the funeral of V.F. Malinovsky at the Okhtinsky cemetery. In the "Autobiography Program" of Pushkin, among the persons who influenced his upbringing of the future poet, V. F. Malinovsky is also mentioned. Malinovsky was replaced by Fedor Matveyevich von Gauenschild (1780 - 18.XI.1830) - professor of German language and literature at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, an Austrian subject who lived in Russia in 1809 - 1829. Thanks to the patronage of S.S. Uvarova was not only a professor, but from January 1814 he was appointed director of the Noble Boarding School at the Lyceum. In addition, in 1814-1816. corrected the position of director of the lyceum. Gauenschild, an educated man, quickly learned Russian and translated Karamzin's "History" from the manuscript into German. The third director was Yegor Antonovich Engelgardt (1775-1862), a teacher and administrator. In 1812 he was appointed director Pedagogical Institute He has been in this position for less than four years. From March 1816 - Director of the Lyceum. In October 1823 he retired.
Among the first teachers of the lyceum - Alexander Ivanovich Galich (1783 - 09.09.1848) - professor of Russian and Latin literature, later professor of St. Petersburg University (1819 - 1837); Ivan Kuzmich Kaidanov (2.II.1782 - 9.IX.1845) - Honored Professor of History of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1814 - 1816. conference secretary of the lyceum: author of a number of textbooks on general and Russian history and several historical research on ancient and general history; Alexander Petrovich Kunitsyn (1783 - 1.VIII.1840) - associate professor (1811 - 1816), teacher of moral and political sciences in 1814-1820. at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. He completed his education in Heidelberg, was one of the best teachers of his time: an independent legal theorist. In 1838, Kunitsyn was chairman of the Committee for Supervision of Printing complete collection laws and was elected an honorary member of the university. In 1840 he was appointed director of the Department of Foreign Confessions.
The educational institution, which was created to train government officials, thanks to a wide training program, the comprehensive development of students, brought up Russian citizens who became famous in various areas of the state and public life, science and culture. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the Lyceum was its motto - "For the Common Benefit."
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Lyceum in 19th century drawings
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum(since 1843 - Alexander Lyceum) - a higher educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia, operating in Tsarskoye Selo from 1811 to 1843. In Russian history, it is known, first of all, as the school that brought up A.S. Pushkin and was sung by him.
The goals of the educational institution. Program
The lyceum was founded by order of Emperor Alexander I in 1810. It was intended for the education of noble children. According to the original plan, the younger brothers of Alexander I, Nikolai and Mikhail, were also to be brought up in the Lyceum. The general offensive of the reaction before the war of 1812, expressed, in particular, in the fall of Speransky, led to the fact that the original plans were discarded. The program was developed by M. M. Speransky and is primarily focused on the training of state enlightened officials of the highest ranks. The lyceum accepted children aged 10-12; admissions were made every three years. The lyceum was opened on October 19 (31), 1811. Initially, it was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, in 1822 it was reassigned to the military department.
The duration of training was originally six years (two three-year courses, since 1836 - four classes of one and a half years each). During this time, the following disciplines were studied:
moral (Law of God, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy);
verbal (Russian, Latin, French, German literature and languages, rhetoric);
historical (Russian and general history, physical geography);
physical and mathematical (mathematics, the beginnings of physics and cosmography, mathematical geography, statistics);
fine arts and gymnastic exercises (handwriting, drawing, dancing, fencing, horseback riding, swimming).
A distinctive feature of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was the prohibition of corporal punishment of pupils, enshrined in the lyceum charter.
Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo
Building
The educational institution was located in the building of the palace wing of the Catherine Palace. The wing was built in the 1790s by the architect Ilya Neyelov (or Giacomo Quarenghi) for the Grand Duchesses, daughters of Emperor Paul I. In 1811, the building was significantly rebuilt by the architect V.P. Stasov and adapted to the needs of the educational institution. Consists of four floors. Each lyceum student had his own room - "cell", as A. S. Pushkin called it. In the room there is an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk, a mirror, a chair, and a washing table.
Lyceum teachers
The first director of the Lyceum was Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky (1765-1814). After his death, Yegor Antonovich Engelgardt was appointed director. Among the first professors and teachers of the Lyceum, who had a direct influence on A. S. Pushkin and the Decembrist generation, were Alexander Petrovich Kunitsyn, 1782-1840, (moral and political sciences); Nikolai Fedorovich Koshansky, 1781-1831, (aesthetics, Russian and Latin literature); Yakov Ivanovich Kartsev, 1785-1836, (physical and mathematical sciences); Tepper de Ferguson, 1768 - after 1824, (music and choral singing) Alexander Ivanovich Galich, 1783-1848, (Russian literature); Fedor Bogdanovich Elsner, 1771-1832, (military sciences); David Ivanovich de Boudry, 1756-1821, (French literature); Sergei Gavrilovich Chirikov, 1776-1853, (fine arts), Evgeny Aleksandrovich Belov, 1826 - 1895 (history and geography).
Room number 14, where Pushkin lived
The first pupils
In 1811 the first pupils of the Lyceum were:
Bakunin, Alexander Pavlovich (1799-1862)
Broglio, Silvery Frantsevich (1799 - between 1822 and 1825)
Volkhovsky, Vladimir Dmitrievich (1798-1841)
Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1798-1883)
Grevenits, Pavel Fedorovich (1798-1847)
Guriev, Konstantin Vasilyevich (1800-1833), expelled from the Lyceum in 1813.
Danzas, Konstantin Karlovich (1801-1870)
Delvig, Anton Antonovich (1798-1831)
Esakov, Semyon Semyonovich (1798-1831)
Illichevsky, Alexey Demyanovich (1798-1837)
Komovsky, Sergei Dmitrievich (1798-1880)
Kornilov, Alexander Alekseevich (1801-1856)
Korsakov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1800-1820)
Korf, Modest Andreevich (1800-1876)
Kostensky, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1797-1830)
Kuchelbecker, Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846)
Lomonosov, Sergei Grigorievich (1799-1857)
Malinovsky, Ivan Vasilyevich (1796-1873)
Martynov, Arkady Ivanovich (1801-1850)
Maslov, Dmitry Nikolaevich (1799-1856)
Matyushkin, Fedor Fedorovich (1799-1872)
Myasoedov, Pavel Nikolaevich (1799-1868)
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837)
Pushchin, Ivan Ivanovich (1798-1859)
Rzhevsky, Nikolai Grigorievich (1800-1817)
Savrasov, Pyotr Fedorovich (1799-1830)
Steven, Fyodor Khristianovich (1797-1851)
Tyrkov, Alexander Dmitrievich (1799-1843)
Yudin, Pavel Mikhailovich (1798-1852)
Yakovlev, Mikhail Lukyanovich (1798-1868)
“The establishment of the Lyceum aims to educate young people, especially those destined for important parts of the state service,” the Charter of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum began with these words. However, the author of the project of the educational institution, Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, saw in the Lyceum not only a school for the training of educated officials. He wanted the Lyceum to educate people of new views, capable of realizing the planned plans for the transformation of the Russian state: the beginning of the century encouraged the public to make bold plans for mass education, the abolition of serfdom, the constitution ... Therefore, first of all, teachers were obliged to teach their students to think independently and, secondly, to develop their talents, which each graduate could later use for the good of Russia. "For the Common Benefit" - this motto, inscribed on the coat of arms of the Lyceum and on the graduation medals of the lyceum students, once and for all determined their civic position and set their life priorities.
HAPPY PRISONERS
Education at the Lyceum was designed for 6 years and consisted of two courses of 3 years each. The first course was called primary and included the grammatical study of languages (Russian, Latin, French and German), moral sciences (God's law, philosophy and the foundations of logic), mathematical and physical sciences (arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, algebra and physics), science historical (Russian history, foreign history, geography and chronology), the original foundations of fine writing (selected passages from the best writers and the rules of rhetoric), fine arts and gymnastic exercises (drawing, calligraphy, dancing, fencing, horseback riding, swimming).The second course (final) covered the following sections: moral sciences, physical, mathematical, historical, literature, fine arts and gymnastic exercises. Throughout the course, students were given an idea of civil architecture. Classes at the Lyceum began on August 1 and lasted until July 1, but July, the only month of "vacations" (holidays), lyceum students were supposed to spend in Tsarskoye Selo. Like any prohibition, the prohibition to leave the territory of the Lyceum caused the pupils to have the opposite effect - they jokingly called themselves prisoners and periodically dared to "AWOL".
Of fundamental importance was the staffing of the Lyceum, where the best representatives of noble origin were admitted - physically healthy boys aged 10-12 years old. As soon as the first students were gathered into one class, it became obvious that despite the fact that they all passed the entrance exams in Russian, French and German, arithmetic, physics, geography and history, the levels of training of lyceum students differ significantly. Then the teachers wisely stepped aside from the “educational race” and conducted classes in such a way that none of the pupils fell behind in their studies. They were even forbidden to dictate new material subjects until all lyceum students have mastered the lessons learned.
THE MYSTERY OF THE "LYCEUM SPIRIT"
Vasily Malinovsky - the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, State Councilor, graduate of Moscow University, worked for many years in the diplomatic field, at the same time studying literary activity. An unusually erudite scientist with progressive views, a writer who speaks and writes in many languages, a subtle and insightful teacher, Malinovsky, in a very short period of his directorship, managed to create in the Lyceum a unique atmosphere of freedom, creativity, friendship, which was later called the “lyceum spirit”. He paid special attention to the selection of professors who headed the departments - they were mostly young and energetic people, devoted to their work, able to establish friendly, spiritual contact with lyceum students.From the first year they were taught to live according to the schedule. A well-thought-out daily routine contributed to the accelerated development of lyceum students, who by the age of 16-18 became physically strong, hardened, hardworking, morally healthy people.
6 am - general rise, morning prayer, repetition of tasks
from 8 to 9 - a lesson in classes
from 10 to 11 - breakfast and a walk in the park
from 11 to 12 - the second lesson in classes
from 13:00 - lunch and a short break
14 hours - classes in calligraphy and drawing
from 15 to 17 - lessons in classes.
after 17 hours - a short rest, afternoon snack, a walk, games and gymnastic exercises
from 20 to 22 - dinner, a walk in the park and repetition of lessons
22 hours - evening prayer and sleep
LICEUM TEACHERS
“The main rule is that pupils should never be idle,” says the “Decree on the Lyceum”. In this regard, each professor considered it his duty and after hours to occupy lyceum students with useful work. For example, the drawing teacher Sergei Gavrilovich Chirikov arranged literary meetings for pupils in his apartment. We owe him wonderful illustrations by Pushkin to his own poems. The teacher of "Russian literature" Nikolai Fedorovich Koshansky regularly gave poetry assignments to students. As a result, handwritten literary magazines “Lyceum Sage”, “Inexperienced Pen”, “Bulletin” appeared in the lyceum environment. Yakov Ivanovich Kartsev, the founder of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, arranged physics and mineralogical studies at the Lyceum. At the same time, the lyceum authorities did not spare money for the purchase of the most modern scientific instruments for the physics classroom. A special machine for demonstrating the laws of magnetism and electricity cost the Lyceum a huge sum of 1,750 rubles for those times.CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE LYCEUM STUDENT
“Pushkin (Alexander), 13 years old. He has more brilliant than solid talents, more ardent and subtle than a deep mind. His diligence in learning is mediocre, for diligence has not yet become his virtue. Reading set French books, but without a choice worthy of his age, he filled his memory with many successful places of famous authors; quite well-read in Russian literature, knows many fables and rhymes. His knowledge is generally superficial, although he begins to get used to a thorough reflection. Self-love, together with ambition, which sometimes makes him shy, sensitivity with a heart, hot outbursts of temper, frivolity and a special talkativeness with wit are characteristic of him. Meanwhile, good nature is also noticeable in him, knowing his weaknesses, he willingly accepts advice with some success. His talkativeness and wit took on a new and best view with a happy change in his way of thinking, but in general there is little constancy and firmness in his character.
Director of the Lyceum V. Malinovsky
PUSHKIN ISSUE
In 1817, the first graduation of the pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum into the state service took place - the most famous and unique. It is famous for the names of the Chancellor of the Russian Empire Alexander Gorchakov, the navigator Fyodor Matyushkin, the Decembrists Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, Vladimir Volkhovsky, the poet Anton Delvig, the composer Mikhail Yakovlev and, of course, Alexander Pushkin. In total, during the existence of the Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo (1811-1844), he gave 12 members of the State Council, 19 senators, 3 honorary guardians, 5 diplomats, more than 13 county and provincial marshals of the nobility, as well as numerous scientists and artists.An unheard of pedagogical innovation for those times was the abolition of any corporal punishment in the Lyceum and the complete equality of pupils. Other types of penalties were in use: putting a name on a black board, a special table in the classroom for the offender, secluded imprisonment in a punishment cell. In the future statesmen tried to develop self-esteem and respect for the personality of another person. They were taught that no one can despise others or be proud of anything before others, that teachers and tutors should always tell the truth, it was forbidden to shout at uncles and scold them. Lyceum students also did not feel any material harassment: each pupil had a separate room, there was a class table (desk), a chest of drawers and an iron bed covered with canvas, polished with copper decorations.
In the first years of study, there were no grades at the Lyceum. Instead, the professors regularly compiled characteristics in which they analyzed the student's natural inclinations, his behavior, diligence, and success. It was believed that a detailed description helped work with the student better than a single-digit assessment-figure.
Its library was of great importance in the life of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Unflagging attention was paid to the religious education of young men. In addition to planned classes on the law of God, the pupils independently read the Bible. Sunday and public holidays lyceum students were present at the services. All students attended spiritual singing classes and studied it with great diligence.
In 1816, the training of young men in horseback riding began, in 1817, swimming lessons, no less popular among lyceum students, were introduced. The place for exercises was a large bath in the royal garden. After swimming, medical control was carried out. Pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum had to do well at balls in secular society, so the famous dance teachers Guar and Ebergardt were invited to them.
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum really became a progressive and bright educational institution for its time. Many of the innovations mastered by teachers of that era are still successfully applied in modern practice. The noble motto "For the Common Benefit", which united the best young men of the beginning of the century, became the basis for educating people with a state mind, rooting for the well-being of their country and people.
