Approved
by order of the Ministry of Education
and sciences of the Russian Federation
FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD
HIGHER EDUCATION IN SPECIALTY
21.05.02 APPLIED GEOLOGY
(SPECIALTY LEVEL)
I. SCOPE
This federal state educational standard of higher education is a set of requirements that are mandatory for the implementation of basic professional educational programs higher education - specialist's degree programs in the specialty 21.05.02 Applied Geology (hereinafter respectively - the specialist's program, specialty).
II. ABBREVIATIONS USED
The following abbreviations are used in this federal state educational standard:
OK - general cultural competencies;
GPC - general professional competencies;
PC - professional competencies;
PSK - professionally specialized competencies;
FSES VO - federal state educational standard of higher education;
network form - a network form for the implementation of educational programs.
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIALTY
3.1. Education under the specialist's program is allowed only in educational organization higher education (hereinafter - the organization).
3.2. Training under the specialist's program in the organization is carried out in full-time, part-time and part-time in absentia learning.
In part-time or part-time forms, training can be carried out on the condition that applicants work in organizations associated with the mineral resource complex, or in organizations engaged in educational activities in this specialty.
The volume of the specialist's program is 300 credit units (hereinafter referred to as credits), regardless of the form of study, the educational technologies used, the implementation of the specialist's program using the network form, the implementation of the specialist's program according to an individual curriculum, including accelerated learning.
3.3. The term for obtaining education under the program of a specialist:
V full-time training, including holidays, provided after passing the state final certification, regardless of the educational technologies used, is 5 years. The volume of the specialist's program in full-time education, implemented in one academic year, is 60 z.u.;
in part-time or extramural forms of study, regardless of the educational technologies used, increases by at least 6 months and no more than 1 year (at the discretion of the organization), compared with the period for obtaining full-time education. The volume of the specialist's program for one academic year in part-time or extramural forms of study cannot be more than 75 CU;
when studying according to an individual curriculum, regardless of the form of education, no more than the period for obtaining education established for the corresponding form of education is established, and when studying according to an individual plan for persons with disabilities, it can be increased at their request by no more than 1 year compared to the term of obtaining education for the corresponding form of education. The volume of the specialist's program for one academic year when studying according to an individual curriculum cannot be more than 75 CU.
The specific term for obtaining education and the volume of the specialist's program implemented in one academic year, in part-time or part-time forms of education, according to an individual plan, are determined by the organization independently within the time limits established by this paragraph.
3.4. When implementing the specialist's program, the organization has the right to use e-learning and distance learning technologies.
When teaching people with disabilities, e-learning and distance learning technologies should provide for the possibility of receiving and transmitting information in forms accessible to them.
3.5. The implementation of the specialist's program is possible using the network form.
3.6. Educational activities under the specialty program is carried out in the state language of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise specified by the local normative act organizations.
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
GRADUATES WHO MASTERED THE SPECIALTY PROGRAM
4.1. The field of professional activity of graduates who have mastered the specialist's program includes the fields of science, engineering and technology, covering a set of problems associated with the development of the mineral resource base, based on the study of the Earth and its interior with the aim of forecasting, prospecting, exploration, exploitation of solid, liquid and gaseous minerals, engineering and geological surveys to meet the needs of the fuel, metallurgical, chemical industries, the needs of agriculture, construction, and assessment of the ecological state of territories.
4.2. The objects of professional activity of graduates who have mastered the program of the specialist are:
mineral natural resources (solid metallic, non-metallic, liquid and gaseous), methods of their search and exploration;
technologies for studying crystals, minerals, rocks, deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous minerals, geological formations, the earth's crust, the lithosphere and planet Earth as a whole;
equipment and technologies of geological, mineralogical, geochemical, hydrogeological, engineering-geological mapping and mapping;
technologies for forecasting, geological and economic assessment and exploitation of mineral deposits;
equipment and technologies for the production of works on open and underground mines, quarries, mines, prospecting, exploration and production wells;
geoinformation systems - subsoil research technologies;
ecological functions of the lithosphere and the ecological state of mining areas of subsoil use.
4.3. Types of professional activities for which graduates who have mastered the specialist's program are preparing:
production and technological;
design;
research;
organizational and managerial.
Specializations for which graduates who have mastered the specialist's program are trained:
specialization N 1 "Geological survey, prospecting and exploration of deposits of solid minerals";
specialization N 2 "Search and exploration of groundwater and engineering-geological surveys";
specialization N 3 "Geology of oil and gas";
specialization N 4 "Applied geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology".
When developing and implementing a specialist's program, an organization focuses on a specific type (types) of professional activity for which (which) a specialist prepares and chooses a specialization based on the needs of the labor market, research and material and technical resources of the organization.
4.4. A graduate who has mastered the specialist's program is ready to solve the following professional tasks:
in accordance with the type (types) of professional activity, to which (which) the specialty program is oriented:
design of technological processes for the study natural objects at the stages of regional geological study, prospecting, exploration and development of mineral deposits;
solving production, scientific and production problems in the course of field geological, geophysical, geochemical, environmental and geological work, cameral, laboratory and analytical studies;
operation of modern field and laboratory equipment and instruments;
registration of primary geological, geological-geochemical, geological-geophysical and geological-environmental documentation of field observations, sampling of the soil-vegetative layer, rocks and minerals on the surface, in open and underground mine workings and wells, in surface and underground waters and subsoil air ;
keeping records of work performed and assessing their economic efficiency;
processing, analysis and systematization of field and field geological, geophysical, geochemical, ecological and geological information using modern methods of its automated collection, storage and processing;
development of methodological documents in the field of geological survey, prospecting, exploration, exploitation work, geological and economic assessment of subsoil use objects as part of creative teams;
implementation of measures for the safe conduct of geological exploration and protection of personnel and environment at all stages of production;
project activity:
implementation of scientific and technical projects in the field of geological, geochemical and environmental mapping of territories, forecasting, prospecting, exploration, development, geological, economic and environmental assessment of mineral deposits, as well as objects associated with underground structures;
carrying out research work in the field of rational subsoil use of mineral resources, monitoring of pollution of territories of mineral resource complexes and protection of the geological environment as part of creative teams;
examination of scientific research and design work in the field of geology, geochemistry, geological and industrial ecology of mineral objects as part of creative teams and independently;
the product of the development of complex geological-genetic, predictive-search and geological-industrial models of deposits, fields, units of solid minerals;
development and examination of innovative projects;
drawing up geological, methodological and production and technical sections of projects for the activities of production units as part of production teams and independently;
development of technology for conducting geological survey, prospecting and exploration work at mineral deposits and drawing up a geological task for their implementation;
setting tasks and conducting research field, field, laboratory and interpretation work in the field of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and geological and industrial ecology as part of creative teams and independently;
analysis and generalization of the results of research work using modern achievements of science and technology, advanced domestic and foreign experience in the field of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and geological and industrial ecology;
study of modern achievements in science and technology, advanced domestic and foreign experience in the field of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, geological and industrial ecology, methodology for prospecting, exploration and geological and economic assessment of mineral deposits;
implementation of experimental modeling of natural processes and phenomena using modern means of collecting and analyzing information;
compiling sections of reports, reviews and publications on research work as part of teams and independently;
assessment of the economic efficiency of research and development work in the field of geology, geochemistry, geological and industrial ecology, methods of prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits;
preparation and holding of lectures, master classes, seminars, scientific and technical conferences, presentations, preparation and editing of scientific and educational publications;
planning and organizing their work and labor relations in the team, taking into account technical, financial and human factors;
planning and organization of research, scientific and production field, field, cameral, laboratory, analytical work in the field of geology, geochemistry and geological and industrial ecology;
monitoring compliance with established safety and labor protection requirements, current regulations and rules for conducting geological exploration;
performance of a feasibility study, geological survey, search and exploration work and management decision-making;
implementation vocational training under professional training and retraining programs for employees of state mining and geological services and bodies of the Federal Tax Inspectorate of Russia.
according to specialization:
forecasting, based on the analysis of the geological situation, the probable industrial type of a mineral, formulating favorable criteria for its location and allocating a promising area for setting up further work;
drawing up independently and as part of a team of projects for geological exploration at different stages of study and at various sites;
conducting geological mapping, prospecting, appraisal and exploration work in various landscape and geographical conditions;
designing the location of mine workings, wells;
selection of types, methods of sampling (ordinary, geochemical, mineralogical, technological) and methods of their analysis for studying the components of the natural environment, including rocks and minerals, when solving issues of mapping, prospecting, exploration, technology for the development and processing of mineral raw materials;
assessment of forecast resources and calculation of reserves of solid mineral deposits;
analysis, systematization and interpretation of engineering-geological and hydrogeological information;
planning and organization of engineering-geological and hydrogeological studies;
modeling of exogenous geological and hydrogeological processes;
drawing up programs for engineering-geological and hydrogeological studies, building maps of engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions;
assessment of engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions for various types of economic activity;
carrying out calculations of hydrogeological parameters and stability of structures in connection with the development of negative exogenous geological processes;
forecasting hydrogeological and engineering-geological processes and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of forecasts;
assessment of the accuracy and reliability of the performed hydrodynamic and engineering-geological forecasts;
search and exploration of oil, gas, gas condensate fields;
processing and interpretation of drilling by deep wells of geological sections;
interpretation of hydrodynamic studies of wells and formations to assess the complex characteristics of formations and bottomhole zones of wells;
identification of reservoir rocks and seals in sections drilled by wells, on seismic profiles, mapping of natural reservoirs and oil and gas traps;
assessment of resources and calculation of reserves of oil, combustible gases, gas condensate;
implementation of geological support for the development of oil and gas fields;
application of knowledge of physical and chemical mechanics for the implementation of technological processes for the collection and preparation of products from oil and gas wells;
implementation of environmental expertise of projects, drawing up an environmental passport, assessment, prevention of environmental damage at production facilities and elimination of its consequences;
orientation in state of the art world economy, assessing the role of oil and gas in its development;
field study of igneous and metamorphic complexes, metasomatic rock halos, selection of material for laboratory study of rocks;
performing diagnostics of minerals, rocks and ores using modern research methods;
possession modern methods processing, systematization and interpretation of petrochemical data, including the use of software;
based on the facts collected, draw conclusions about the origin and conditions of formation of igneous, metamorphic and metasomatic rocks, identify the relationship between these rocks and minerals;
carrying out processing of geochemical data with the construction of specialized maps, sections and models of litho-, hydro-, atmo- and biogeochemical halos;
interpretation of isotope geochemistry data to establish the age of rocks, complexes, as well as to identify relationships between rocks and minerals with probable sources of ore formation;
use of knowledge of methods of mineralogical-geochemical and mineralogical-technological mapping in practical work.
V. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE OUTCOMES OF THE PROGRAM OF THE SPECIALTY
5.1. As a result of mastering the specialist's program, the graduate should form general cultural, general professional, professional and professionally specialized competencies.
5.2. A graduate who has mastered the specialty program must have the following general cultural competencies:
the ability to abstract thinking, analysis, synthesis (OK-1);
readiness to act in non-standard situations, bear social and ethical responsibility for the decisions made (OK-2);
readiness for self-development, self-realization, use of creative potential (OK-3);
the ability to use the basics of philosophical knowledge, analyze the main stages and patterns historical development for awareness social significance its activities (OK-4);
the ability to use the basics of economic knowledge in assessing the effectiveness of performance in various areas (OK-5);
the ability to communicate in oral and written forms in Russian and foreign languages to solve problems of interpersonal and intercultural interaction (OK-6);
ability for self-organization and self-education (OK-7);
the ability to use general legal knowledge in various fields of activity (OK-8);
the ability to maintain the proper level of physical fitness to ensure full-fledged social and professional activities (OK-9);
the ability to use first aid techniques, methods of protection in conditions emergencies(OK-10).
5.3. A graduate who has mastered the specialist's program must have the following general professional competencies:
the ability to solve standard tasks of professional activity on the basis of information and bibliographic culture using information and communication technologies and taking into account the basic requirements of information security (OPK-1);
readiness for communication in oral and written forms in Russian and foreign languages to solve the problems of professional activity (GPC-2);
willingness to lead a team in the field of their professional activity, tolerantly perceiving social, ethnic, confessional and cultural differences (GPC-3);
the ability to navigate the basic provisions of economic theory, apply them taking into account the characteristics of a market economy, independently conduct a job search in the labor market, master the methods of economic assessment scientific research, intellectual labor (OPK-4);
the ability to organize one's work, independently evaluate the results of one's activities, possess the skills independent work, including in the field of scientific research (OPK-5);
willingness to conduct scientific research independently or as part of a group, implementing special means and methods for obtaining new knowledge (GPC-6);
understanding the essence and importance of information in the development of the modern information society, awareness of the danger and threat arising in this process, compliance with the basic requirements of information security, including the protection of state secrets (OPK-7);
the use of basic methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing and processing information, the availability of skills in working with a computer as a means of information management (OPK-8);
possession of the basic methods for protecting production personnel and the population from the possible consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters (OPK-9).
5.4. A graduate who has mastered a specialty program must have professional competencies corresponding to the type (types) of professional activity to which the specialty program is (are) oriented:
production and technological activities:
willingness to use theoretical knowledge in the performance of industrial, technological and engineering research in accordance with specialization (PC-1);
the ability to choose technical means for solving general professional problems and exercise control over their use (PC-2);
the ability to conduct geological observations and carry out their documentation at the object of study (PC-3);
the ability to link their observations on the ground, draw up diagrams, maps, plans, sections of geological content (PC-4);
the ability to carry out geological and economic assessment of objects of study (PC-5);
the ability to carry out geological quality control of all types of geological work at different stages of the study of specific objects (PC-6);
readiness to apply the rules for ensuring the safety of technological processes, as well as personnel when working in the field, at mining enterprises, fields and laboratories (PC-7);
willingness to apply the basic principles rational use natural resources and environmental protection (PC-8);
project activity:
the ability to prepare and agree on geological assignments for the development of design solutions (PC-9);
willingness to use knowledge of methods for designing field and cameral exploration works, performing engineering calculations to select technical means during their implementation (PC-10);
the ability to carry out technical calculations for projects, feasibility and cost analysis of the effectiveness of projects (PC-11);
research activities:
the ability to establish relationships between facts, phenomena, events and to formulate scientific tasks on their generalization (PC-12);
the ability to study, critically evaluate the scientific and scientific and technical information of domestic and foreign experience on the subject of research in the geological direction (PC-13);
the ability to plan and execute analytical, simulation and experimental studies, critically evaluate research results and draw conclusions (PC-14);
ability to conduct math modeling processes and objects based on standard packages of computer-aided design and research (PC-15);
the ability to prepare data for the preparation of reviews, reports and scientific publications (PC-16);
organizational and managerial activities:
the ability to determine the cost estimate of the main production resources (PC-17);
the ability to organize the work of executors, to find and make managerial decisions in the field of organization and standardization of labor, the willingness to be a leader (PC-18);
the ability to draw up technical documentation for the implementation of the technological process (work schedules, instructions, plans, estimates, applications for materials, equipment), as well as established reporting in approved forms (PC-19);
the ability to analyze the costs and results of the activities of production units, evaluate and seek the necessary resource support for professional activities (PC-20).
5.5. A graduate who has mastered the specialist's program must have professionally specialized competencies corresponding to the specialization of the specialist's program:
specialization N 1 "Geological survey, prospecting and exploration of solid minerals":
the ability to predict, based on the analysis of the geological situation, the probable industrial type of a mineral, formulate favorable criteria for its location and allocate promising areas for setting up further work (PSK-1.1);
the ability to draw up independently and as part of a team projects for geological exploration at different stages of study and at various sites (PSK-1.2);
the ability to carry out geological mapping, prospecting, evaluation and exploration work in various landscape and geographical conditions (PSK-1.3);
the ability to design the places of laying of mine workings, wells, to carry out their documentation (PSK-1.4);
the ability to choose types, methods of sampling (ordinary, geochemical, mineralogical, technological) and methods of their analysis to study the components of the natural environment, including rocks and minerals, when solving issues of mapping, prospecting, exploration, technology for the development and processing of mineral raw materials (PSK- 1.5);
the ability to assess predictive resources and calculate the reserves of solid mineral deposits (PSK-1.6);
specialization N 2 "Search and exploration of groundwater and engineering and geological surveys":
the ability to analyze, systematize and interpret engineering-geological and hydrogeological information (PSK-2.1);
the ability to plan and organize engineering-geological and hydrogeological studies (PSK-2.2);
the ability to model exogenous geological and hydrogeological processes (PSK-2.3);
the ability to draw up programs for engineering-geological and hydrogeological studies, to build maps of engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions (PSK-2.4);
the ability to assess engineering-geological and hydro-geological conditions for various types of economic activity (PSK-2.5);
the ability to carry out calculations of hydrogeological parameters and the stability of structures in connection with the development of negative exogenous geological processes (PSK-2.6);
the ability to predict hydrogeological and engineering-geological processes and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of forecasts (PSK-2.7);
the ability to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the performed hydrodynamic and engineering-geological forecasts (PSK-2.8);
specialization N 3 "Geology of oil and gas":
the ability to carry out prospecting and exploration of oil, gas, gas condensate fields (PSK-3.1);
the ability to process and interpret geological sections discovered by deep wells (PSK-3.2);
the ability to interpret hydrodynamic studies of wells and reservoirs to assess the complex characteristics of reservoirs and bottom-hole zones of wells (PSK-3.3);
the ability to identify reservoir rocks and seals in sections drilled by wells, on seismic profiles, to map natural reservoirs and oil and gas traps (PSK-3.4);
the ability to assess resources and calculate reserves of oil, combustible gases, gas condensate (PSK-3.5);
the ability to carry out geological support for the development of oil and gas fields (PSK-3.6);
willingness to apply the knowledge of physical and chemical mechanics for the implementation of technological processes for the collection and preparation of well products from oil and gas fields (PSK-3.7);
the ability to carry out an environmental review of projects, draw up an environmental passport, assess, prevent environmental damage at production facilities and eliminate its consequences (PSK-3.8);
the ability to navigate the current state of the world economy, assess the role of oil and gas in its development (PSK-3.9);
specialization N 4 "Applied geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology":
the ability to conduct field studies of igneous and metamorphic complexes, aureoles of metasomatic rocks, to select material for laboratory research of rocks (PSK-4.1);
the ability to perform diagnostics of minerals, rocks and ores using modern research methods (PSK-4.2);
possession of modern methods of processing, systematization and interpretation of petrochemical data, including the use of software (PSK-4.3);
the ability, based on the facts collected, to draw conclusions about the origin and conditions of formation of igneous, metamorphic and metasomatic rocks, to identify relationships between these rocks and minerals (PSK-4.4);
the ability to process geochemical data with the construction of specialized maps, sections and models of litho-, hydro-, atmo- and biogeochemical halos, as well as, on the basis of their interpretation, to identify promising areas for setting up further work (PSK-4.5);
the ability to interpret isotope geochemistry data to establish the age of rocks, complexes, as well as to identify relationships between rocks and minerals with probable sources of ore formation (PSK-4.6);
the ability to use knowledge of the methods of mineralogical-geochemical and mineralogical-technological mapping in practical work (PSK-4.7).
5.6. When developing a specialist's program, all general cultural, general professional, professional competencies related to those types of professional activities that the specialist's program is focused on, as well as professionally specialized competencies related to the chosen specialization, are included in the set of required results of mastering the specialist's program.
5.7. When developing a specialist's program, an organization has the right to supplement the set of competencies of graduates, taking into account the focus of the specialist's program on specific areas of knowledge and (or) type (s) of activity or specialization of the program.
5.8. When developing a specialist's program, the requirements for learning outcomes in individual disciplines (modules), practices, the organization establishes independently, taking into account the requirements of the relevant exemplary basic educational programs.
VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPECIALTY PROGRAM
6.1. includes a mandatory part (basic) and a part formed by participants in educational relations (variable). This makes it possible to implement specialist degree programs with different specializations within the same specialty.
6.2. The specialist's program consists of the following blocks:
Block 1 "Disciplines (modules)", which includes disciplines (modules) related to the basic part of the program, and disciplines (modules) related to its variable part.
Block 2 "Practices, including research work (R&D)", which is fully related to the basic part of the program.
Block 3 "State Final Attestation", which is fully related to the basic part of the program and ends with the assignment of qualifications specified in the list of specialties and areas of higher education, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
The structure of the specialist's program
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The structure of the specialist's program |
The volume of the specialist's program in z.u. |
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Disciplines (modules) | ||
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Basic part | ||
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Including disciplines (modules) of specialization (if any) | ||
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Variable part | ||
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Practices, including research work (R&D) | ||
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Basic part | ||
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State final certification | ||
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Scope of the specialist's program | ||
6.3. Disciplines (modules) and practices related to the basic part of the specialist's program are mandatory for students to master, taking into account the specialization of the program that he is mastering. The set of disciplines (modules) and practices related to the basic part of the specialist's program is determined by the organization independently in the scope established by this Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, taking into account the relevant (relevant) exemplary (exemplary) main (basic) educational (educational) program (programs).
6.4. Disciplines (modules) in philosophy, history, foreign language, life safety are implemented within the framework of the basic part of Block 1 "Disciplines (modules)" of the specialist's program. The volume, content and procedure for the implementation of these disciplines (modules) are determined by the organization independently.
6.5. Disciplines (modules) for physical education and sports are implemented within the framework of:
the basic part of Block 1 "Disciplines (modules)" of the specialist's program in the amount of at least 72 academic hours (2 credits) in full-time education;
elective disciplines (modules) in the amount of at least 328 academic hours. The specified academic hours are obligatory for development and in z.e. are not translated.
Disciplines (modules) in physical culture and sports are implemented in the manner prescribed by the organization. For people with disabilities and people with disabilities, the organization establishes a special procedure for mastering disciplines (modules) in physical culture and sports, taking into account their state of health.
6.6. Disciplines (modules) related to the variable part of the specialist's program determine, among other things, the specialization of the specialist's program. The set of disciplines (modules) related to the variable part of the specialist's program is determined by the organization independently in the scope established by this Federal State Educational Standard. After the student chooses the specialization of the program, a set of relevant disciplines (modules) becomes mandatory for the student to master.
6.7. Block 2 "Practices, including research work (R&D)" includes educational and production, including undergraduate, practice.
Type educational practice:
practice in obtaining primary professional skills and abilities, including primary skills and abilities of research activities.
Field trip type:
practice for obtaining professional skills and experience of professional activity.
Ways of conducting educational and industrial practice:
stationary;
visiting.
Pre-diploma practice is carried out to perform the final qualifying work and is mandatory.
When developing specialist's programs, the organization selects the types of practices depending on the type (s) of activity, to which (which) the specialist's and specialization program is oriented. The organization has the right to provide for other types of practices in the specialist's program in addition to those established by these Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education.
Educational and (or) production practice can be carried out in structural divisions organizations.
The choice of places for internships for persons with disabilities is made taking into account the state of health of students and accessibility requirements.
6.8. Block 3 "State final certification" includes the defense of the final qualification work, including preparation for the defense procedure and the defense procedure, as well as preparation for passing and passing the state exam (if the organization has included the state exam in the state final certification).
6.9. When developing a specialty program, students are provided with the opportunity to master disciplines (modules) of their choice, including special conditions for people with disabilities and persons with disabilities, in the amount of at least 30 percent of the variable part of Block 1 "Disciplines (modules)".
6.10. The number of hours allotted for lecture-type classes, in general, for Block 1 "Disciplines (modules)" should not exceed 50 percent of the total number of classroom hours allocated for the implementation of this Block.
VII. REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION CONDITIONS
SPECIALTY PROGRAMS
7.1. General system requirements for the implementation of the specialist's program.
7.1.1. The organization must have a material and technical base that complies with the current fire rules and regulations and ensures the conduct of all types of disciplinary and interdisciplinary training, practical and research work of students, provided for by the curriculum.
7.1.2. Each student during the entire period of study must be provided with individual unlimited access to one or more electronic library systems (electronic libraries) and to the electronic information and educational environment of the organization. The electronic library system (electronic library) and the electronic information and educational environment should provide the ability for the student to access from any point where there is access to the information and telecommunication network "Internet" (hereinafter referred to as the "Internet" network), both on the territory of the organization and and outside of it.
The electronic information and educational environment of the organization should provide:
access to curricula, work programs of disciplines (modules), practices, to publications of electronic library systems and electronic educational resources specified in work programs;
move fixation educational process, the results of intermediate certification and the results of mastering the main educational program;
conducting all types of classes, procedures for assessing learning outcomes, the implementation of which is provided for using e-learning, distance learning technologies;
the formation of an electronic portfolio of the student, including the preservation of the student's work, reviews and assessments of these works by any participants in the educational process;
interaction between participants in the educational process, including synchronous and (or) asynchronous interaction via the Internet.
The functioning of the electronic information and educational environment is ensured by appropriate means of information and communication technologies and the qualifications of employees using and supporting it. The functioning of the electronic information and educational environment must comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
7.1.3. In the case of the implementation of the specialist's program in the network form, the requirements for the implementation of the specialist's program must be provided by a set of resources of material and technical, educational and methodological support provided by organizations participating in the implementation of the specialist's program in the network form.
7.1.4. In the case of the implementation of the specialist's program at departments or other structural divisions of the organization created in accordance with the established procedure in other organizations, the requirements for the implementation of the specialist's program must be provided by a combination of resources of these organizations.
7.1.5. The qualifications of the management and scientific and pedagogical employees of the organization must comply with the qualification characteristics established in the Unified Qualification Directory for the Positions of Managers, Specialists and Employees, section "Qualification Characteristics of the Positions of Managers and Specialists of Higher Professional and Additional vocational education", approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of January 11, 2011 N 1n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 23, 2011, registration N 20237), and professional standards (if any).
7.1.6. The share of full-time scientific and pedagogical workers (in rates reduced to integer values) must be at least 50 percent of the total number of scientific and pedagogical workers of the organization.
7.2. Requirements for personnel conditions for the implementation of the specialist's program.
7.2.1. The implementation of the specialist's program is provided by the management and scientific and pedagogical employees of the organization, as well as persons involved in the implementation of the specialist's program on the terms of a civil law contract.
7.2.2. The share of scientific and pedagogical workers (in terms of rates reduced to integer values) with an education corresponding to the profile of the discipline (module) taught, in the total number of scientific and pedagogical workers implementing the specialist's program, must be at least 70 percent.
7.2.3. The share of scientific and pedagogical workers (in terms of rates reduced to integer values) who have an academic degree (including an academic degree awarded abroad and recognized in the Russian Federation) and (or) an academic title (including an academic title obtained abroad and recognized in the Russian Federation), the total number of scientific and pedagogical workers implementing the specialist's program must be at least 60 percent.
7.2.4. The share of employees (in terms of rates reduced to integer values) from the number of managers and employees of organizations whose activities are related to the focus (profile) of the specialist program being implemented (having at least 3 years of work experience in this professional field) in the total number of employees implementing the specialist program, must be at least 5 percent.
7.2.5. Up to 10 percent of the total number of teachers with an academic degree and (or) academic title can be replaced by teachers with experience in practical work in this area as managers or leading specialists for more than 10 years.
7.3. Requirements for the material and technical and educational and methodological support of the specialist's program.
7.3.1. Special premises should be classrooms for conducting lecture-type classes, seminar-type classes, course design (term papers), group and individual consultations, current control and intermediate certification, as well as rooms for independent work and rooms for storage and preventive maintenance of educational equipment. Special rooms should be equipped with specialized furniture and technical means teaching, serving to present educational information to a large audience.
For conducting lecture-type classes, sets of demonstration equipment and educational visual aids are offered, providing thematic illustrations corresponding to exemplary programs of disciplines (modules), working curricula disciplines (modules).
The list of material and technical support necessary for the implementation of the specialist's program includes laboratories equipped with laboratory equipment, depending on the degree of its complexity. Specific requirements for material and technical and educational and methodological support are determined in exemplary basic educational programs.
Premises for independent work of students should be equipped with computers with the ability to connect to the Internet and provide access to the electronic information and educational environment of the organization.
In the case of the use of e-learning, distance learning technologies, it is allowed to replace specially equipped rooms with their virtual counterparts, allowing students to master the skills and abilities provided for by professional activities.
In case of non-use in the organization of the electronic library system (electronic library) library fund must be completed with printed publications at the rate of at least 50 copies of each of the publications of the main literature listed in the work programs of disciplines (modules), practices and at least 25 copies of additional literature per 100 students.
7.3.2. The organization must be provided with the necessary set of licensed software (the composition is determined in the work programs of disciplines (modules) and is subject to annual renewal).
7.3.3. Electronic library systems (electronic library) and electronic information and educational environment must provide simultaneous access to at least 25 percent of students in the specialist's program.
7.3.4. Students should be provided with access (remote access), including in the case of using e-learning, distance learning technologies, to modern professional databases and information reference systems, the composition of which is determined in the work programs of disciplines (modules) and is subject to annual updating.
7.3.5. Students from among persons with disabilities should be provided with printed and (or) electronic educational resources in forms adapted to their disabilities.
7.4. Requirements for the financial conditions for the implementation of the specialist's program.
7.4.1. Financial support for the implementation of the specialist's program should be carried out in an amount not lower than the basic standard costs established by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for the provision of public services in the field of education for a given level of education and direction of training, taking into account adjustment factors that take into account the specifics of educational programs in accordance with the Methodology for determining regulatory costs for the provision of public services for the implementation of educational programs of higher education in specialties (training areas) and enlarged groups of specialties (training areas), approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of October 30, 2015 N 1272 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on November 30 2015, registration N 39898).
- Undergraduate
- 21.03.01 Oil and gas business
- 21.03.02 Land management and cadastres
- 21.03.03 Geodesy and remote sensing
- Specialty
- 21.05.01 Applied geodesy
- 21.05.02 Applied Geology
- 21.05.03 Exploration technology
- 21.05.04 Mining
- 21.05.05 Physical processes of mining and oil and gas production
- 21.05.06 Oil and gas equipment and technologies
The future of the industry
Application latest methods physics and chemistry in historical geology is the main core of the future of this science. However imperfect these methods may be, it is obvious that they have a great future.
Oil and gas business is one of the most demanded areas of human activity. And if earlier the capital of the state was estimated by the amount of gold, now it is by the amount of oil and gas. Russia has a huge stock of these substances, but most of them are located in hard-to-reach places - on the shelf in the northern seas, or in hard-to-reach lands of the tundra. Developing and discovering new oil and gas fields is a task for modern specialists.
By 2017, an oil and gas industry will be formed in the Far East, focused on the markets of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
In the Far East, in addition to oil, gas and ore producing enterprises, it is planned to build a number of processing plants, the products of which will be immediately exported.
According to the forecasts of the Ministry, as part of the development of the oil and gas complex, up to 17,000 highly qualified jobs will be created by 2017, and more than 30,000 at related enterprises.
In the field of land use, in the coming years it is planned to eliminate the existing miscalculations in the organization of the use, reproduction and protection of the land and resource potential of Russia through the implementation of a consistent land, economic, environmental, demographic and technological policy. And it is up to the future graduates of the Applied Geology, Mining, Oil and Gas and Geodesy direction to implement these solutions.
First semester
1. Basic information about the Universe: the Big Bang theory, expansion, relic radiation, methods of studying the Universe. Visible and invisible matter in the Universe.
2. Giant clusters of stars - galaxies: sizes, morphology. Milky Way. Stars: their classification by luminosity, the relationship between luminosity and mass of stars. Neutron stars and black holes. Evolution of stars in time.
3. Characteristics of the Sun as class G stars: energy sources, shell structure, solar activity, solar wind.
4. Basic data on the composition, structure, size and satellites of the planets of the inner (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and outer (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) groups.
5. Belt of asteroids. Meteorites, their composition and significance for geology. Comets. Hypotheses of the origin of the solar system. Short review catastrophic hypotheses. Evolutionary hypotheses of Kant-Laplace, Schmidt, Fesenkov. The two reservoir hypothesis. Ideas about heterogeneous and homogeneous accretion of the Earth.
6. Magnetic field: Earth's magnetosphere, magnetic declination and inclination. Migration of magnetic poles and their inversion. Regional and local magnetic anomalies. The nature of the Earth's magnetic field.
7. Earth's gravitational field, its inhomogeneities: local and regional anomalies. The concept of isostosia.
8. Thermal field of the Earth: ideas about the sources of energy of the Earth, geothermal gradient and step. Belt of constant temperatures. The use of the thermal energy of the Earth by man.
9. Earth's atmosphere: gas composition, density and temperature heterogeneity. The ozone layer and its importance for life on Earth. Radiation belts in the atmosphere.
10. Hydrosphere: ground and underground components. Forms of finding water: liquid, solid and gaseous and their volume ratios to each other. Biosphere. Noosphere - as a shell of the active manifestation of human activity.
11. The shape and size of the Earth. Features of the structure of its surface. The concept of the geoid. Mass and density of the Earth. Basic information about the earth's crust, mantle and core. Composition and structure of the earth's crust. Chemical composition of the earth's crust.
12. The concept of minerals. Classifications of minerals. The most important rock-forming minerals. The main rocks and their division according to the conditions of formation: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Minerals and rocks as minerals.
13. Types of the earth's crust: continental, oceanic and transitional. Asthenosphere, lithosphere, tectonosphere. Ideas about the state of aggregation of masses inside the Earth and the alleged chemical composition geospheres.
14. Objective difficulties in the study of the Earth: the complexity of the structure, huge size, duration of geological processes. Methods used in the study of the Earth (direct observations (geological mapping), comparative historical, actualistic, geophysical, chemical, remote, etc.).
15. Geological sciences: crystallography, mineralogy, petrography, lithology, structural geology, geotectonics, petrology, volcanology, sedimentology, geodynamics, seismology, mineral geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, etc.
16. Sciences related to geology that study the Earth with their own methods: geophysics, geochemistry, paleontology.
17. Methods for determining the relative age of rocks. Paleontological method, as the main one for determining the relative age of sedimentary and volcanic-sedimentary rocks. Geochronological scale: major stratigraphic and geochronological units.
18. Determination of the isotopic age of geological formations. The most important isotope-radiometric methods: uranium-thorium-lead, potassium-argon, rubidium-strontium, samarium-neodymium, radiocarbon. Age of the Earth and rocks of the earth's crust.
19. Definition of the process of volcanism. Products of volcanic activity: liquid, solid and gaseous. Ground and underwater eruptions. Types of volcanoes according to the nature of the volcanic structure: central type (stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, shield), fissure type.
20. The structure of volcanic apparatuses of the central type: cone, vent, crater, bokki, somma, caldera, barancoses. Types of volcanoes by the nature of eruptions (effusive, explosive, intermediate type). post-volcanic activity. Formation of fumaroles, solfataras, mofet, geysers, thermal springs.
21. Patterns of distribution of active and extinct volcanoes on the Earth's surface. The main varieties of volcanic rocks (by silicic acidity). Minerals associated with volcanoes.
22. The concept of intrusive magmatism. Ideas about the origin of magmas and the levels of their generation. The main varieties of intrusive rocks and their differences from volcanic. Processes inside magma chambers: segregation, gravitational-crystallization differentiation, assimilation.
23. Forms of occurrence of intrusive rocks, sizes, composition, relationships with host rocks Discordant bodies: batholiths, stocks, dikes, igneous veins. Concordant bodies: forces, laccoliths, lopolites. Abyssal and hypabyssal intrusions. The role of magmatic and postmagmatic processes in the formation of minerals.
24. Definition of the process of metamorphism. Factors (agents) of metamorphism. The nature of metamorphic transformations (textural-structural, mineral, chemical). Types of metamorphism: contact (low pressure), regional (medium pressure), dislocation (dynamometamorphism), high pressure metamorphism. Progressive and regressive metamorphism. Minerals associated with metamorphic formations.
25. Tectonic movements of the earth's crust. Horizontal, vertical movements and their combinations. Signs and methods for detecting tectonic movements. Transgressions and regressions of the seas as indicators of vertical movements of the earth's crust.
26. Folded (plicative), discontinuous (disjunctive). Folds and elements of their structure. Anticlinal and synclinal folds. Elements of the structure of the folds.
27. Discontinuous dislocations: cracks (discontinuities without displacement) and discontinuities with displacement. Elements of discontinuous violations. Faults, uplifts, shifts, pushes, thrusts. Grabens, rifts, horsts.
28. Ideas about seismic phenomena as a result of tectonic movements. Examples of the strongest earthquakes. Source, hypocenter, epicenter of an earthquake. Depths of earthquake sources. Earthquake intensity scale: ball and magnitude. Earthquake energy.
29. Methods for studying earthquakes. Seismographs, the principle of their design and operation. Causes of earthquakes. Regularity of distribution of earthquakes on the Earth. seismic belts. Short-term and long-term earthquake forecast. Earthquake harbingers.
30. Weathering. Determination of the weathering process. Physical weathering and its factors. The structure of eluvial deposits.
31. Chemical weathering. factors of chemical weathering. Types of weathering crusts (linear and areal) and their vertical zonality. Influence of climate on the type of weathering (physical or chemical). Minerals associated with weathering processes.
32. Geological activity of the wind - eolian activity. Types of geological work of the wind (destruction of rocks, transfer and accumulation of material). Deflation and Corruption. Eolian transport and accumulation.
33. Deserts and their types (sandy, clayey, loess and solonchak). Deflationary and accumulative deserts. Forms of eolian deposits: dunes, dunes, ridges, hilly sands. Movement of sand accumulations. Placement of deserts on the territory of Russia and their development. Fight against the blowing sands.
34. Planar slope runoff. Deluvium.
35. Temporary runoff. Ravines are temporary water streams. Backward erosion, material transport, gully deposits – ravine alluvium. Characteristics of ravine alluvium.
36. Mountain temporary flows and their deposits - proluvium. Main features of proluvial alluvial fans. Mudflows are a special kind of temporary streams.
37. River flows. Types of river erosion: bottom and side. The basis of erosion and the reasons for its fluctuation. Development of a longitudinal balance profile of the river. Meandering as a result of lateral erosion of rivers. Forms of material transfer by rivers. River deposits - alluvium. Distinctive features of alluvium. Channel and floodplain alluvium.
38. River valleys and their evolution. Reasons for the formation of river terraces. Above floodplain terraces and their types. Deltas, estuaries and conditions of their formation. Minerals associated with the activity of surface flowing waters. Economic importance of rivers, protection of their resources.
39. Geological activity of groundwater. Forms of finding water in rocks. Origin of groundwater: infiltration. condensation, sedimentogenic, juvenile and dehydration waters.
40. Types of groundwater. Soil water. Verkhovodka. Ground water. Movement and regime of groundwater. Interstratal non-pressure waters. Pressure (artesian) interstratal waters. Areas of supply, unloading, pressure. Piezometric level. Artesian pools.
41. Chemical and gas composition of groundwater. Mineral waters: carbonic, hydrogen sulfide, radioactive. Deposits of mineral springs. Minerals associated with the activity of mineralized thermal waters. Economic importance of groundwater.
The study of the Earth is engaged in geology and sciences are interconnected with each other. Geophysics studies the mantle, crust, outer liquid and inner solid core. The discipline explores the oceans, surface and ground waters. This science also studies the physics of the atmosphere. In particular, aeronomy, climatology, meteorology. What is geology? Within this discipline, several other studies are carried out. Next, find out what geology studies.
General information
General geology is a discipline that studies the structure and patterns of development of the Earth, as well as other planets belonging to the solar system. In addition, this also applies to their natural satellites. General geology is a complex of sciences. The study is carried out using physical methods.
Main directions
There are three of them: historical, dynamic and descriptive geology. Each direction is distinguished by its basic principles, as well as research methods. Let's take a closer look at them next.
Descriptive direction
It studies the placement and composition of the corresponding bodies. In particular, this applies to their shapes, sizes, relationship and sequence of occurrence. In addition, this direction deals with the description of rocks and various minerals.
Study of process evolution
This is what dynamic direction does. In particular, the processes of destruction of rocks, their movement by wind, underground or ground waves, and glaciers are studied. Also, this science considers internal volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, the movement of the earth's crust and the accumulation of precipitation.
Chronological order
Speaking about what geology studies, it should be said that research extends not only to phenomena that take place on Earth. One of the directions of the discipline analyzes and describes the chronological order of processes on the Earth. These studies are carried out within the framework of historical geology. Chronological order organized in a special table. She is better known as She, in turn, is divided into four intervals. This was done in accordance with the stratigraphic analysis. The first interval covers the following period: the formation of the Earth - the present. Subsequent scales reflect the last segments of the previous ones. They are marked with asterisks on an enlarged scale.
Features of absolute and relative age
The study of the geology of the Earth is of great importance for humanity. Thanks to research, he became known for example. Geological events are assigned an exact date related to a specific point in time. In this case, we are talking about absolute age. Events can also be assigned to certain scale intervals. This is relative age. Speaking about what geology is, it should be said that, first of all, it is a whole complex of scientific research. Within the discipline, various methods are used to determine the periods to which specific events are tied.
Radioisotope dating method
It was opened at the beginning of the 20th century. This method provides a way to determine absolute age. Before its discovery, geologists were severely limited. In particular, only relative dating methods were used to determine the age of the relevant events. Such a system can only establish a sequential order recent changes and not the date they were made. Nevertheless, this method still remains very effective. This applies to the case where materials devoid of radioactive isotopes are available.
Comprehensive study
A comparison of a certain stratigraphic unit with another occurs at the expense of layers. They consist of sedimentary and rocky rocks, fossils and surface deposits. In most cases, the relative age is determined using the paleontological method. The same is mainly based on chemical and physical properties ah rocks. As a rule, this age is determined by radioisotope dating. This refers to the accumulation of decay products of the corresponding elements that are part of the material. Based on the received data, the approximate date of occurrence of each event is established. They are located at certain points of the general geological scale. To build an accurate sequence, this factor is very important.
Main sections
It is rather difficult to briefly answer the question of what geology is. It should be noted here that science includes not only the above directions, but also various groups of disciplines. At the same time, the development of geology continues today: new branches of the scientific system appear. Previously existing and emerging new groups of disciplines are associated with all three areas of science. Thus, there are no exact boundaries between them. What geology studies is studied to some extent by other sciences. As a result, the system comes into contact with other areas of knowledge. There is a classification of the following groups of sciences:
Mineralogy
What does geology study within this section? Researches concern minerals, questions of their genesis, and also classification. Lithology deals with the study of rocks that were formed in processes associated with the hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. It is worth noting that they are still inaccurately called sedimentary. Geocryology deals with the study of a number of characteristic features and properties that permafrost rocks acquire. Crystallography was originally one of the areas of mineralogy. At present, it can rather be attributed to a physical discipline.
Petrography
This branch of geology studies metamorphic and igneous rocks mainly from the descriptive side. In this case, we are talking about their genesis, composition, textural features and classification.
The earliest section of geotectonics
There is a direction that is engaged in the study of disturbances in the earth's crust and the forms of occurrence of the corresponding bodies. Its name is structural geology. It must be said that as a science, geotectonics appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Structural geology has studied medium and small scale tectonic dislocations. Size - tens to hundreds of kilometers. Given science finally formed only towards the end of the century. Thus, there was a transition to the allocation of tectonic units on a global and continental scale. In the future, the doctrine gradually developed into geotectonics.
Tectonics
This branch of geology studies. It also includes the following areas:
- Experimental tectonics.
- Neotectonics.
- Geotectonics.
Narrow sections
- Volcanology. Pretty narrow branch of geology. He is studying volcanism.
- Seismology. This branch of geology deals with the study of geological processes that occur during earthquakes. This also includes seismic zoning.
- Geocryology. This branch of geology focuses on the study of permafrost.
- Petrology. This branch of geology studies the genesis, as well as the conditions for the origin of metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Process sequence
Everything that geology studies contributes to a better understanding of certain processes on earth. For example, the chronology of events is an essential subject. After all, every geological science has a historical character to one degree or another. They are considering existing formations from this very point of view. First of all, these sciences clarify the sequence of formation of modern structures.
Period classification
The entire history of the Earth is divided into two major stages, which are called eons. Classification occurs according to the appearance of organisms with solid parts that leave traces in sedimentary rocks. According to paleontological data, they allow one to determine the relative geological age.
Research subjects
Phanerozoic began with the appearance of fossils on the planet. Thus, an open life developed. This period was preceded by the Precambrian and Cryptozoic. At this time there was a hidden life. Precambrian geology is considered a special discipline. The fact is that she studies specific, mostly repeatedly and strongly metamorphic complexes. In addition, it is characterized by special research methods. Paleontology focuses on the study of ancient life forms. She conducts a description of fossil remains and traces of the vital activity of organisms. Stratigraphy determines the relative geological age of sedimentary rocks and the division of their strata. She also deals with the correlation of various formations. Paleontological definitions are the source of data for stratigraphy.
What is Applied Geology
Some areas of science somehow interact with others. However, there are disciplines that are on the border with other branches. For example, the geology of minerals. This discipline deals with the methods of finding and reconnaissance of rocks. It is divided into the following types: geology of coal, gas, oil. There is also a metallogeny. Hydrogeology focuses on the study of groundwater. There are many disciplines. All of them are of practical importance. For example, what is This section dealing with the study of the interaction of structures and the environment. Soil geology is in close contact with it, since, for example, the choice of material for the construction of buildings depends on the composition of the soil.
Other subtypes
- Geochemistry. This branch of geology focuses on the study of the physical properties of the earth. It also includes a set of exploration methods, including electrical exploration of various modifications, magnetic, seismic and gravity exploration.
- Geobarothermometry. This science is engaged in the study of a set of methods for determining the temperatures and pressures of the formation of rocks and minerals.
- Microstructural geology. This section deals with the study of rock deformation at the micro level. The scale of aggregates and grains of minerals is implied.
- Geodynamics. This science is focused on the study of processes on a planetary scale that occur as a result of the evolution of the planet. The relationship of mechanisms in the earth's crust, mantle and core is being studied.
- Geochronology. This section deals with determining the age of minerals and rocks.
- Lithology. It is also called sedimentary petrography. Engaged in the study of relevant materials.
- History of geology. This section focuses on the body of information received and the mining business.
- Agrogeology. This section is responsible for the search, extraction and use of agro-ores for agricultural purposes. In addition, he studies the mineralogical composition of soils.
The following geological sections are focused on the study of the solar system:
- Cosmology
- Planetology.
- Space geology.
- Cosmochemistry.
mining geology
It is differentiated by types of mineral raw materials. There is a division into the geology of non-metallic and ore useful rocks. This section deals with the study of the patterns of placement of the corresponding deposits. Their connection with the following processes is also established: metamorphism, magmatism, tectonics, sedimentation. Thus, an independent branch of knowledge appeared, which is called metallogeny. The geology of non-metallic minerals is also subdivided into the sciences of combustible substances and caustobioliths. This includes shale, coal, gas, oil. The geology of non-combustible rocks includes building materials, salts, and more. This section also includes hydrogeology. It is dedicated to groundwater.
Economic direction
It is a rather specific discipline. It appeared at the intersection of economics and geology of minerals. This discipline focuses on the cost estimates of subsoil areas and deposits. The term "mineral resource", given this, can be attributed to the economic sphere rather than to the geological one.
Intelligence Features
The geology of the deposit is an extensive scientific complex, within the framework of which measures are taken to determine the industrial value of rock areas that have received a positive assessment based on the results of prospecting and evaluation activities. During exploration, geological and industrial parameters are set. They, in turn, are necessary for the appropriate assessment of the sites. This also applies to the processing of recoverable minerals, the provision of operational measures, the design of the construction of mining enterprises. Thus, the morphology of the bodies of the corresponding materials is determined. This is very important for the selection of a mineral post-treatment system. There is an installation of the contours of their bodies. This takes into account the geological boundaries. In particular, this applies to the surface of faults and contacts of lithologically different rocks. It also takes into account the nature of the distribution of minerals, the presence of harmful impurities, the content of associated and main components.
Upper horizons of the crust
They are studied by engineering geology. The information that is obtained during the study of soils provides an opportunity to determine the suitability of the relevant materials for the construction of specific objects. The upper horizons of the earth's crust are often referred to as the geological environment. The subject of this section is information about its regional features, dynamics and morphology. Interaction with engineering structures is also being studied. The latter are often referred to as elements of the technosphere. This takes into account the planned, current or implemented economic activity of a person. Engineering-geological assessment of the territory involves the selection of a special element, which is characterized by homogeneous properties.
A few basic principles
The above information allows you to understand quite clearly what geology is. At the same time, it must be said that science is considered historical. It has many important tasks. First of all, it concerns the determination of the sequence of geological events. For the qualitative fulfillment of these tasks, a number of intuitively regular and simple features related to the temporal relationship of rocks have long been developed. Intrusive relationships are contacts of the corresponding rocks and their strata. All conclusions are made on the basis of the detected features. Relative age also allows us to determine secant relationships. For example, if it breaks rocks, then this allows us to conclude that the fault was formed later than them. The principle of continuity is that construction material, from which the layers are formed, can be stretched over the surface of the planet in the event that it is not limited by some other mass.
Historical information
The first observations are usually attributed to dynamic geology. In this case, this refers to information about the movement of coastlines, erosion of mountains, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Attempts to classify geological bodies and describe minerals were made by Avicenna and Al-Burini. Currently, some scholars suggest that modern geology originated in the medieval Islamic world. Similar studies were carried out during the Renaissance by Girolamo Fracastoro and Leonardo da Vinci. They were the first to suggest that fossil shells are the remains of extinct organisms. They also believed that the history of the Earth itself is much longer than the biblical ideas about it. At the end of the 17th century arose general theory about the planet that came to be called diluvianism. Scientists of that time believed that the fossils and the sedimentary rocks themselves were formed due to the global flood.
Demand for minerals increased very rapidly already closer to late XVIII century. Thus, the bowels began to be studied. Basically, the accumulation of factual materials, descriptions of the properties and features of rocks, as well as the study of the conditions of their occurrence, was carried out. In addition, observation techniques were developed. For almost the entire 19th century, geology was entirely concerned with the question of the exact age of the Earth. Estimated estimates varied quite a lot: from a hundred thousand years to billions. However, the age of the planet was originally determined already at the beginning of the 20th century. In many ways, this was facilitated by radiometric dating. The estimate then obtained is about 2 billion years. The true age of the Earth has now been established. It is approximately 4.5 billion years old.
