This year humanity celebrated the 55th anniversary of the space age, which was pioneered by the Soviet Sputnik-1, launched on October 4, 1957, the first messenger of mankind in space, which became the starting point of a new era and a symbol of progress. This event served as one of the main milestones in the technological development of earthly civilization, and also gave rise to the space race of superpowers. On April 12, 1961, the first manned flight into space took place, which was made by Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. This historical event paved the way for the exploration of outer space for the benefit of all mankind.
Over the course of more than half a century, cosmonautics has become an area of concentration of advanced achievements. Among them is access to outer space, the creation of orbital stations, the implementation of numerous scientific and technological experiments on them, flights to other planets. Many countries have launched their own artificial satellites Earth. During this time, about 500 people have been in space and flights of automatic stations to the Moon, Mars, Venus and Jupiter have become familiar. Among those who paved the way for humanity to the stars, there are also our illustrious countrymen twice Heroes Soviet Union Petr Klimuk and Vladimir Kovalenok. Our compatriot Oleg Novitsky is getting ready to fly into space.
Petr Klimuk
Petr Ilyich Klimuk is the first Belarusian cosmonaut, scientist in the field technical sciences, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR, Colonel-General of Aviation, Corresponding Member International Academy astronautics, academician Russian Academy cosmonautics, doctor of technical sciences. In 1965, our countryman was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps. At 23, he became a colleague of Yuri Gagarin. Passed full course general space training and preparation for space flights on Soyuz-type spacecraft and Salyut-type orbital stations. Pyotr Klimuk was in space three times and spent 78 days there.
Petr Klimuk is a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR and the State Prize of Russia. Awarded with the Order"For Services to the Fatherland" III and IV degrees, three Orders of Lenin, the Order "For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" III degree, the medal "For Merit in Space Exploration", the Order "For Service to the Motherland" II degree, the Order of Friendship of Peoples, the Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary citizen of Brest and the Brest region. Streets in the cities of Kletsk and Rogachev, in the villages of Motol Ivanovsky, Nizhny Terebezhov and Rubel of the Stolinsky districts are named after Klimuk. A bronze bust of Pyotr Klimuk was installed in Brest, and in 1978 a museum of cosmonautics was opened in the homeland of the astronaut.
Vladimir Kovalenok
Vladimir Vasilyevich Kovalenok, Colonel-General of Aviation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics is one of the pioneers of space exploration. He was not yet twenty-two years old when he arrived in the aviation unit. After several years of service, he was enrolled in 1967 in the cosmonaut corps. Vladimir Kovalenok made three flights into space, spent a total of 216 days in space, including two hours in open space.
For the successful implementation of space flights and merits in the development and strengthening of scientific, technical and military cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, Vladimir Kovalyonok was awarded three Orders of Lenin, Orders "For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" III degree, "For Merit to the Fatherland" III degree, the Order "For Service to the Motherland" II degree, he was also awarded the Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the city of Krupki, Minsk region, a bronze bust of the famous cosmonaut was installed.
Oleg Novitsky
Oleg Viktorovich Novitsky, who was born in Cherven, Minsk region, will head the main crew, which will fly to the International Space Station on October 23, 2012.
Oleg Novitsky was born on October 12, 1971. He graduated from the Borisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School named after V.P. Chkalov, the Kachinsky Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots and the Air Force Academy named after Yu.A. Gagarin. Served as a pilot instructor fighter aviation regiment training center named after V.P. Chkalov, served as a pilot, senior pilot, flight commander, deputy commander of an aviation squadron of an assault aviation regiment of the 4th Air Army and 4th Army of the Air Force and Air Defense of the North Caucasian Military District, served as commander of the ShAP 4 aviation squadron 1st Air Force and Air Defense Army. He took part in activities to restore constitutional order in the Chechen Republic. He has the title of "Veteran of Combat Actions".
From February 2007 to July 2009 he passed general space training at the Yu.A. Gagarin CTC, on August 1, 2009, by the decision of the Interdepartmental Qualification Commission, he was awarded the qualification "test cosmonaut". From August 2009 to March 2010 he was trained as a member of the ISS program specialization group, from March 2010 to May 2012 - as a member of the ISS-31/32 backup crew as a spacecraft commander and ISS flight engineer, from May 2012 - as a member of ISS-33/34 prime crew as the spacecraft commander and ISS flight engineer.
Everyone who knows Oleg Novitsky says that he smiles everywhere and always. That is why many people compare our countryman with Gagarin. Moreover, Oleg Novitsky reminds the first Soviet cosmonaut not only with amazing charm, but also with a certain external resemblance. He is married and has a daughter. Now his mother Valentina Eduardovna lives in Cherven. As soon as there is an opportunity and free time, Oleg tries to visit Belarus.
Belarus joined the club of space powers
On July 22, 2012, Belarus successfully launched its own spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, thanks to which it became a space power and full member club of space powers. Thanks to the launch of the satellite, Belarus will be able to create an independent system for remote sensing of the Earth, which will allow refusing the services of other states for receiving and processing space information. It will provide full coverage of the territory of Belarus with satellite imagery. The target equipment on the satellite is Belarusian. Manufactured at OAO "Peleng". The period of active existence of the Belarusian spacecraft is five years.
After the satellite went into orbit, the President of the Republic of Belarus A. Lukashenko said: “We have launched our satellite. Belarus has become a space power, as we once planned. We have preserved and increased a very important school for Belarus. After all, space is the highest technology We have also created a new enterprise, we are ready to manufacture satellites ourselves."
The Belarusian spacecraft will make it possible to obtain black-and-white images with a maximum resolution of 2.1 m. This will be enough to see immovable objects, be it buildings or bridges, as well as to obtain their exact coordinates. In addition, cars can be seen in the pictures. At the same time, it will be possible to obtain color images with a maximum resolution of 10.5 m. Space information is in high demand in forestry, the Ministry of emergencies, Ministry Agriculture and food, as well as the Ministry natural resources and protection environment. With the help of its own satellite, Belarus plans not only to cover domestic needs for satellite images, but also to sell them to other countries. Some countries, including Azerbaijan and Venezuela, have already shown interest in Belarusian space information.
Belarus has all the necessary infrastructure for receiving, transmitting and processing space information. As part of the ground segment of the Belarusian space system remote sensing of the Earth includes the Belarusian ground-based control complex and the Belarusian ground-based complex for receiving, processing and disseminating space information. The Belarusian ground control complex combines the satellite flight control center (MCC) and the command and measurement complex.
The concept of the Belarusian space system for remote sensing of the Earth was developed by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. Thus, the project took 9 years to complete.
Belarus and Russia within Union State Since 1999, three space programs have been implemented: Cosmos-BR, Cosmos-SG and Cosmos-NT. Two more union programs are currently being implemented - "Nanotechnology-SG" and "Standardization-SG". As part of Nanotechnology-SG, new materials and equipment are being developed, which are planned to be used in the future in the manufacture of equipment for both spacecraft and ground needs.
Also, Belarus and Russia have been creating two satellites for remote sensing of the earth for more than four years: BKA and Kanopus-V. With the launch of the Belarusian spacecraft and the Russian Canopus-V, Belarus and Russia have actually created an orbital constellation of satellites that will be used in the interests of our two states.
On July 18, 2012, the Council of Ministers of the Union State approved the concept of the Union State program "Development of space and ground-based means of providing consumers in Russia and Belarus with information from remote sensing of the Earth" - "Monitoring-SG" for 2013-2017. The program is aimed at creating tools, technologies and software systems in the interests of improving the reliability, performance and survivability of space means for remote sensing of the Earth.
At present, the preparation of a draft national space program for 2013-2017 has begun in Belarus. The corresponding decision was made by the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Among the main directions new program- development of the system of remote sensing of the Earth, space communications. It is also planned to form a system of a unified navigational-temporal field of Belarus.
On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made the first flight into space in the history of mankind. website in honor of the Day of Cosmonautics, which is traditionally celebrated in the post-Soviet countries on this day, recalls the most significant achievements of Belarusians in this area.
Belarusians in space
The first Belarusian cosmonaut is Piotr Klimuk. In December 1973, he spent a week on the Soyuz-13 spacecraft doing astrophysical observations and research. The next time he went into space in May 1975, this time he spent 63 days in orbit. Pyotr Klimuk wrote a book about his flights, “Zory – pobach. The book of another pallet.
Peter comes from the village of Komarovka (now Tomashevka) in the Brest region. Every year on Cosmonautics Day, a basketball game is held in the village, and Peter himself signs autographs during it. In Brest, a commemorative bust was erected to the Belarusian cosmonaut, and collectible postage stamps were issued in his honor.
Another Belarusian who has been in space is Vladimir Kovalyonok. Moreover, he did this three times: in 1977, and then in 1978 and 1981 - in total it turned out 216 days in earth orbit. Now Vladimir Kovalyonok is the President of the Belarusian Republican Federation of Cosmonautics.
In total, in the history of Belarusian cosmonautics, three men managed to fly into space. And the third one is Oleg Novitsky. In 2012, he became the commander of the Soyuz TMA-06M spacecraft, which launched from Earth on October 23.
Satellite "BelKA -2" and the status of a space power
On July 22, 2012, Belarus launched its first satellite into earth orbit, which was named BelKA-2. The device was launched for the needs of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, as well as agriculture and forestry. "BelKa" is an abbreviation for "Belarusian Spacecraft". Together with the satellite, Belarus received the international status of a space power. It is planned that BelKA-2 will operate until 2018.
The first attempt to launch a satellite in 2006 was unsuccessful - then the device fell 150 kilometers from the city of Baikonur, where the launch took place. This happened due to an emergency situation on the Dnepr launch vehicle. Fortunately, the device was insured, so the reimbursed funds were used to create another satellite, the launch of which has already been successful.
Rocket fuel
The famous scientist in the field of space technologies, Belarusian Boris Kit, left for the United States back in Soviet years. In America, he was engaged in the development of fuel based on liquid hydrogen for spaceships, worked on creating a more powerful and efficient variant. Largely thanks to him, they were able to launch legendary ships Apollo and Shuttle.
For these merits, the book with the name of Boris Kit, along with the names of other great scientists, was placed in a time capsule, which is walled up in the wall of the American Capitol. In 1960, Boris Kit published the first ever textbook on propellants for rocket systems.
Unique equipment and technology
Belarusians were entrusted with an inventive mission in the Soviet space program. Ships and satellites needed special high-precision monitoring and sensing equipment. It was the Belarusians who developed several of the most important technical innovations of that time. For example, systems of remote sensing of the Earth which carried out the analysis in various ranges of optical radiation.
Belarusians have put their hands to the creation of the most complex optoelectronic and radio engineering systems for trajectory measurements, photo astronomical installations and complexes for processing all types of images. In Minsk, studies of low-temperature plasma were carried out, and the skin of spacecraft is still being created on the basis of technologies developed by scientists from the Belarusian Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer.
Joint programs and projects
Belarus continues to actively develop cooperation in the field of cosmonautics within the framework of the Union State. Currently, two major programs are being implemented related to monitoring and sounding of the Earth's territories from space, in which Belarus is directly involved: "Monitoring - SG" and "Technique SG".
Telecommunication satellite "Belintersat-1"
Since January 2016, the first Belarusian telecommunications satellite Belintersat-1 has been operating. It is designed to transmit radio and television signals, as well as provide Internet access.
The device was launched from the Xichang cosmodrome (China), its launch became possible thanks to cooperation with the Chinese company China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Following the launch of the satellite, a ground-based control complex was introduced - it is located near Minsk.
International Space Congress
In February of this year, Belarus applied to host the 31st International Space Congress in our country. For this, a special 7-minute video was prepared, which told about our country as a space power. And at the end of March it became known that it was approved - in September 2018, an event.
Applications (in addition to Belarus) were also filed by Ukraine, Lithuania and Italy. The decision to hold the congress in Belarus was made unanimously. It is expected that more than a hundred astronauts from all over the world will come to our country. By the way, the opening of the alley of cosmonauts in Minsk is also planned to coincide with the date of the congress.
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Dedicated to the 55th anniversary of Gagarin's flight into space and the 61st anniversary of the Baikonur Cosmodrome
The basis of the photo exhibition "Belarus and Space" is made up of photographs of natives of Belarus who have made a worthy contribution to the development of the theory and practice of space exploration: scientists, designers, heads of the Baikonur cosmodrome, famous cosmonauts. The section of the exhibition "Slutsk Museum of Local Lore: Exposition "Cosmonautics and Sluchchina"" presents photographs from the only exposition in Belarus dedicated to the famous people of Slutsk, whose life was closely connected with space.
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Exhibition sections:
1. The contribution of the natives of Belarus to space exploration
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Kazimir Semenovich
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1650). A native of Belarus. Back in 1650 he put forward the idea of creating a multi-stage ballistic rockets and described its design in his famous work “The Great Art of Artillery. Part one" |
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Vitold Karlovich Tserasky
(1849–1925). A native of the city of Slutsk. His father was a teacher geography at the local high school. From 1890 to 1916 headed the astronomical observatory of the Moscow state university. He has published over 90 scientific papers By astronomy and photometry. The famous astronomer, professor. |
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Boris Vladimirovich Kit
(1910). worldwide well-known specialist in the field of creating new species rocket fuel, mathematics and systems analysis. Author of the largest scientific developments in area development of intercontinental ballistic missiles. Honorary citizen of the city of Novogrudok |
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Semyon Arievich Kosberg
(1903–1965). A native of the city of Slutsk, from a blacksmith's family. Graduated from the Slutsk Commercial School in 1916, in 1931 - Moscow aviation institute, participated in the creation of aircraft engines for combat aircraft. Chief designer liquid rocket engine RD-0109, included as part of the third stage of the Vostok launch vehicle. Founder of the space design bureau "Chemistry". Under his leadership were created liquid propellant rocket engines who launched the first astronauts into space, spacecraft launched into orbit exploration of the Moon, Venus and Mars. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin awards in the field of rocket science, Doctor of Technical Sciences. In 1965 S.A. Kosberg tragically died in car accident. A crater is named after him. reverse side Moon |
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Konstantin Vasilievich Gerchik
(1918–2001). A native of the village of Sorogi, Slutsk region. Colonel General of Aviation, from 1958 to 1961 he held position of head of the Baikonur cosmodrome. Commanded the 49th Lida Missile Division of the 50th missile army of the Strategic Missile Forces |
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Yuri Averkievich Zhukov
(1933–2001). A native of Slutsk. Air Lieutenant General, head of the Baikonur Cosmodrome (1983–1988) test period of the launch vehicle "Zenith" and reusable space system "Energiya-Buran" |
2. Belarusian cosmonauts
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Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR Born on July 10, 1942 in the village of Komarovka, Brest region. From December 18 to 26, 1973 he made the first flight into space |
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Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR Born March 3, 1942 in the village of Beloe Krupskogo |
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test cosmonaut Russian Federation Born on October 12, 1971 in the city of Cherven, Minsk region. |
To the 55th anniversary of the first manned flight into space
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Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the village of Klushino in the Smolensk region, in the family of a collective farmer. In 1951 he was a student at the Saratov Industrial College. It was then that Gagarin became interested in aviation and began to study at the Saratov flying club. In 1955 he graduated with honors from a technical school and an flying club, having made the first solo flight on the Yak-18 aircraft. After graduating from a technical school, he was sent to the city of Orenburg to study at the 1st Chkalovskoye military aviation school for pilots. At the end of 1957, Gagarin arrived at the service in fighter aviation regiment Northern Fleet. Y. Gagarin wrote a statement with a request enroll him in the group of candidates for astronauts. He signed up and started training. Four months before the flight, it became clear that it was Gagarin who would be the first to fly into space: the country's leadership was well aware that the first cosmonaut should be the face of our a state that adequately represents the Motherland in the international arena. his kind face and an open soul conquered everyone with whom he had to communicate. |
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At the end of April 1962, Yuri Gagarin went to his first overseas trip. "Mission of the world" of the first cosmonaut by country and continents lasted two years. Gagarin visited dozens of countries, met with hundreds of thousands of people. It was an honor to meet him. kings and presidents, politicians and scientists, artists and musicians. His name remained forever in the Cosmos, which he rediscovered for humanity: one of the largest craters on the far side of the moon named after Gagarin. In 1968, the International Aeronautical Federation established a medal named after Gagarin, which is awarded to individuals who have made a special contribution in aviation and aerospace. |
On March 27, 1968, Yuri Gagarin, along with pilot Vladimir Seregin, died near the village of Novoselovo. Vladimir region during a training flight. Gagarin's flight on the Vostok spacecraft lasted only 106 minutes, but it is not the number of minutes that determines the contribution of this person to the history of space exploration. He was the first person to conquer space. And he will remain the first forever.
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4. Space playground of the Universe
The cosmodrome (Federal Space Center Baikonur) was founded on June 2, 1955 on the territory of the Kzyl-Orda region of the Kazakh SSR as a Research test site No. 5 of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, intended for testing rocket technology. The launch area of the cosmodrome stretches for 85 kilometers from north to south and 125 kilometers from west to east. Baikonur began to be built in the Kazakh steppe on May 5, 1955. Initially, in the 1960-80s, the cosmodrome was called according to a special secret legend "Tashkent-90", "Kyzyl-Orda-50", the village of Zarya, the village of Zvezdograd, the village of Leninsky, the city of Leninsk. On December 20, 1995, he began to bear the name of the city of Baikonur.
The population of the city is about 70 thousand people, and more than half of them are citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The total area of the city is over 57 square kilometers. The infrastructure of Baikonur is more than 1,200 objects and structures.
On May 15, 1957, the first launch of the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile by the famous Soviet designer S.P. took place at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Queen. At the experimental test base of the Baikonur test site, combat missile systems of the design bureaus of S.P. Koroleva, V.P. Mishina, V.P. Glushko, M.K. Yangelya, V.F. Utkina, V.N. Chelomeya. In total, since 1955, more than 1,500 spacecraft for various purposes and over 100 intercontinental ballistic missiles have been launched at Baikonur, 38 main types of launch vehicles, more than 80 types of spacecraft and their modifications have been tested.
In 1960, the cosmodrome was awarded the Order of the Red Star, in 1965 - the Order of Lenin, in 1976 - the Order of the October Revolution. Honorary citizens of the city of Baikonur are 107 people who made huge contribution in space exploration, the creation of a nuclear missile shield of the USSR, the construction of a city and a cosmodrome.
On December 10, 1994, the governments of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan signed the Lease Agreement for the Baikonur Space Complex. Every year, at least 15-17 launch vehicles are launched from the cosmodrome. Every third rocket launched in the world is "Baikonur". Therefore, now Baikonur is the most operating cosmodrome in the world.
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Cosmonauts Alley, founded in 1961, is still is a favorite place for recreation and walks of residents and guests of Baikonur |
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The conquest of space was not without tragedies and victims. October 24, 1960 at the launch of the intercontinental ballistic missile R-16 disaster occurred, in which killed 74 civilian and military specialists and another 54 people received burns of varying degrees gravity. Chairman died state commission Chief Marshal artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin. In memory of the dead testers in Baikonur was erected this monument |
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Monument dedicated to the 20th anniversary of space exploration, Baikonur |
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| Over 100 intercontinental ballistic missiles were tested at Baikonur, including the ICBM 15A15 (SS-15) of a light class with a range of more than 10 thousand kilometers, which was in service Missile troops strategic purpose for almost 20 years. The monument was erected in honor of the 90th anniversary of the outstanding designer Mikhail Yangel | ||
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Night launch of a launch vehicle | |
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| Universal reusable space system "Energiya-Buran" on the launch pad in readiness for launch. Baikonur Cosmodrome | ||
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Removal of the universal reusable space system "Energy-Buran" to the launch pad. Baikonur Cosmodrome. 1988 |
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Retired ColonelAvilov Valentin Ivanovich. |
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Stages of the test "Buran" - June 1985 - at the Yubileiny airfield (Baikonur) the first comprehensive training session was held with a mock-up of the Buran OK;- During the three years of testing of the Buran OK, 60 automatic landings of the Tu-154 laboratory aircraft equipped with the Buranovsky complex of navigation and landing equipment were carried out; - May 1988 - flight tests of the largest transport aircraft AN-225 "Mriya" were carried out with loading, transportation and unloading by OK "Buran". The AN-225 aircraft, together with the Buran OK, flew to France to participate in the La Bourget air show; - November 15, 1988 - OK "Buran" made the world's first automatic landing on a special runway of the Yubileiny airfield, deviating from the center of the runway by 80 cm; - 1993 - all work on the Energia-Buran program was curtailed |
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The world-famous "Gagarin launch" at the Baikonur Cosmodrome | |
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Meeting of veterans of the Baikonur Cosmodrome. |
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Retired Colonel Uminsky Ivan Ivanovich Graduated from the Minsk Artillery and Mortar School (1957), |
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Separate engineering and testing part of the cosmodrome |
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5. Development of space in Belarus
Created within the space programs of the Union State information Technology, hardware and software complexes and devices significantly increase the export potential of Belarusian and Russian enterprises, and also allow, together with partners from other CIS countries and far abroad, to produce scientific and technical products for space and dual use, to launch their own spacecraft into space.
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Launch of the Russian launch vehicle Soyuz-FG/Fregat |
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Scheme of the launch of the Belarusian spacecraft (BelKA) into orbit. year 2012 |
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Station for receiving space information from BelKA. 2016 | |
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BelKA Mission Control Center. year 2014 | |
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Photo from space: Minsk - MKAD - Logoisk tract. year 2014 | |
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| The launch of the Belarusian communications satellite "Belintersat-1" in China. January 15, 2016 | ||
6. Slutsk Museum of Local Lore:
exposition "Cosmonautics and Sluchchina"
The Slutsk Local History Museum was founded in September 1952 and opened on November 7, 1952. The museum is a research, scientific and educational educational institution, as well as the main repository of monuments of material and spiritual culture related to the history and nature of the region. The local history museum has showroom and 6 exhibition halls, library, archive. One of the most interesting expositions of the museum is called "Cosmonautics and Sluchchina". This exposition contains documents and photographic materials about the Slutsk Gymnasium and its famous graduates- astronomer Vitold Tserask, rocket designer Sergei Kosberg, chiefs of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Generals Konstantin Gerchik and Yuri Zhukov.
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A set of food items for astronauts from the 1960s-1970s. |
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Certificate and breast ribbon of the Honorary Citizen of Baikonur K.V. Gerchik. Exposition "Cosmonautics and Slutsk" Slutsk Museum of Local Lore |
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National Kazakh costume donated by the administration |
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A set of items of equipment for the VKK-6M high-altitude compensating suit. Exposition "Cosmonautics and Slutsk" Slutsk Museum of Local Lore |
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Delegates of the XXII Congress of the CPSU. S.A. Kosberg next to Yu.A. Gagarin. Moscow. Exposition "Cosmonautics and Slutsk" Slutsk Museum of Local Lore |
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Camera "FED-6" and electric shaver "Kharkiv" honorary citizen Baikonur Lieutenant General Yu.A. Zhukov, donated by them to Slutsky local history museum. Exposition "Cosmonautics and Slutsk" Slutsk Museum of Local Lore |
The brilliant results of the theoretical and practical activities of Belarusian scientists, achieved in the 1950s and 60s in physics and mathematics, electronics and computer science, computer technology and software, instrumentation and mechanical engineering, created the prerequisites for space exploration and exploration in the USSR, the launch of the first Earth satellite and human spaceflight.
Thanks to their activities, today we have unique satellite systems Earth remote sensing and near-Earth space, the most complex optoelectronic and radio engineering systems for trajectory measurements of spacecraft, a number of photoastronomical installations for space geodesy, hardware and software systems and complexes for processing all types of images received from space, test equipment and a new microelectronic base for space instrumentation.
The cosmonautics of Belarus today is one of the critical factors that determine the further progressive socio-economic development of our country and improve its image in the world community.
On April 12, 2016, the President of the Republic of Belarus A.G. Lukashenko visited the Space Communications Center, which is being created in the village of Stankovo, Dzerzhinsky district, Minsk region.
- Belarus intends to follow the path of integration into the global information space by developing the National Satellite Communication and Broadcasting System: “ At one time, we started with the provision of services for the creation of satellites for other countries. Now, in cooperation, we can create this equipment ourselves, with someone's help, deliver it into space (we don't need spaceports). We control the satellite, receive and sell products from it. Launching a satellite, building a mission control center is a job for many businesses and thousands of people. It was the main thing for me that we would develop related industries.”
A.G. Lukashenko
- A project has been created to create a National Satellite Communication and Broadcasting System, which is being implemented in accordance with a contract between the Chinese industrial corporation "Great Wall" and the Belarusian plant of precision electromechanics. In January 2016, the Belarusian telecommunications satellite Belintersat-1 was launched from the Chinese cosmodrome. With its launch, Belarus entered the prestigious list of three dozen countries that have a satellite of their own communication system. The most optimal thing for us today is to have three satellites, which, being in geostationary orbit, will cover almost the entire territory of the Earth.
The names of Belarusian cosmonauts - Pyotr Klimuk, Vladimir Kovalenko and Oleg Novitsky - are known all over the world.
The correspondent of "Respublika" talked with these heroic people and found out how they will celebrate World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day this year and what they think about the present and future of space flights.
(From left to right) Oleg NOVITSKY, Vladimir KOVALENOK, Petr KLIMUK.
PHOTO ALEXANDER TOLOCHKO
Pyotr Klimuk, who made his first flight in 1973, was called for several days. The 75-year-old twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who spent 78 days in space, flying into orbit three times, is very busy: he is at the dacha, at the bank, at the wheel of a car - there is little time for talking.
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vladimir Kovalenok is now at home in the Moscow region. On Monday, he did not know exactly how he would celebrate his professional holiday. Recall that Vladimir Kovalenok went into orbit in 1977, and on his second flight he even went into outer space! In just three flights, he spent more than 217 days in orbit. Despite his venerable age - 76 years old, he is still the president of the Russian Cosmonautics Federation:
Ahead is the International Space Congress - 2018, which will be held in Minsk in September. I have a lot of work to do, I do it. What do I expect from the event? Communication of specialists, youth, scientists… Communication is the most precious thing we have. Another idea of mine is to show others our country, to show our achievements.
On the eve of the holiday, Vladimir Vasilievich wished success to all cosmonauts and the industry itself:
Let everyone solve the tasks that are set before them well. I wish you only success!
Oleg Novitsky, Hero of the Russian Federation, has been in space twice already. His flying time is 340 days. Now, according to the conclusion of the Chief Medical Commission, it is fit for the third flight. And despite the fact that there is no official appointment to the crew yet, in his current schedule training sessions and business trips ... I recently returned from Rostov-on-Don, where I took part in the events of the Southern federal university. And before that I was in Moscow - I talked with the guys from the Moscow Suvorov School, visited a little earlier Smolensk region on small homeland the first cosmonaut of the planet, Yuri Gagarin ... The cosmonaut has a lot of things to do, but he also found time for an interview:
It was more difficult for all those who got into the first detachments of astronauts than for us. Then each flight is like a step into the unknown. Now it's a little easier in this regard. And what is more difficult?.. If the first flights were a day, three days, a week, now they have become long-term - astronauts work in orbit for half a year. I don't think it's very easy.
The space industry is developing rapidly. Thousands work there the best minds world, ready to constantly improve the approach and quality of everything imaginable.
I flew in 2012 and 2016. I believe that in general, the training of cosmonauts has not changed - there are basic principles, time frames, everything goes according to a previously worked out scheme. Crews prepare, go on business trips, study partner modules, work out all emergency situations on the ship, and pass exams.
How fast is the technology that needs to be used on Earth and on the ISS changing? Oleg Novitsky says that it is difficult to fundamentally change something at the station. But without modernization, the matter is not complete. For example, on his second flight, he began to exercise on a new treadmill made by Russian manufacturers.
Oleg Viktorovich, and yet what has changed significantly in this century?
There always remains the basic part of what is repeated from flight to flight - what the astronauts must do. For example, a certain set of scientific, industrial, medical research. Now the number of joint experiments with partners from other countries has increased significantly. And they are very interesting! Under them, new equipment is being supplied, the range of research is expanding, we are exchanging information and experience. And this, I think, is very useful for all participants.
I can't help but ask Oleg Viktorovich if he follows space innovations. For example, Roscosmos plans to launch a mission to the Moon in the near future, start preparations for a flight to Mars, launch space drones that will refuel satellites ... China generally wants to create a rocket with a returnable first stage, and is also going to put it into orbit by 2020 the main module of its first future space station. The United States plans to replace the ISS with two habitable modules by 2021. SpaceX founder Elon Musk launched a Falcon Heavy super-heavy rocket into space with a Tesla electric car on board. Before us looms not only an unusual future - a grandiose present.
Previously, they did not believe in human flight into space, Oleg Novitsky argues. - You can't live without faith. Much is possible. As for the Falcon Heavy flight, I think this: if a person has a lot of money, and he invests it in the development of the same rockets with a good idea - to land the spent rocket module back to Earth, that's great. And the fact that he also sent a car and a mannequin into space - well, Elon Musk can afford little pranks.
Oleg Novitsky believes that Roscosmos, like all participants in the space sector, has many priority areas, and it is difficult to say who is the leader in astronautics now:
We take from each other the best things to work on the ISS and work together. As history has already shown, not one of the states - neither Russia nor the United States - can pull out such a program alone. It is profitable to fly with partners, to work with them. As for Russia, we have many ideas and tasks. Sergey Krikalev, executive director of Roscosmos for manned space programs, said that flights to the Moon, Mars, landing on an asteroid are all in the plans, but which of these programs will be determined as the main one is still unknown. Much effort needs to be put in a large number of specialists. If a ship is being prepared for a flight to the Moon - this is one thing, to Mars - it is completely different. Tasks will be assigned to subordinate organizations, industrialists, the cosmonaut training center and others. All these projects are very expensive, and everything needs to be thought through carefully and in detail.
When asked if he himself would go to the Moon or Mars, Oleg Viktorovich immediately answers: “With the appropriate development of technology, why not?” And finally, Oleg Novitsky congratulated all the cosmonauts on the holiday, adding:
And I would wish the birth of the second such great designer, a person like Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, to the industry itself.
April 10, 2016More than 500 people have been sent into space. Three of them are Belarusians Oleg Novitsky, Vladimir Kovalyonok and Piotr Klimuk. These names are familiar to every inhabitant of the neighboring republic of the Russian Federation. In this article, you will be provided with information about the Belarusian cosmonauts. So let's get started.
The beginning of the story
In 2015, humanity celebrated the 58th anniversary of the start of the space age. It all started on October 5, 1957, when Soviet scientists launched Sputnik-1 into orbit. For all the inhabitants of the planet, this was the discovery of the era of stars, galaxies and new worlds.
Soon, brilliant engineering minds prepared everything for the next stage of the development of the black abyss. And on April 12, 1961, a breakthrough was made. Yuri Gagarin was the first person to fly into space. And this first attempt to conquer extraterrestrial space became a landmark event in the history of the planet.
Over the next 50 years, astronautics developed at a fairly active pace. Dozens of orbital stations and hundreds of satellites were launched. Many technological and scientific experiments have been carried out. And, of course, Belarusian cosmonauts made a very significant contribution to this matter. We will describe the most famous of them below.
Petr Klimuk
This man needs no introduction. And for those who do not know, Piotr Klimuk is the first Belarusian cosmonaut, scientist, colonel general, doctor of technical sciences. In 1965, he was enrolled in a squad of conquerors of the starry sky. Later he became a colleague of Gagarin. Peter was then only 23 years old. The young man completed the astronaut training course. This allowed him not only to fly confidently on ships like the Soyuz, but also to work perfectly on orbital stations like the Salyut. As a commander, he made 3 space trips.
First flight
Held in 1973. Klimuk headed the Soyuz-13 spacecraft. The flight duration was a little over a week. In 1975, Pyotr Ilyich was enrolled in the Soyuz-17 reserve crew. In the same year, Klimuk became the understudy of the Soyuz-18-1 commander, which, unfortunately, had an unsuccessful start.
Second flight
It happened in May 1975 and lasted for 62 days. Pyotr Ilyich was assisted by flight engineer Sevastyanov. Soon their Soyuz-18-2 spacecraft successfully docked with the Salyut-4 orbital station. After returning to Earth, Klimuk began training under the Intercosmos program.
Third flight
During the third flight in June 1978, Pyotr Ilyich led the international crew along with the Polish cosmonaut Germashevsky. The Soyuz-30 operated by them successfully docked with the Salyut-6 station, on board of which were Ivanchenkov and Kovalenok. This time Klimuk stayed in space for seven days. His total flight experience is 78 days and 18 hours.
Out of space
Immediately after the third flight, Pyotr Ilyich was appointed head of the political department at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (TsPK). Then Klimuk became deputy head. In 1983 he received additional education at the Military-Political Academy of Lenin (in absentia). And in 1987 he defended his PhD thesis. For several years (from 1979 to 1984) he was a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Orders
Piotr Klimuk, like other Belarusian cosmonauts, has several awards. He is a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR and the Russian Federation. Pyotr Ilyich was also awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Merit for the Motherland, the Order of Friendship of Peoples and the Tsiolkovsky gold medal. Streets in such cities as Kletsk and Rogachev, as well as in the villages of Rubel, Nizhny Terebezhov and Motol, bear the name of Klimuk. In Brest, a bronze bust was erected to Peter Ilyich.
Vladimir Kovalenok
Any biography of Belarusian cosmonauts is remarkable, but the life story of this conqueror of the starry sky is perhaps the most interesting. Let's start with the fact that Kovalenok got into aviation at a very "green" age. But, as it turned out, 22 years is not an indicator. Vladimir became the main "cog" of the Soyuz-type spacecraft. On them, he conquered stellar space three times.
Service start
Like all Belarusian cosmonauts, Kovalenok received good training at the military aviation school. After graduating in 1963, he went to work in transport aviation. Vladimir flew the An-24 as a co-pilot. With time young man promoted to commander. In 1965, Kovalenok became a candidate for the cosmonaut corps. However, he was not credited, but left in reserve. The young man began training for space flight two years later.
First flight
In October 1977, Vladimir Vasilyevich made his first flight on Soyuz-25. Kovalyonok was the commander of the ship. The crew also included Vladimir Ryumin. According to the flight program, the Soyuz was supposed to dock with the Salyut-6 station. But this did not happen due to the switching of the rendezvous system to an emergency mode. The flight was canceled ahead of schedule. The total time spent in space was 2 days.
Second flight
It happened in 1978 and took much longer than the first. Kovalyonok was again the commander of the ship. This time he led the Soyuz-29 crew. The planned docking with the Salyut-6 station was very successful. During his stay on it, the crew of Vladimir Vasilyevich accepted two international expeditions: the German-Soviet (Jen, Bykovsky) and the Polish-Soviet (Germashevsky, Klimuk). On July 29, Kovalenok, together with Ivanchenko, made an exit into starry space. Outside the ship they were two and a half hours. On November 2, Vladimir Vasilyevich returned home on Soyuz-31. The total duration of the second journey was almost one hundred and forty days.
Third flight
This time, Kovalyonok headed the Soyuz T-4 spacecraft. The notorious Viktor Savinykh flew with him. And again they successfully docked with Salyut-6. Like last time, the cosmonauts accepted two international expeditions: the Romanian-Soviet (Prunariu, Popov) and the Mongolian-Soviet (Gurragchi, Dzhanibekov). The duration of this flight was almost seventy-five days.
Subsequent service
In 1984, Vladimir Vasilyevich successfully graduated from the Military Academy under General Staff Sun. After that, he received the position of deputy head of the 1st department of the Gagarin CTC, which was engaged in the training of astronauts. In connection with this appointment, he no longer took part in flights.
From 1989 to 1992 he worked as a people's deputy. In 1991 he headed the Belarusian Federation of Cosmonautics. In 1993, Vladimir Vasilievich was awarded the rank of Colonel General of Aviation. In 2001 he headed the Federation of Cosmonautics of Russia. He retired for age in June 2002.
Awards
We will finish the story about the Belarusian cosmonaut Kovalenka by listing the orders he has. Vladimir Vasilyevich has three Orders of Lenin, several Orders of Merit for the Motherland, and gold medal Tsiolkovsky. In the city of Krupki (Minsk region), a bronze bust was erected to Kovalenko.
Oleg Novitsky
This name is not inferior in popularity to the two listed above. Oleg Novitsky is a Belarusian cosmonaut who headed the Soyuz TMA-06M spacecraft. The launch took place in October 2012. This event has become a reason for pride for all Belarusians. In 2007, Novitsky underwent general space training, receiving the most high score. Thus, he put forward his own candidacy for the next flight into stellar space.
Oleg Novitsky is a Belarusian cosmonaut whose biography is known to every inhabitant of his country. He went to conquer the dark abyss right after celebrating his 41st birthday. People who know Oleg Viktorovich personally note his resemblance to Yuri Gagarin. Novitsky became the third Belarusian who saw the planet from the other side. In the near future, the fourth conqueror of the black abyss will surely appear.
Underflight
Belarusian cosmonauts Klimuk, Kovalyonok and Novitsky were able to fulfill their dream and visit starry sky. But there were also those who failed to do so.
Boris Belousov
Born in Khotimsk (Mogilev region) in 1930. Graduated from the Mozhaisky Air Force Academy in Leningrad. In 1965 he began to prepare for a flight into stellar space. Soon he was made a senior cosmonaut corps. After successful delivery State Exam Belousov was appointed to the Soyuz crew. There was very little left before the flight into space. The cherished dream was about to become a reality. But suddenly Belousov was expelled from the detachment. Boris was transferred to one of the military research institutes. The reason was that the credentials committee found a "dark spot" in his father-in-law's biography.
Anatoly Dedkov
He was born in the village of Luchin (Gomel region) in 1944. Graduated from the Kharkov Military Aviation School. After that, he was assigned to the cosmonaut corps. Having successfully passed the state exam, he was preparing to fly on the Salyut orbital station and on the Soyuz spacecraft. In 1977, Dedkov was appointed commander of the 2nd crew on Salyut-6 and Soyuz-26. All plans were crossed out by the unsuccessful docking of the 1st crew, which included such Belarusian cosmonauts as Ryumin and Kovalyonok. An order came from above: one crew member must have flight experience. This decision pushed Dedkov to the end of the queue, which was replenished annually with younger applicants.
tester
For the next 6 years, Anatoly Ivanovich was engaged in testing space technology in extreme conditions. He tested aircraft in the ocean and deserted areas (taiga, jungle, desert). Dedkov also practiced spacewalks in the Orlan spacesuit and tested the Sokol spacesuit. He has performed more than 50 spacecraft landings with a parachute of various levels of difficulty. But the number of experiments (sometimes dangerous to health) did not help Anatoly Ivanovich go into space. As a result, he was taken to the Mission Control Center for the position of chief operator. Colonel Dedkov never managed to become the third Belarusian to conquer the dark abyss.
Alexander Schukin
He was born in 1946, in the city of Vienna (Wienn), Austria, in the family of a military man. Shchukin graduated from the school of test pilots, and after - the Moscow Institute of Aviation. Alexander read a lot about Belarusian cosmonauts and dreamed of conquering starry space. As a result, Shchukin was sent to train in the Buran program, which was headed by Igor Volk. But Alexander's dream was never destined to come true. He crashed on a Su-26M aircraft during preparations for the holiday in Zhukovsky. On the indicated aircraft, Shchukin made a training flight in order to test it for a spin. Unfortunately, Alexander could not get the plane out of this critical mode, and it all ended in tragedy.
