This article is rather informative in nature, and will be useful to many students and teachers who rightly call themselves comprehensively developed personalities. On the agenda is a simple question, what is the difference between an academic degree and an academic title.
Someone will say that the difference is fundamental, but on the part of the teaching staff it is a fatal mistake not to know such elementary things.
Some terminology on the topic
So, academic degree And rank is the qualification of the teacher. It's like in the Navy: each officer has his own rank and, according to him, holds a certain position, receives wages with bonuses, and so on. In the field of pedagogy, everything is similar, only titles and degrees are called a little differently.
Accordingly, each teacher strives for an extraordinary award of an academic degree or title, which will have a beneficial effect not only on his prospects for the future, but also on the family budget.
However, as in the Navy, it is impossible to get such privileges for beautiful eyes; it is required not only to confirm one's high qualifications, but also to perform mandatory work in writing.
To understand in more detail what's what, it's worth finding out what academic degrees and titles are in the Russian Federation, and only then discussing issues of privileges and rewards.
Types of academic titles
All academic titles, as well as the procedure for obtaining them, on the territory of the Russian Federation were approved back in 2002, and since then no amendments or adjustments have been made to the legislative document.
So what are the options?
Assistant professor- This is the most common title in the university. Most often, lecturers are lecturers.
In addition, it can be researchers and other teachers of higher educational institutions, who were selected by the academic council of the faculty.
What does this mean?
A teacher can hold the position of associate professor, but not correspond to this title. This appointment responsibility is assumed by senior management, based on the ability and competence of the applicant.
For a teacher, this is a good start, because, holding the position of associate professor, you can soon get this academic title.
How is this possible?
To improve your qualifications and confer such an honorary title, you need:
Work as an assistant professor for at least a year;
It is obligatory to have a scientific and pedagogical experience of at least 5 years;
Professor is an educator high level competence with in-depth knowledge in a particular field of science or art.
It is also possible to get this title, but this requires:
Be a scientific and pedagogical worker;
teaching at universities;
Have your own scientific achievements;
Be an employee state academies sciences according to official attestation documents.
In general, you need to have not only teaching experience in your work, but also a “head on your shoulders” - to make discoveries, introduce know-how, publish reference literature And didactic material, as well as rapidly progressing in the studied field of education.
So it’s not easy to get such an honorary title, but it’s easy to lose.
In conclusion, we can add that both academic titles of "Associate Professor" or "Professor" must be supported by an official document without fail.
If the teacher simply holds the position of associate professor or professor, then he does not have the appropriate documentation; moreover, he can be shifted to another position when a certified professor or associate professor is employed.
Among academic titles are also known corresponding member And full member of the Academy of Sciences.
We will not discuss these titles in detail, since in student life they don't meet that often.
Types of academic degrees and their features
With academic degrees, the situation is much simpler, since there are only two of them, and they are well known to everyone - Ph.D(high) and PhD(primary degree).
All interested teachers can receive one of the degrees, but in this case it is required to additionally defend a dissertation.
In domestic pedagogy, several more degrees appeared, following the example of Western colleagues.
This is a bachelor's, master's and Ph.D., but they refer more to students than to the highest teaching staff.
Bachelor you can become after graduating from a technical school or a vocational school, as well as after a university, when there was simply not enough strength for a master's degree and an extra two years of study. It is the lowest of all existing academic degrees.
master differs from the bachelor's degree by two additional years of study. The task of the student is to continue his studies after the bachelor's degree, and, based on the results, successfully defend the thesis project, pass all state exams.
"Ph.D"- this is generally a European degree, which is more popular abroad. But in recent years, she got along well in domestic pedagogy, and is the next step after the master's degree.
What is the best choice?
As practice shows, getting an academic degree is much more difficult, so the vast majority of teachers make their choice in favor of an academic title.
To understand all the difficulties and pitfalls, it is important to always remember the following characteristics:
1. If the applicant brilliantly completed and defended his dissertation, then he is awarded a degree; and if he has an acceptable length of service, knowledge and position in teaching practice, then he should be awarded an academic title.
2. A certificate of a professor or associate professor confirms an academic title, while a diploma of a doctor or candidate of science confirms an academic degree.
3. Getting a degree is harder.
And now everything is the same, but in an accessible language! So, if you work at a university as a teacher, then you definitely have to "grow".
To do this, you need to get an academic degree and an academic title. I’ll clarify right away that this is not a matter of a single day or even a month, but if desired, it is quite achievable.
Of course, the first five years of your pedagogy should be devoted to gaining experience, but at this time it is recommended to take Active participation in scientific developments, participate in conferences and study your dissertation in depth.
Then it all depends on the abilities and ambitions, but it’s worth clarifying right away: an academic degree is a colossal work in terms of intellectual activity, and an academic title is, rather, gratitude for the years worked and great luck.
Speaking the language of sailors, then military rank they give for length of service, and an extraordinary title (in our case, an academic degree) is received by those who unscheduled distinguished themselves.
As practice shows, the majority of domestic teachers choose academic titles and strive to write a dissertation, but do not even think about scientific works.
Here, to each his own: it's up to the teacher to decide! In any case, to Degree holders are treated more respectfully, and titles are not always paid attention to.
Honorary degree: what is it, and to whom is it awarded?
To get a degree without much hassle, there is another option - an "honorary degree" of a doctor of science.
It is issued by academies, higher education institutions or the Ministry of Education without completing a course of study and without taking into account mandatory requirements.
But what's the catch?
The fact is that the applicant for an honorary degree must greatly distinguish himself, or achieve unrealistic success in his specialty.
Again, when compared with maritime theme, then this representation to extraordinary title or an award.
Such teachers are always in good standing, and many universities in the world are ready to provide them with work at any time.
Having an honorary diploma is the greatest success in life, which allows you to maximize yourself in the chosen direction of knowledge.
It is worth mentioning right away that such a diploma is not issued in medicine; and an honorary degree can be both appointed and removed in the future.
In any case, a scientific degree confirms the scientific qualification and competence of its holder, as well as his ability to successfully scientific activity.
Academic degrees and titles of non-state standard
There is one more detail that must be known when selecting the teaching staff.
The point is that in modern system education, many non-state educational institutions have appeared and are successfully operating.
These are institutes, academies, and universities; in which the management prefers to finally separate from the Higher Attestation Commission.
Such self-proclaimed commissions independently award academic titles and degrees, and it can be not only a candidate of science, but also a doctor of science.
Moreover, after completing the illegal defense of a dissertation (it is possible that it was fake), the newly minted “doctor or candidate of science” receives a diploma with signatures and seals.
From a legal point of view, such a document is not valid, but these teachers can dishonestly occupy prestigious and highly paid positions, be respected and be an example to follow in public universities.
That is why in this issue it is important to be vigilant, and when hiring, be able to recognize a legitimate document from a “linden” in a timely manner.
The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, approved as early as January 30, 2002, states that “only those diplomas that were issued by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation or authorized state bodies have legal force as documents on the award of academic degrees.”
Conclusion: On this note, I end my publication, but I advise everyone not to get lost and be able to correctly distinguish a degree from a title. For some this is very important.
Now you know about what is the difference between an academic degree and an academic degree.
Degrees
Degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in terms of titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.
To obtain the degree of candidate or doctor of science, it is necessary to prepare a dissertation and defend it at a meeting dissertation council created at a university, research institute or other scientific institution. To defend a dissertation for the degree of Doctor, it is currently necessary to have a PhD degree, the defense of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science by persons who do not have a candidate degree, in accordance with the current "Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees", is not provided. It should be noted that in this case, the correspondence or affinity of the branches of science and specialties previously obtained (successively) higher education, the degree of candidate of sciences and the degree of doctor of sciences is actually not regulated in any way, except for cases of competition for scientific degrees in medical and veterinary sciences, which are possible only if the applicant has a higher medical (veterinary) education. In fact, in practice, cases of obtaining a higher degree in a branch of science and a specialty unrelated to an existing one are recognized as quite acceptable and are not limited in any way by the Higher Attestation Commission: for example, a candidate of economic sciences by engineers (mathematicians, chemists), a doctorate in economic sciences by candidates, for example, technical and physical mathematical sciences, etc. .
In parallel, there are similar degrees of Doctor of Laws, Theology, etc., awarded by an accredited institution of higher education. The degrees of Doctor of Laws (DL), Medicine (DM), Business Administration (DBA), etc., are considered in many countries as part of a professional rather than an academic/research doctoral system, i.e. it is assumed that the holder of such a degree is usually engaged in practice, not science. Obtaining such degrees also does not require self-study. scientific research, so a professional doctorate is not usually considered a degree. The assignment of a degree to a professional or research doctorate depends on the country and even on the specific university; Thus, in the USA and Canada, the degree of Doctor of Medicine is professional, and in Great Britain, Ireland and many countries of the British Commonwealth - research. A number of universities in the UK (including Oxford and Cambridge) even include the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the higher doctorate (the approximate equivalent of a Doctor of Science in Russia), requiring a significant contribution to medical science.
Academic titles
In Russia, academic titles are currently divided into the titles of associate professor (or professor) by specialty And by department. Since 2011, academic titles both in the department and in the specialty have been awarded by orders of the Minister of Education and Science on the proposal of the Higher Attestation Commission. Qualification requirements for applicants for academic titles in the department and in the specialty are somewhat different, for example, to be nominated for the academic title of a professor in the department, you must be the author (co-author) of textbooks or teaching aids, which is not required for the title of professor in the specialty. But a professor in his specialty needs more persons who defended candidate dissertations under his supervision: for a professor in a department - as a rule, at least two, for a professor in a specialty - as a rule, at least five.
In addition, the requirements differ within each category (professor in the department, associate professor in the department, professor in the specialty, associate professor in the specialty). So, it is allowed to assign the academic title of professor in the department to persons with the degree of Candidate of Sciences, and associate professor - to persons who do not have a degree, but the requirements for them are much stricter than for applicants with the degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences, respectively. Special Requirements are presented to applicants for an academic title who are workers of culture and art and have the appropriate honorary titles(People's Artist, Honored Artist, etc.), as well as employees physical education and sports, having the title of Honored Coach. In addition, it is allowed to award the academic title of professor in the department to major specialists who have received international or Russian recognition in the relevant field of knowledge.
According to the system in force in Russia and Belarus, in order to obtain the academic title of professor, it is not necessary to have the academic title of associate professor.
Previous academic degrees and titles
The academic title of senior researcher is currently not awarded in the Russian Federation, it is equated to the title of associate professor in the specialty. Previously (and currently in Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states), the title of senior researcher was awarded to employees of research institutes, and the qualification requirements for applicants for this title did not include teaching work in universities, in contrast to the title of assistant professor.
Until the 1950s in the USSR there was an academic title "senior laboratory assistant".
Before the revolution, in the scientific and educational system of Russia there were academic degrees of a real student, a candidate (more precisely, a university candidate), a master's degree and a doctorate, the academic titles of an adjunct, a private docent, an assistant professor, an adjunct professor, an extraordinary professor, an ordinary professor, an honored professor. This entire hierarchy was completely abolished in 1918 (although some of the listed degrees and titles were abolished in the 19th century). Degrees in Russian Empire gave the right to receive ranks of a certain class (see Table of Ranks).
Position of bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia
Prior to the implementation of the Bologna recommendations, bachelor's and master's degrees in Russia are not academic degrees, but qualifications (degrees) of graduates educational institutions higher professional education.
Nomenclature of academic degrees
Depending on the specialty in which the dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the academic degrees.
Honorary Degree
The honorary degree of doctor of science (Honor Doctor or Honor degree or Doctor honoris causa) is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without taking a course of study and without taking into account the mandatory requirements (for publications, defense, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and who gained fame in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are involved in teaching and lecturing in best universities many countries of the world. An honorary doctorate degree is not awarded in medicine.
An honorary degree can be awarded and withdrawn.
Non-governmental organizations
Religious organizations can confer PhD (doctor) degrees in theology (or theology), professors and associate professors, etc. Other non-state organizations can also confer various academic degrees and titles, up to and including academician (see Non-State Academies). However, all these degrees and titles are not legally such in Russia and do not give their holders the rights provided for by laws. Russian Federation.
Contemporary discussions
A discussion is currently underway regarding the possibility of transferring the scientific and qualification powers of the VAK to the academic councils of universities and research institutes (including non-state ones), as is done in many Western countries. Opponents of such a transfer express an opinion about the inevitable devaluation of the system of academic degrees and titles as a result of the loss of state control over the attestation of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel.
Notes
Related links
- Website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
- Baleevskikh L.S., Muranov A.I. Domestic history of the normative regulation of nomenclatures of specialties of scientific workers in relation to jurisprudence // Jurisprudence. - 2008. - No. 5. - S. 243-259.
| Qualifications, degrees and titles in science and education | |
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The word "scientist", like many others in our aging lexicon, which does not have time to transform and follow life changes in society, has long lost its original meaning. Logically, “scientist” means “trained”, “saturated with knowledge”. According to " explanatory dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by Vladimir Dahl, a scientist is one who "was taught, learned", and scholarship is "a state, a quality of a learned person, a thorough knowledge of the sciences, a complete study of them."
Now, when we say “scientist”, we mean by this a person who creates science, creates, discovers new knowledge and scientific truths, who has a degree, who defended a dissertation. By and large, the meaning of the word "scientist" becomes more intelligible when it is supplemented with the epithets "established", "famous", "outstanding", "world famous".
Such epithets involuntarily inspire fear, surround the term "scientist" with an aura of inaccessibility for an ordinary mortal who has studied "something and somehow." One should not despair and perceive, say, the meaning of the phrase "famous scientist" literally, as known to the whole country, and even to the world. After all, one can be famous on a much smaller scale, for example, within an institute, a university, or even a faculty. Or you can generally be guided by a common behavioral recipe: “The main thing is not to be, but to seem!” It seems much easier to be called a scientist than to be one in essence. This is widely used by people who are much more important to wear the mantle of a scientist in the form of a degree and title than to be a true scientist.
From the standpoint of statistics, any citizen who works creatively in science has the right to be called a scientist. But do not forget another important truth: "Without a piece of paper you are a bug, but with a piece of paper you are a person." Especially in a society that occupies not the last place in the world in terms of formalism and bureaucracy. So, if you want to be considered a scientist, present a certificate stating that you are a scientist. Such certificates are diplomas and certificates, indicating the presence of an academic degree or title. So, in the beginning it is necessary to sort out these very degrees and titles, the presence of which is confirmed by documented scientific authorities authorized to do so.
Let's talk about the system of academic degrees and titles. According to the approved unified register of academic degrees and titles, two academic degrees have been introduced in Russia: the primary one - candidate of sciences and the higher one - doctor of sciences. Each candidate of sciences can be considered, following the apt expression of V. Vysotsky, "candidate for a doctor." But unlike the candidate members of the CPSU, who in a year completely became members, not every candidate of science then penetrates the doctorate. Only about one in ten. The rest remain candidates for life. And the period of candidate experience is not a year, but usually from 5 to 25 years. Candidates, like wine, must be kept for a certain time, therefore, those who seek to obtain the degree of Doctor of Science without having been a Candidate of Science for several years before, are looked askance at by the elderly Doctors of Science, who have been candidates for many years, who decide their scientific fate. .
In principle, a degree is awarded on the basis of a public defense of a dissertation to applicants for the corresponding degree. The fact that there is a dissertation and what is its defense is said in the following presentation.
Formally, according to the established rules, the degree of candidate of sciences is awarded dissertation council, i.e., a specialized council, which has been granted the right to accept for defense dissertations for the corresponding academic degree. But the degree of Doctor of Science is awarded only Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) based on the application of the dissertation council, accepted after the successful defense of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science at the dissertation council authorized to accept doctoral dissertations for defense (doctoral council). Doctoral councils have the right to accept both doctoral and master's theses for defense. But even in the process of obtaining the degree of candidate of sciences, the Higher Attestation Commission cannot be bypassed. The coveted candidate's diploma can be obtained only after a control check in the Higher Attestation Commission of the attestation case, which is submitted there for consideration by the dissertation council after the defense.
So, the scientific degree and the dissertation are connected by the closest ties. In order to acquire the degree of candidate or doctor of science, one must first prepare and defend a dissertation, and this is, after all, a voluminous treatise A containing 100 to 350 pages of text. Is it possible not to write a multi-sheet dissertation and still legally get a degree? It turns out that it is possible, although not quite easy. According to the regulation on the award of academic degrees, a doctoral dissertation can be written in the form scientific report, representing a brief summary of the results of the research and development conducted by the applicant. The provision on this possibility is stated as follows: "The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in the form of a scientific report is a summary of the results of research and development, known to a wide range of specialists." The report must be supported by a set of previously published by the applicant in the relevant field of knowledge scientific works having great importance for science and practice. Few of the applicants follow such a non-trivial path. It is necessary to have many publications, to be known even before the award of a scientific degree, and to follow the unbeaten, and therefore more risky, path.
Having received some primary information about academic degrees, let's move on to academic titles. In Russia, according to the unified register of academic degrees and titles, approved in 2002, the following titles are provided:
a) an associate professor in the specialty according to the nomenclature of specialties of scientists or in the department of an educational institution;
b) a professor in the specialty or department.
The system of academic titles is more complicated than the system of academic degrees. And not only because they distinguish titles by specialty and by department, but also because the degrees are, as it were, only scientific, and the titles are both scientific and pedagogical, teaching. Degrees essentially awards only the Higher Attestation Commission, and all kinds of scientific titles are awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission, the Ministry of Education, and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Without aiming to systematize information about academic titles, which are also prone to change, we touch on them only in an effort to distinguish between the concepts of "academic degree" and "academic title", to prevent the often observed confusion in this regard.
Speaking of academic titles, one should distinguish rank or simply the position held from the academic title, which one can have without holding a similar position. So, you can hold the position of a professor or associate professor without having the appropriate title, confirmed by the presence of a certificate. But you can have the title of professor or associate professor, have the appropriate official certificate and work as a house manager, or even not work at all. One has to write about this not only out of a feeling of regret for professors with a title, who, alas, work not as professors, but in a slightly lower position. The point is also that those who work in the position of a professor, but do not have such an academic title, tend to call themselves professors, although in reality they only occupy a professorial position. It is curious that the military is more modest in this regard - a colonel holding a general's position does not call himself a general until he receives a general's rank.
You need to know that along with the titles of “associate professor”, “professor” supported by certificates, there are purely official titles not directly related to the award of an academic title. At the same time, to engage in research or educational institution the position of a researcher (junior, just scientific, senior, leading, chief), it is desirable, and sometimes mandatory, to have academic degrees and titles. Academic titles are established for scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel according to the criteria of the state certification system.
Academic title of Associate Professor is assigned to employees of scientific organizations for research activities and employees of higher educational institutions for scientific and pedagogical activities.
Academic title of professor is assigned to employees of higher educational institutions and scientific organizations for scientific and pedagogical activities and training of graduate students.
Persons who have been awarded academic titles are issued appropriate certificates, which, by analogy with PhD or PhD diploma present official "certificates" about the involvement of scientists in the world.
A legitimate question arises: “Why and who needs these cunning double signs, a double dimension of learning: by degrees and titles?” The most natural answer, in our opinion, sounds like this: “Everything that exists in the world is rational. So that's how it should be. As for tricks, in science it is impossible without tricks. Without knowledge, sometimes you can, but without tricks, you can’t.”
So it is better not to waste mental energy, but to finally understand how academic degrees differ from academic titles. For in general, as is clear from the previous presentation, the system of academic degrees and titles is so confused that, trying to figure out all the details, you get even more confused.
1. Academic degrees are awarded as a result of defending dissertations, and academic titles are awarded based on the results of scientific and pedagogical activities. The order and procedure of "awarding" and "appropriation" are different. An applicant who wants to receive a degree proves that he has grounds for this at the “court” in the form of a dissertation council that makes the initial decision on awarding the desired degree based on the defense of the dissertation. The academic title is awarded by the authorized bodies on the basis of a petition indicating that the applicant for the academic title has met the necessary conditions for this.
It is highly desirable, I would say, even obligatory not to confuse the word "awarded", which applies only to academic degrees, with the word "assigned" related only to academic titles. This is a common mistake, inherent, alas, even to those who have already become scientists. Such an error indicates either linguistic inaccuracy or low scientific culture. In everyday life, the words “present” and “provide” are mixed in the same way, having different meanings. By the way, if a petition has been filed against a scientific worker to confer an academic title on him, then it is customary to say that he has been presented with an academic title. But they do not represent a scientific degree; as is clear from the previous presentation, it is awarded by authorized dissertation councils or special commissions based on the results of defending dissertations.
2. The presence of a scientific degree is evidenced by the diploma of a candidate or doctor of science, and the presence of an academic title - a certificate of an associate professor, professor. So the references are called differently.
3. Usually, the awarding of the academic title of a senior associate professor is preceded by the awarding of the academic degree of a candidate of sciences, and the awarding of the title of professor is preceded by the awarding of the academic degree of a doctor of sciences, i.e., one must first obtain degrees, and then adequate titles, and therefore most often it is more difficult to acquire a degree than a title, which, given a degree, is relatively easy to obtain in a few years.
From this it is clear that in order to obtain a title, it is desirable to have a degree. Desirable, but not required. It is possible to obtain a title without a degree; for this, one must be, as the regulation on academic titles says, a highly qualified specialist and hold an appropriate scientific position for some time. In the modern scientific unofficial lexicon, a scientific worker, a teacher who has been awarded the title of professor in the absence of a doctoral degree, is usually called a "cold" professor. Such a professor is not deprived of the opportunity to defend his dissertation and turn into a "hot".
We emphasize once again that, speaking of academic titles, one should distinguish them from positions. You can hold the position of associate professor, professor, without having the appropriate academic title. The difference between having a title and holding a position is about the same as between the permanent owner of a car and a driver who is not an owner. The title is given forever, for life, and the position - for a certain period. True, there are often cases when you have, and the position is occupied by a person without a title, even though you are an assistant professor by rank, but you are forced to work as an assistant. Science is a tricky thing, much is possible in it. Rank is one of those possibilities.
Range scientific positions wider range of academic titles. So, for two academic titles there is a whole set of positions. In higher educational institutions assistant, lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor, professor. In scientific organizations - junior (to me), just scientific, senior (dream), leading, chief researcher (the latter are jokingly called gnats). In addition, there are high positions of heads of departments, departments, laboratories, sectors, and even higher positions - rectors, vice-rectors, directors. In general, something, but we have enough scientific posts. Anyone holding such a position is entitled to be considered a scientist.
Mention should be made of scientists, or rather, scientific titles that begin with the words “honored”, “honorary”, but they are not intended for novice scientists, but for finishing their scientific path. Honored scientists and honorary doctors of dissertations usually do not need anything, they either have them, or they do not really need them.
You can't skip titles. corresponding member And full member (academician) of the Academy of Sciences. At first glance, it seems that this is also not for the young, although Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences at 28, and an academician at 32. And in general, the soldier who does not dream of becoming a general is bad, as is the graduate student who does not dream of becoming an academician. The chances are approximately equal, but in the long term they are higher for graduate students, because the number of academic vacancies in recent years has begun to increase sharply due to the growth in the number of academies themselves.
Again, further clarification is needed to understand this issue. Today, scientific academies in Russia form a whole pyramid, at the top of which is the Russian Academy of Sciences, created by Peter the Great in 1724, which includes about a thousand corresponding members and full members (academicians). This is the holy of holies of science. Even the great reformer N.S. Khrushchev failed to replace the Academy of Sciences with a collection of branch academies. They say that the then president of the Academy of Sciences A.N. Nesmeyanov told Khrushchev: "Nikita Sergeevich, Peter the Great himself created the Academy and it is not for you to close it." A L.I. Brezhnev and others like him were unable to expel the freethinker A.D. from the Academy of Sciences. Sakharov.
Greatness Russian Academy Sciences (RAS) is determined by the fact that it includes the most prominent scientists, generals and even marshals from science. But the fact of receiving a life annuity in the form of “stipends” also plays a role. Before market reforms, academicians were paid 500 rubles in addition to income from work. per month, and for corresponding members - 300 rubles, which was about twice the average wage in the Soviet Union. Under the conditions of the Russian quasi-market economy, academic "stipends" at first sharply "lost weight", but, starting from 2002, they increased significantly again and reached two to three times the average monthly wage of an ordinary Russian worker. Not so hot, what level, taking into account inflation, but the flow of those striving to become corresponding members and full members of the RAS does not dry out. After all, there are some other incentives besides monetary feeding.
At the second level of the academic pyramid are state industry academies, such as the Academy medical sciences, Academy pedagogical sciences, the Academy of Architecture and Construction, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Academy of Arts and, to some extent, the Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS). They also include full members (academicians) and corresponding members, but their state "stipends" are one and a half, or even two times lower, and only the Academy itself has the right to pay money to the RANS.
Well, at the third level, in the so-called transitional period from an administrative-administrative to a market economy, so many non-state, public academies, academicians and corresponding members arose in Russia that they are innumerable. He himself became an academician of two academies at once. But in these academies they do not pay state money, and even, on the contrary, in order to become a member of them, one must pay an entrance fee as a kind of payment for the right to bear the title of a corresponding member of the Academy or a full member.
So if you want to understand the real greatness of the title of academician, then you must first find out which Academy he belongs to. Newly baked academicians of numerous man-made academies are reluctant to speak about this, calling themselves with pathos academicians, corresponding members without specifying which academy is meant.
Getting into the very top layer of the elite requires special skill and luck. Although formally elected as corresponding members and academicians, but to become them, one must be elected in a different sense of the word. Corresponding members and academicians have their own Masonic lodge, their own laws of promotion, which, perhaps, they alone know. Neither dissertations nor scientific works play a decisive role here, although a scientific degree is needed. It is much more important to get "in the stream" and get support from the members of the lodge. The higher the level of the Academy, the more difficult it is, of course, to get into it.
There is no doubt that fierce competition (ten or more doctors of science apply for one position as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences), the desire to get a scientific apartment on the highest floor, closer to the sun, are due to some kind of super-powerful motivator. Long tongues gossip about the life annuity received from the public pocket in the presence of an academic title in addition to other income. And about the possibility of getting a new position later. Those striving for the top claim that they do it out of pure love for science so that their undoubted scientific merit received public recognition, and they themselves - economic independence, freedom of scientific creativity.
And one more curious detail. Many non-state organizations have appeared in Russia educational academies, universities, institutes, at which there are sometimes dissertation councils. The most “brave” of them sometimes dare to completely separate from the state in the person of the Higher Attestation Commission, awarding academic degrees not only of a candidate, but even of a doctor of science without the participation of the Higher Attestation Commission, as is customary abroad in completely different conditions. After the defense, such quickly “baked” scientists are immediately issued diplomas sealed with seals, called “crusts”, the forms of which are not difficult to make or buy. It only remains to say to the candidates and doctors of sciences thus graduated: “Walk, Vasya, along the scientific path, and, of course, receive a reward for services.”
This is one of the consequences of hasty liberalization Russian science and education. I would still like to remind the “craftsmen” that, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2002 No. 74, only diplomas issued by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation or other authorized state bodies.
Having become acquainted with Russian system academic degrees and titles, the curious reader has the right to ask how they are, "over the hill", that is, abroad, in this regard. You understand that they cannot have such a strict and harmonious system as ours. After all, who wants what he does. And the government does not interfere in this matter, and there is no Higher State Attestation Commission, and regulations and instructions are smaller than ours. True, self-discipline there, as a rule, is higher and self-responsibility too. Universities, having the ability to independently award their "own" academic degrees, do not scatter them to the right and left, do not turn them into an object of sale and nepotism. At least they do it rarely, as an exception.
As a result, with degrees and titles it is too simple there, not like ours. Solid primitivism, boring even. No candidates, no assistant professors. True, there are doctors and professors. But their doctor is something like a domestic candidate. Therefore, our candidates, breaking away abroad or entering into contacts with foreign scientists in their native land, immediately call themselves doctors. Although they call novice scientists there bachelors and masters, the latter even have to prepare a dissertation.
Our attempts to reproduce the training of bachelors and masters in Russia have not yet been crowned with resounding success.
A complete set of our scientific titles again, they don't. But professors come in different ranks: junior, just professors and senior or complete (not according to physique, of course, but according to the completeness of knowledge and recognition of merit).
Why do people need degrees and titles
The problem of the purpose of life, human aspirations and needs, their distribution according to the degree of significance, importance has occupied and will forever occupy the minds of people. It is equally obvious that, despite all the efforts of philosophers and sociologists, no one will ever be able to solve this problem completely. Accordingly, there is no need to look for an exhaustive answer to the question: “Why and why do people strive to acquire academic degrees and titles, spending a lot of time, effort and money on this?” In the end, since a person is looking for something, it means that he needs it. A need is what people need, and it is necessary to think more not about the nature of such a need, but about how to satisfy it in a more complete way at a smaller, limited cost. But nevertheless, it is necessary and possible, even necessary, to understand the meaning of the desires of those who suffer to acquire a scientific degree, because the degree of zeal with which the applicant achieves his goal depends on the desires.
According to the ideas of the American sociologist and psychologist Abraham Maslow, hierarchically built human needs form a kind of "pyramid" consisting of five steps, levels. Needs arranged by rank form the following structure.
1. The need for self-realization, self-affirmation.
2. The need for respect from others and for self-respect.
3. The need for communication, friendship, love.
4. Need for security and help.
5. Physiological needs.
Let us consider how the satisfaction of these needs is connected with the presence of an academic degree and academic title. A scientist can satisfy his physiological needs more fully if, after successfully defending a dissertation, awarding a scientific degree or conferring an academic title, income and access to material benefits increase.
The security of a scientist is somewhat higher than that of an ordinary citizen; due to the historical veneration of scientists in Rus', they are less killed by bandits and criminal gangs. Young male graduate students are given a deferment from military draft as they complete their studies. Candidates of science are generally not drafted into the army by force. More or less eminent scientists are attached to special polyclinics, the state takes care of their health a little more in comparison with non-state scientists, although this possibility has faded in quasi-market Russia.
Joining the club of scientists undoubtedly develops communication and friendship; between scientists there are additional contacts, they form original clans, they meet at conferences, seminars, events held by the houses of scientists, all kinds of scientific societies and foundations. Scientists often travel abroad and communicate with foreign colleagues. With the satisfaction of the need for love, the problem is not solved so unambiguously, but, in any case, the love of graduate students for their supervisors is an ordinary event.
Respect for scientists on the part of others, as already mentioned, stems from historical Russian traditions, and although in Lately such respect has somewhat faded against the backdrop of reverence for businessmen who know how to make money, but to a certain extent it is still observed. But the need for self-esteem after receiving academic degrees and titles is obviously satisfied to a high degree. You yourself do not notice how you begin to truly respect yourself, treat yourself with dignity.
And, of course, writing and defending a dissertation, acquiring and further using academic degrees and titles is one of higher forms self-realization, self-expression. In this respect, scientists are surpassed only by actors and politicians.
Scientists live relatively long lives, at any rate longer than people engaged in many other kinds of expedient activity. According to expert estimates, the degree of a candidate and the title of associate professor prolong life by two to three years compared to non-degree students, doctors and professors live longer by about five to seven years, corresponding members and academicians - by eight to ten. The lack of detailed and reliable statistics does not allow us to confirm the stated hypothesis with more reliable figures. And scientists are easier to attach their children than they successfully prolong life in their children. This should be taken into account when striving for the first form of happiness - increasing the duration of life, extending it in one's offspring and ensuring a good life for one's offspring.
With regard to the happiness of enrichment, scientists also do not last people. Of course, in terms of income and material well-being, they cannot be compared with successful entrepreneurs, oligarchs, the highest nomenclature. Even an academic is unlikely to win the competition. But a candidate of science can compete with a worker, office worker, engineer, doctor, teacher. And in terms of income, and in cash savings, and in property. A car and a garden plot, sometimes even a modest dacha, a degree is able to provide. Not immediately, of course.
In monetary terms, academic degrees and titles bring additional income, both due to a slightly higher wage rate, and as a result of receiving allowances and additional earnings. Alas, the time when a candidate, associate professor received a guaranteed increase in salary in the amount of 50 to 200 rubles. per month, doctor of science - from 100 to 400 rubles. (and the ruble was close in value to the dollar) is a thing of the past. However, little by little, it seems to be returning. Much depends on the ability to use degrees and titles as a tool for earning money and material goods, acting according to the formula: "an academic degree - promotion in a position - gaining a position that allows you to receive income - receiving the income itself."
It is not necessary to hide the fact that the demand for a scientific and intellectual product, observed in former country Soviets, dropped significantly; often a scientific, spiritual product remains unclaimed by the system and society. At the same time, certain types of scientific, educational, information products are highly valued in the modern Russian market of goods and services. It is possible to sell them abroad at an affordable price.
Let's not make hasty, hasty, one-sided conclusions about the failure of the idea of material, monetary happiness on scientific grounds. After all, they still pay. Free time, which a scientist has much more than other employees, also costs money, it can be used for additional commercial activities. And in the end, if you decide to grow and sell flowers, trade in imported cigarettes, and maybe even oil, gas or metals, then an academic degree and title will not interfere in any way, and in some other ways they will help. Degrees and the scientific image they generate are a wonderful, extremely useful addition to the art of commerce, if not reinforcement.
Even if science is not the best, not the most effective method material enrichment, but this is a reliable path to spiritual wealth. It should be recognized that science, like art, provides inexhaustible possibilities in this area. The knowledge of the innermost secrets of the universe and the very introduction to the world of people who create science, erecting a majestic, never completed Building of Knowledge, gives extraordinary, incomparable sensations, special feelings. Personal involvement in replenishing the treasury of Eternal Science exalts a person, serves as a powerful source of self-affirmation, achievement of fame, approach to glory. It is not for nothing that one hundred members of the Paris Academy of Natural Sciences are considered immortal.
Among the people of scientists, by analogy with writers, artists, artists, many consider noble, intelligent, intellectually gifted, or even the most smart people. I remember with what deep reverence my mother treated scientists. In the remote Ukrainian village where I spent my childhood, of course, they had no idea about academic degrees and titles, they had never heard of them. The word "scientist" was associated with the concept of "educated". Mother, who by some miracle graduated from a gymnasium in Odessa, was considered almost the most learned person in the village. The father, who hardly finished two classes of the parish school, in spite of his mother, liked to say: “If everyone becomes literate, who will feed the pigs?”
Let's try to understand now driving forces stimulating the writing and defense of dissertations by Russians living in a protracted transition period from the Soviet socialist to a market capitalist economy. Life testifies that such stimuli exist. After a clear recession in the late 1990s, in Russia at the beginning of the 11th century. there has been a rise in interest in defending dissertations and acquiring academic titles. What is it caused by and to whom has it extended its effect?
The number of young pragmatists who do not consider science to be the best, most profitable field of activity in the conditions of modern life, but understanding that the stock of scientific knowledge, backed up by an academic degree, not only does not hurt, but may well come in handy. Being engaged in entrepreneurship, participating in a more or less profitable business or planning such participation, striving to establish themselves in the middle class, such young men and women understand at the same time that entering a correspondence graduate school, becoming an applicant, defending a dissertation is useful for strengthening their status, position in society, in life. They do not expect momentary benefits, advantages from a scientific degree, but they believe that all this will come with time. Well, this cohort of Ph.D. applicants cannot be denied vision.
Another category of people seeking to acquire a degree is part of the “new Russians”, who have gained a decent financial fortune and position, have been honored to become worthy members of the middle class of Russians and at the same time are looking for ways and means to strengthen their position in the name of a reliable future. These energetic people are looking for additional areas for applying their efforts and investing their available funds. One of these areas is science, more precisely, obtaining a degree. A simple calculation or purely intuitive ideas convince such applicants for a scientific degree that investments in scientific work, which represent a not so significant part of their resource potential, forces, energy, time, money, will certainly pay off. And even if they do not pay off in monetary terms, the losses are not so significant, they are quite tolerable. Even the very fact of a long-term, and even life-long familiarization with science through the acquisition of an academic degree serves as a worthy reward for such people, pays off the resources spent.
The next group of Russians who suffer to join the scientific degree of a candidate and doctor of science, and then, if possible, become a professor, are eminent and wealthy middle-aged citizens who emerged on the wave of market reforms and occupied a very decent, sometimes even very high position in society. These are active, dynamic, intelligent people who understand their business, although they have, however, a very indirect relationship with science, being with it, as political economists like to say, in an indirect relationship. Being sane representatives of their class, they understand that nothing lasts forever under the moon, the sun has a habit of setting behind the clouds, at any moment a warm place can become hot and you have to leave it. It is then that an academic degree, and even together with a title, can turn out to be very useful, and a decent position in a university department or in a reputable research institute is not shameful, but even worthy for a career in the sunset of years and strength.
The main difficulty for these respected people is to compose and defend a dissertation. They sometimes have few scientific works, or even none at all, except perhaps for articles in newspapers, which are not considered scientific works. There is no time to write a dissertation, and I don’t really want to, besides, even the most talkative of them are not so hot writers. It is necessary to resort to the services of consultants and specialists. In the conditions of the Russian semi-market economy, when even in newspapers it is not difficult to find an advertisement for a "Turnkey Dissertation", the problem is easily solved - if, as they say, there would be money. In addition, since customers are most often people who know the matter well, they easily join the dissertation written by the other hand, more or less freely defend it after some preparation and intensive coaching. And even further, the VAK is difficult to catch them, although in recent years attempts have been made to put slingshots and barriers in the way of these courageous people rushing into science. Their attestation cases, abstracts, and even dissertations expert advice VAK is controlled with special care. The "martyrs" themselves are often called "on the carpet" to the Higher Attestation Commission, where they must appear one on one with qualified experts and prove their personal participation, the novelty of their research, the validity and applicability of the results of their work.
And finally, about one more category of applicants who deserve the deepest respect, who have endured their dissertation for years of stubborn waiting in the wings and painstaking work. We are talking about those teachers of institutes and universities, employees of research and design organizations who, not possessing powerful talent and penetrating power, drop by drop put aside grains of their own developments or ideas found in the scientific literature and for years, or even decades, build his modest dissertation house. Most of these applicants are satisfied PhD, but there are also more restless ones who, by the age of 50, are thinking about a doctoral dissertation, and closer to 60 they even defend it, having created it almost entirely with their own hands.
We needed to resort to brief analysis and the classification of different categories of applicants, not only to convince you that gunpowder has not dried up in the powder flasks of hunters for academic degrees and titles. The point is also that, having determined his own classification group, the applicant will greatly facilitate the solution of the problem of choosing a rational (even optimal) way to achieve the goal. And in our multipolar and multivariant world, the implementation of a reasonable, right choice a method of action is already half the battle, or even more. Even if your choice is connected with the need to rely on others, there is nothing shameful in that. Even the great Newton wrote that he was able to achieve success in science only by relying on the achievements of his predecessors, meaning, for example, Galileo. And for us, simple sinners, we can’t do without assistance.
IN scientific field and higher educational institutions there is a qualification system that allows you to establish a scientific hierarchy of scientific and pedagogical personnel - academic degrees and titles. In our country, the awarding of academic degrees and titles of associate professor and professor is somewhat different from other countries. As a rule, the academic title "associate professor" is assigned, and "professor" - to doctors of science, although there are exceptions. In other countries, degrees differ quite significantly in terms of qualification requirements, title, award and approval procedures.
In order to obtain academic degrees, one must first write and defend a dissertation, and this is a rather voluminous scientific work, which can contain from 150 to 500 pages of scientific text. Is it possible not to write a dissertation on many sheets, but on quite legal grounds to successfully defend oneself? You can, although it won't be easy. The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science can be made in the form of a scientific report, in which summary research results. Such a report should be supported big amount previously published scientific papers that are of great importance for science. In addition, the applicant must be well known to the scientific community for his research and discoveries in his field of activity.
INTRODUCTION
1. ACADEMIC DEGREES………………………………………………………..2
2. ACADEMIC RANKS……………………………………………………….....7
3. STATUS OF BACHELOR AND MASTER DEGREES IN RUSSIA………………………………………………………………………......8
4. WHY DO YOU NEED A DEGREE……………………………………….9
6. NOMENCLATURE OF ACADEMIC DEGREES………………………………...11
7. HONORARY DEGREE……………………………………………………… 12
8. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….12
9.LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………………..…13
Introduction
Academic degrees and titles - a qualification system in science and higher education, which allows ranking scientific and scientific and pedagogical employees at individual stages of an academic career. Currently, in the Russian Federation, the degrees of candidate and doctor of science are awarded and the academic titles of associate professor and professor are awarded (by department, by specialty). As a rule, the academic title of associate professor is assigned to candidates of sciences, and the academic title of professor is usually awarded to doctors of sciences.
Degrees
Degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in terms of titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.
In the USA, Great Britain and a number of other European countries that have joined the Bologna process, the nomenclature of academic degrees is being harmonized, which involves the establishment of uniform requirements for three degrees in each field of knowledge:
bachelor or licentiate
Bachelor (from Latin baccalarius - “young man”, in turn from Latin bacca lariu - fruit of the laurel) is an academic degree or qualification awarded to students after mastering the basic training program. It first appeared in the medieval universities of Western Europe. In Russia, this level of training was introduced in 1993. The normative term of the bachelor's program (with full-time education) is 4 years. After December 31, 2010, bachelor's and master's qualifications will become the main qualifications for applicants to Russian universities.
master's
Master (from Latin magister - mentor, teacher, leader) - the highest academic degree, qualification (in some countries - the initial academic degree) acquired by the student after graduating from the master's program (mastering a special training program). Master's degree is a stage of higher professional education, following the post-bachelor's degree, which allows to deepen specialization in a particular professional area. In 1993, the term "master" returned as a qualification for graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education. The position of the magistracy in the modern Russian education system is dual. On the one hand, this is a system of advanced training for bachelors and specialists, on the other hand, the “master” qualification is equated to the qualifications of university graduates. The normative term of the master's program (with full-time education) is 2 years. However, the student must first master the training program for a bachelor (4 years) or a specialist (5 years). After December 31, 2010, bachelor's and master's qualifications will become the main qualifications for applicants to Russian universities.
Doctor of Philosophy (here, philosophy refers to sciences in general, and not philosophy proper; in parallel, there are similar degrees of Doctor of Law, Medicine, Theology, etc.)
Doctor of Philosophy (lat.Philosophiæ Doctor, Ph.D., PhD, usually pronounced as pi-h-di) is a degree awarded in many Western countries. The actual analogue of the academic degree "Doctor of Philosophy" in the Russian education system is the academic degree "Ph.D.". philosophy (only historical) and is awarded in almost all scientific fields, for example: Ph.D. in literature or Ph.D. in physics. This situation is connected with traditions dating back to the days of medieval universities, the standard structure of which usually assumed the presence of faculties of philosophy, jurisprudence, theology and medicine. Therefore, in addition to the Ph.D. degree, there are also a limited number of other doctoral degrees of the same rank; doctors are awarded the degree of M.D., lawyers are awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws, theologians are awarded the Doctor of Divinity, and everyone else is awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.
In Russia, the system this moment mixed: partially applied new system with the release of bachelors (4 years) and masters (6 years), partly old with the release of graduates (5 years). Instead of the highest single Western degree of doctor (philosophy, etc.), the German-style system inherited from the Soviet Union is used, in which there are two degrees:
PhD
Candidate of Sciences - a first-stage academic degree (doctor of science) in the USSR, the Russian Federation and a number of CIS countries. Established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of January 13, 1934. In Russian universities, a candidate's degree is one of the sufficient conditions for participation in the competition for the position of associate professor. Order of assignment: in Russia, the degree of candidate of sciences is awarded by the dissertation council based on the results of defending a candidate's dissertation. Then the Higher Attestation Commission of Russia makes a decision to issue a PhD diploma.
Scientific branches:
PhD in Architecture (PhD)
Candidate of Biological Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Military Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Geographical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Art History (Ph.D.)
Candidate historical sciences(PhD)
PhD in Cultural Studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (PhD)
PhD in Political Science (Ph.D.)
Candidate psychological sciences(c. ph. n.)
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Sociological Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate technical sciences(PhD)
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Philological Sciences (PhD in Philology)
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (PhD in Philosophy)
Candidate of Chemical Sciences (PhD)
PhD in Economics (PhD)
PhD in Law (PhD)
Ph.D
Doctor of Science - a second degree, the highest level (after a candidate of sciences) in the USSR, Russia, a number of CIS countries and in some former socialist countries. In Russian universities, the doctoral degree is one of the sufficient conditions for participation in the competition for the position of professor.
Scientific branches:
Depending on the specialty in which the doctoral dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:
Doctor of Architecture (Dr. Arch.)
Doctor of Biological Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences (D.V.N.)
Doctor of Military Sciences (Doctor of Military Sciences)
Doctor of Geography (Dr. Sc.)
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (D.G.-M.S.)
Doctor of Arts (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Historical Sciences (D.H.)
Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences (D.M.S.)
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (D.P.S.)
Doctor of Political Sciences (Ph.D.)
Doctor of Psychological Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Sociological Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Technical Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Doctor of Pharmacy)
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Philology (Doctor of Philology)
Doctor of Philosophy (Doctor of Philosophy)
Doctor of Chemical Sciences (D.Sc.)
Doctor of Economics (D.E.S.)
Doctor of Law (Doctor of Law)
At the same time, the degree of candidate of science is awarded by the dissertation council and approved (a decision is made to issue a diploma of a candidate of science) by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, and the degree of doctor of science is awarded by the presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission on the basis of a petition from the dissertation council.
To obtain the degree of candidate or doctor of science, it is necessary to prepare a dissertation and defend it at a meeting of the dissertation council. Academic degrees appeared in the USSR in 1934 (introduced by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On Academic Degrees and Titles" dated January 13, 1934, which actually restored academic degrees that previously existed in pre-revolutionary Russia). The largest number of candidates and doctors of sciences in technical, medical, physical and mathematical sciences.
The equivalent of the PhD degree in most countries is the Ph.D. An approximate analogue of the degree of Doctor of Science in countries with a "single-stage" system of academic degrees is the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.), in countries with a "two-stage" system (for example, in Germany) - a habilitated doctor.
