Eysenck's factor theory of personality briefly. Three-factor theory of personality G. Eyzenk. Domestic theories of temperaments

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Template versionBranchType of workTerm paperDiscipline titleGeneral psychologyThemeHans Eysenck's Theory of Personality TypesStudent's last nameStudent's first nameStudent's middle nameContract number

Introduction

Theoretical analysis of the problem of personality traits and types in the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck

1 Hierarchical model

2 Basic personality types

3 Neurophysiological Foundations of Trait Theory

Measurement of personality traits

1 Diagnostic study of personality traits and types according to the method of G.Yu. Eysenck EPi

2 Differences between introverts and extroverts

Conclusion

Glossary

List of sources used

Applications

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of this study is determined by the fact that personality is a special characteristic that a biological individual acquires in the course of social relations.

From the standpoint of the dispositional direction of the study of personality, it is necessary to take into account two main ideas. The first idea is that people have a range of predispositions to respond in a variety of situations. This means that people demonstrate some consistency in their actions, emotions and thoughts, regardless of the passage of time, context and life events. In fact, personality is determined by the system of tendencies that people carry through their lives, which belong to them and are inseparable from them.

The second idea of this direction is the assumption that there are no two identical people who are absolutely similar to each other. Indeed, each direction in personology, in order to remain fully viable within psychological science, should also consider the problem of differences between subjects.

Personologists took part in solving the problem of constructing comprehensive schemes for identifying and measuring the main features that form the core of personality. This was most clearly manifested in the conceptual and empirical approaches of G. Eysenck and R. Cattell (Kjell L., Ziegler D., 1997). Using a complex psychometric technique known as factor analysis, these theorists attempted to show how the basic structure of personality traits influences an individual's observable behavioral responses. For Eysenck, two main parameters are overly important in personality: introversion-extroversion and stability-neuroticism. The third parameter, called psychotism - the strength of the superego, Eysenck also considers as the main parameter in the structure of personality. Cattell, unlike Eysenck, argues that at least 16 basic traits determine the structure of personality.

Eiseneck agrees with Cattell that the purpose of psychology is to predict behavior. He also shares Cattell's commitment to factor analysis as a way to capture the whole picture of personality. However, Eysenck uses factor analysis somewhat differently than Cattell. According to Eysenck, a research strategy should begin with a well-founded hypothesis about some key trait of interest to the researcher, followed by an accurate measurement of everything that is characteristic of this trait. personality eisenck introvert extrovert

Eysenck was convinced that no more than three subfeatures (which he calls types) are needed to explain most of the behavioral manifestations of a person. Eysenck attaches much more importance to genetic factors in the development of the individual. This does not mean that Eysenck denies situational influences or the influence environment per person, but he is convinced that personality traits and types are determined primarily by heredity. Despite the fact that the exact impact of genetics on behavior has not yet been elucidated, all more psychologists agree with Eysenck's views on this issue.

This work is devoted to the research of Hans Eysenck.

Object of study - scientific creativity Eysenck

The subject of the study is the theory of personality types by G. Eysenck.

This term paper is the study of the theory of personality types by Hans Eysenck.

Achieving this goal was possible through the consistent solution of a number of tasks:

) Determination of the specifics of the hierarchical model of personality G. Eysenck

) Definition of the main types of personality from the standpoint of G. Eysenck

) Identification of the neurophysiological foundations of the theory of personality traits by G. Eysenck

) Determination of personality traits and types using the EPI methodology in terms of the theory of personality types

) Characteristics of the system of differences between introverts and extroverts

1. Theoretical analysis of the problem of personality traits and types in the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck

.1 Hierarchical model

G. Eysenck's research was built using the methods of mathematical statistics, in particular, using the method of factor analysis that was innovative in his time. In his work, he tried to show how the main, basic personality traits affect the behavioral reactions of the subject given to direct observation. For this researcher, three polar personality parameters are important: introversion - extraversion, on the one hand, and stability - neutrotism and psychotism - the power of the super-ego. Eysenck believed that the main goal of psychological science is the prediction of human behavior. As indicated, his studies were based on factor analysis. However, he used this method slightly different compared to other researchers of his period. According to Eysenck, the research strategy should begin, first of all, with a clearly formulated and justified hypothesis for a particular personality trait, and only then should an accurate measurement of the phenomena that are characteristic of this personality trait.

It is clear from the foregoing that Eysenck's approach turns out to be tightly bound to the framework of the theory. He was convinced that no more than three basic traits, which he refers to as "super traits" (or types), are needed to explain most human behavioral responses. In his theory highest value attached to the genetic factors of the development of the subject. At the same time, this does not mean that Hans Eysenck denies situational influences, but nevertheless he was convinced that personality traits are determined, first of all, by heredity.

The core of the theory of personality types is the concept that the elements of personality structure are arranged hierarchically. As part of his work, he formulated a four-level hierarchical system individual behavior. Consider this system details:

The lower level consists of special, specific actions or thoughts, individually - specific ways of behavior, which may or may not be characteristics of a person's personality.

The second level is the habitual thoughts and actions of a person - in general, reactions that can be observed under certain conditions. Unlike specific reactions, these reactions are observed quite often: they can be regular or even sequential. Statistically, these responses were isolated from specific responses using the factor analysis method.

The third level is occupied by personality traits. A trait, according to Eysenck, is some important, relatively constant personal property. The trait is formed from several important, interconnected and habitual reactions of a person.

As fourth level organization of behavior are types (superfactors). The personality type is formed from a number of interrelated traits. For example, assertiveness can be associated with feelings of inferiority, poor emotional adjustment, social shyness, and a few other traits that all combine to form the introverted type.

In Eysenck's scheme, there are certain super-features, otherwise - types, such as extraversion, which has a powerful influence on behavior. On the other hand, each of these super traits is formed from several composite traits. These traits are superficial reflections of the base type, or special, specific qualities of this type.

Defining personality models according to Hans Eysenck, one should pay close attention to what personality type implies normal distribution parameter values on a certain continuum. In view of this, the concept of "extroversion" implies a certain range with upper and lower limits, within which people are located precisely with the severity of this quality. Thus, extraversion is understood not as some discrete quantitatively expressed value, but as some kind of continuum. In view of this, Eysenck uses the concept of "type".

1.2 Basic personality types

In his early studies, Hans Eysenck singled out only two general superfactors - extraversion (the so-called type E) and neuroticism (type - N). In his further studies, he singled out the third type - psychotism (type P), although he never denied the possibility of distinguishing other types. Eysenck was inclined to consider all these types as parts of the normal structure of a person's personality.

As mentioned in the first paragraph, all types are bipolar, that is, if extraversion is at one end of the E factor, then introversion is at the other pole. By analogy, the super factor N implies a polar relationship between neuroticism and stability, and the super factor P - psychotism on the one hand, and on the other - the power of the "Super-Ego". The bipolarity of these factors does not imply the assignment of a large number of people to one or another pole of the superfactor, the distribution of characteristics is rather bimodal than unimodal. For example, the distribution of the characteristic extraversion is more like a standard normal distribution, similar to the distribution in the level of intelligence or, for example, the height of a person. A large number of people, according to Eysenck, are in the central part of the domed normal distribution, and based on this statement, he believed that people can still be divided into several mutually exclusive categories.

Hans Eysenck applied the deductive method scientific research, he began with some theoretical constructions, then, in the process of collecting actual data, he refined his theoretical constructions. His theory is based on the use of factor analysis. At the same time, he believed that the use of abstract psychometric methods is not accurate enough, it must be remembered that the results of factorial research are unnecessarily sterile and they should not be given special significance until their biological existence has been proven.

Eysenck established four criteria for determining factors. On the one hand, it is necessary to confirm the existence of the factor through the use of psychometric procedures. The factor based on the inference from the psychometric data should be able to be tested and cross-checked, and it should also be statistically significant. The second criterion is that the resulting factor must have the property of inheritance, and also correspond to a predetermined genetic model. This criterion removes learned characteristics from the field of study, for example, the ability to imitate voices famous people or a person's political and religious beliefs. The third position - the factor should make sense from the point of view of the theory. The last criterion for the existence of a factor is its social relevance, that is, it is necessary that a mathematically defined factor be correlated with the phenomena of social reality.

Eysenck says that each of the types he singled out meets the specified identification criteria. Firstly, there is strict psychometric evidence for the existence of each of the factors he singled out, this is most clearly seen in the factors E and N. The factor psychotism (P) appeared in his works somewhat later than the first two, and for it there are no such rigidly defined correspondences. with empirical data and with the results of research by other scientists. The factors of extraversion and neuroticism are considered by him as the main types (superfactors) in all analytical factor studies of personality traits. Secondly, Eysenck showed that there is a strong biological basis for each of the factors considered in his study. At the same time, he argued that such traits as social responsibility, conscientiousness, which are included in the so-called "big five" taxonomy, have no biological basis. Thirdly, all three superfactors have a theoretical meaning. Psychoanalytic researchers (S. Freud, early C.G. Jung) noted that factors such as extraversion / introversion, as well as anxiety / emotional stability, have a very serious impact on human behavior. Personality neuroticism, as well as psychotism - that is, the properties of an exclusively pathological subject, although they show more high results according to the specified characteristics. Eysenck as a theoretical substantiation of this superfactor P the hypothesis that the characteristics of the mental health of an individual are continuously distributed over the general population. In one part of the domed distribution there are such "healthy" personality traits as altruism, empathy and a number of others, while on the other - hostility, aggressiveness and a tendency to painful reactions. Any person, in accordance with the system of their own characteristics, can be at any place in this scale, and none of the other people will be perceived as mentally handicapped or sick. In addition, Eysenck developed the diathesis-stress model of the occurrence of mental disorders, according to which some people are more susceptible to a particular disease, because they may have a genetic or newly acquired weakness that makes them more prone to mental disorder or even illness.

He was inclined to believe that people whose characteristics are located on the healthier edge of the P factor are more resistant to the action of morbid influences. On the other hand, those people who are closer to the unhealthy edge, even minor exposure or stress can cause a painful psychotic reaction. In other words, the higher the indicator of psychotism of the individual, the less stressful exposure is needed in order for a painful psychotic reaction to occur.

Fourthly, Hans Eysenck repeatedly showed that the three types he singled out are associated with such social significant issues, as a problem of drug addiction, peculiarities of sexual behavior, crime, prevention of somatic diseases, as well as many, many other phenomena.

All superfactors identified by Eysenck depend on the genetic basis. He believed that at least three-quarters of the variability of factors is provided by heredity, while the remaining quarter is environmental factors. Eysenck collected a huge amount of evidence of the influence of the biological component on the formation of the individual's personality. First, almost identical factors have been found in people around the world. Secondly, it has been proven that the position of a person in relation to the three dimensions of personality tends to persist for a long time. And third, a study of twin pairs has shown that identical twins show significantly closer characteristics than fraternal twins of the same sex who grew up together, which may serve as confirmation of the determining role of genetic factors in the manifestation of individual differences between different people.

1.3 Neurophysiological foundations of trait theory

The most interesting, in our opinion, in Eysenck's theory is his attempt to establish the neurophysiological foundations for each of the super personality traits he singled out. He says that introversion-extroversion is most closely related to the level of cortical activation, as shown in his electroencephalographic studies. Eysenck does not accidentally use the term "activation", he uses it to refer to the so-called degree of arousal, which changes its value from the lower limit (for example, sleep) to the upper limit (for example, a state of panic). Hans Eysenck believes that people classified as introverts are extremely excitable and, accordingly, more sensitive to incoming stimulation, on the basis of this they avoid situations that could have a strong effect on them. On the other hand, extroverts are not excitable enough and are constantly looking for situations that can turn them on.

Eysenck believes that subjects that differ in the parameter of stability-neuroticism have differences in the parameter of the strength of the autonomic reaction. nervous system to external stimulation. He connects this moment with the limbic system, which has a significant impact on the motivation and emotions of a person. Subjects who have a high level of neuroticism typically respond to painful, anxiety-producing stimulation much more quickly, while those with stable neuroticism tend to respond much more slowly. Such individuals are characterized by the manifestation of a longer reaction, which continues even after the disappearance of stimuli.

If we turn to research on psychotism, then they are at the search stage. At the same time, as a working hypothesis, Hans Eysenck links psychotism with the humoral regulation system, in particular with the androgen-producing system. Unfortunately, not enough studies have been conducted on this issue to absolutely accurately and clearly confirm the indicated hypothesis about the relationship of psychotism with the secretion of sex hormones.

The neurophysiological interpretation of the facts of personality behavior, which was proposed by Eysenck, is most closely associated with his concept of psychopathology. For example, different types symptoms or behavioral disorders can be attributed to the combined influence of super personality traits on the functioning of his nervous system. For example, a person who has high levels of introversion and neuroticism may have a higher risk of developing a painful anxiety condition such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as phobias. Whereas a person with a high level of extraversion of personality, as well as neuroticism, is more prone to antisocial disorders. However, Eysenck added that such mental disorders are not an automatic result of genetic predetermination. A genetically inherited predisposition of a person to act and behave in a certain way when getting into certain situations. Thus, the researcher's belief in the genetic basis of various kinds of mental disorders is combined with the conviction that environmental influences can to some extent change the development of this type of disorder.

2. Measurement of personality traits

.1 Diagnostic study of personality traits and types according to the method of G.Yu. Eysenck EPi

Eysenck in his works indicates that his research is motivated, first of all, by the imperfection of psychiatric and psychological diagnoses. In his opinion, the traditional classification of diseases should be replaced by a special system of measurements, which would present the main characteristics of a person's personality. At the same time, he points out that mental disorders and disorders in a person are a continuation of individual differences in a person, which are also observed in ordinary, “normal” people.

Hans Eysenck, during his creative development, created a huge number of questionnaires to determine individual differences in the three superfactors of personality he singled out. The most recent is the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Some of the items in this questionnaire are presented in Appendix A. It must be noted that the questionnaire contains a number of items that are relevant to a person's tendency to falsify answers in order to show himself in a better light. There is also an "Adolescent Personality Questionnaire" for diagnosing the severity of super traits in children aged 7 to 15 years.

Eysenck has always been convinced that his main criteria of introversion-extroversion and stability-neuroticism are empirically confirmed in some works of other researchers who used other personality tests. Much of the evidence for this claim has come from studies of the difference in behavior between introverts and extroverts.

Each type of personality, according to Eysenck, is naturally determined, you should not talk about good and bad temperaments, you can only talk about different types human behavior and activities, individual characteristics. Each person who has determined the type of his temperament can use his traits much more effectively.

The indicator of introversion-extroversion is characterized by a person's psychological orientation to the world of external objects (that is, extraversion) or to the inner, subjective world (introversion). It is generally accepted that extroverted people are more inherent in sociability, impulsiveness, flexibility of behavior, a greater degree of initiative (but, at the same time, less perseverance), as well as high social adaptation.

Extroverted people are usually charming, straightforward in their judgments and are guided by an external assessment of their behavior. Extroverts are very good at activities that require quick decision making. If you characterize a typical extrovert, then it can be noted that such an individual is very sociable, facing social interaction, has a wide circle of contacts, and also feels an urgent need for social contacts. Such a person tends to act under the influence of the situation, he is impulsive and quick-tempered. You can say about an extrovert that he is carefree, optimistic, very good-natured and cheerful. He prefers movement and action, he may have a tendency to be aggressive. The feelings and emotions of an extrovert are not strictly controlled, such a person is prone to risky actions and deeds, it is not always possible for such a person to Plean back.

Introverted people are characterized by lack of communication, isolation, social passivity (at the same time, with great perseverance), a tendency to introspection and certain difficulties in social adaptation. Such people cope better with monotonous work, they turn out to be more careful, accurate, pedantic. A typical introvert is a calm, shy person who is prone to introspection. An introvert is reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. He is inclined to plan and think over his own actions in advance, he is not inclined to trust sudden impulses, he is very serious about making decisions, he likes order in everything. An introvert controls his own feelings, it is very difficult to piss him off. Such a person is pessimistic, highly appreciates the norms of morality and morality.

Ambiverts have features of extra- and introversion. Sometimes persons, to clarify this indicator, an additional examination using other tests is recommended.

The indicator of neuroticism characterizes a person in terms of his emotional stability (stability). This indicator is also bipolar and forms a scale, on one pole of which there are people characterized by extreme emotional stability, excellent adaptation (indicator 0-11 on the “neuroticism” scale), and on the other - an extremely nervous, unstable and poorly adapted type (indicator 14- 24 on the neuroticism scale).

Neuroticism is emotional stability. Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). According to some data, neuroticism is associated with indicators of the lability of the nervous system. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality, impulsivity; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, a tendency to irritability.

The neurotic personality is characterized by inadequately strong reactions to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale in adverse stressful situations may develop neurosis.

Emotionally unstable (neurotic) - sensitive, emotional, anxious, tend to painfully experience failures and get upset over trifles.

Psychoticism. This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy of emotional reactions, high conflict, non-contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, indifference.

According to Eysenck, high scores on extraversion and neuroticism are consistent with a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high scores on introversion and neuroticism are consistent with anxiety or reactive depression.

Neuroticism and psychotism in the case of the severity of these indicators are understood as a "predisposition" to the corresponding types of pathology.

2.2 Differences between introverts and extroverts

Eysenck in his creative activity attaches great importance to conceptual clarity and measurement accuracy. His work was aimed at determining whether there is a certain difference in behavior, which is due to individual differences within the continuum of introversion - extraversion. The researcher claimed that individual differences in human behavior can be identified through factor analysis, as well as measured through questionnaires and rigorous laboratory procedures. In this section, we consider the general methodology of his research.

In a review of studies that are based on test predictions within the theory of personality types, a huge number of facts are presented. In particular, it has been shown that extroverts are much more tolerant of pain than introverts, they tend to make more pauses during work to chat and relax than introverts, and general arousal increases the efficiency of their actions, while introverts are only hindered.

Some other empirically established differences between extroverts and introverts are listed below.

· Introverts tend to prefer theoretical and scientific activities (eg, engineering and chemistry), while extroverts tend to prefer jobs that involve people (eg, sales, social services).

· Introverts are more likely to be admitted to the practice of masturbation than extroverts; on the other hand, extroverts have sex in more early age more often and with more partners than introverts.

· In college, introverts are more successful than extroverts. Also, students who leave college for psychiatric reasons tend to be more introverted; while those students who leave academic reasons are more likely to be extroverts.

· Introverts feel more alert in the mornings, while extroverts feel more alert in the evenings. Moreover, introverts work better in the morning and extroverts in the afternoon.

One of the most noticeable differences between introverts and extroverts is their sensitivity to stimulation. This difference can be easily demonstrated using the "lemon drop test". If you put four drops of lemon juice on a person's tongue, it turns out that introverts produce almost twice as much saliva as extroverts. The basis of this interesting phenomenon is related to the different picture of physiological functioning in introverts and extroverts. Eysenck especially emphasizes that the ascending activating influence from the reticular formation of the brain stem is responsible for the differences in reactions to stimulation in introverts and extroverts.

Drawing on data from higher physiology nervous activity, G. Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types according to Pavlov are very close to the extraverted and introverted personality types. The nature of intro- and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. According to G. Eysenck, such personality traits as extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability are orthogonal, i.e. are statistically independent of each other. Accordingly, G. Eysenck divides people into four types, each of which is a combination of a high or low score in the range of one property, together with a high or low score in the range of another. Thus, using the survey data on the scales of extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability, it is possible to derive personality temperament indicators according to Pavlov's classification, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong , unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).

According to G.V. Sukhodolsky, the typology of G. Eysenck, can be represented as a matrix, the rows of which characterize the orientation (introversion; average values; extraversion), the columns correspond to the levels of emotional stability (neuroticism; average values; stability), and the elements - statistically normal and deviating from it types . Appendix B presents a matrix typology of personalities according to the EPQ method.

With the help of this matrix, it is easy to determine whether a person belongs to one of the nine personality types, using a combination of the degree of severity of extraversion and neuroticism.

Each type of personality corresponds to the following external manifestations:

Choleric (X) - Aggressive, short-tempered, changing his views / impulsive.

Choleric-sanguine (CS) type - optimistic, active, extroverted, sociable, accessible.

Sanguine (C) - talkative, quick to respond, laid-back, lively.

Sanguine-phlegmatic (SF) type - carefree, leading, stable, calm, balanced.

Phlegmatic (F) - reliable, self-controlled, peaceful, reasonable.

Phlegmatic-melancholic (FM) type - diligent, passive, introvert, quiet, unsociable.

Melancholic (M) - restrained, pessimistic, sober, rigid.

Melancholic-choleric (MX) type - conscientious, capricious, neurotic, touchy, restless.

The table shows the values of the indicators of the scales extraversion, introversion, neuroticism-stability according to the EPQ method. By substituting the average values on two basic scales, as well as the extreme manifestations of signs in points, it is easy to obtain a matrix that allows you to determine the type of personality using the EPI method.

With individual diagnostics, this matrix helps to determine whether a person belongs to a certain type, on the basis of which it is possible to build psychological picture personality. In addition, the matrix distribution of types allows you to portray social communities.

Matrix and profile framing makes it easy to compare typological portraits of different social groups people, and the graphical representation of profiles provides visibility when comparing.

Conclusion

In the course of studying personality types according to the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck, the following were successively resolved theoretical tasks: the analysis of the problem of personality traits and types was carried out, the main concepts and principles of the theory of personality types were identified, personality types in the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck.

Theoretical analysis showed that Eysenck's theory of personality types is based on factor analysis. His hierarchical model of personality structure includes types, personality traits, habitual reactions, specific reactions. Types are continuums, on which characteristics of individuals are located between two extremes. Eysenck emphasizes that personality types are not discrete and that most people do not fall into extreme categories.

Hans Eysenck's type theory was developed on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of factor analysis. This method assumes that people have various relatively constant personal qualities, or traits, and that these traits can be measured using correlation studies. Eysenck applied the deductive method of scientific research, starting with theoretical constructions, and then collecting data that logically corresponded to this theory.

Eysenck established four criteria for identifying factors. First, psychometric confirmation of the existence of the factor must be obtained. The second criterion is that the factor must have the property of inheritance and satisfy the established genetic model. Third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical point of view. The last criterion for the existence of a factor is its social relevance, that is, it must be shown that the mathematically derived factor has a relationship (not necessarily strictly causal) to social phenomena.

Eysenck formulated the concept of a hierarchical four-level model of the human personality. The lower level is specific actions or thoughts, an individual way of behaving or thinking, which may or may not be characteristics of the individual. The second level is habitual actions or thoughts that are repeated under certain conditions. The third level is personality traits, and the fourth, the highest level of organization of behavior, is the level of types, or superfactors.

Extraversion is characterized by sociability and impulsivity, introversion by passivity and thoughtfulness, neuroticism by anxiety and compulsive habits, stability by the absence of such, psychotism by antisocial behavior, and superego by a tendency to empathize and cooperate.

Eysenck placed special emphasis on the biological components of personality. According to his theory, environmental influences are practically not important for the formation of personality. In his opinion, genetic factors have a much greater influence on subsequent behavior than childhood impressions.

Eysenck's theory of personality types is based on factor analysis. His hierarchical model of personality structure includes types, personality traits, habitual reactions, specific reactions. Types are continuums, on which characteristics of individuals are located between two extremes. Eysenck emphasizes that personality types are not discrete, that most people do not fall into extreme categories.

Eysenck sees only two main types (subfeatures) underlying the personality structure: introversion-extroversion, stability-neuroticism. Explicit features of behavior resulting from combinations of these two types are considered. For example, people who are both introverted and stable tend to be in control of their actions, while extroverts who are stable tend to be carefree. Eysenck argues that individual differences in these two sub-features are closely related to the neurophysiological characteristics of the human body. Eysenck attaches much more importance to the genetic basis of personality traits than other personologists. Eysenck, in addition to the EPi questionnaire, several more questionnaires to assess the main subfeatures underlying his hierarchical personality model. Theories of personality based on factor analysis reflect the modern interest of psychology in quantitative methods and, in turn, are reflected in a huge number of specially organized studies of personality.

In the vast number of applied studies that Eysenck conducted to prove his theory, most often together with specialists in their respective fields, the importance of differences in these factors in crime statistics, in mental illness, in predisposition to accidents, in the choice of professions, in the severity of level of achievement, in sports, in sexual behavior, etc.

Eysenck's tireless efforts to create a holistic picture of personality are admirable. Many psychologists consider him a first-rate specialist, extremely fruitful in his attempts to create a scientifically based model of the structure and functioning of the personality. Throughout his work, Eysenck consistently emphasized the role of neurophysiological and genetic factors in explaining individual behavioral differences. In addition, he argues that an accurate measurement procedure is the cornerstone of constructing a convincing theory of personality. His contributions to research in criminology, education, psychopathology, and behavior change should also be noted. In general, it seems logical to conclude that the popularity of Eysenck's theory will continue to grow and there will be continued attempts by scientists to improve and expand his theory of personality traits both on a theoretical and empirical level.

Glossary

No. p / p Concept Definition 1 1. 2. Secondary Dispositions Individual traits that are less noticeable and less suitable for characterizing a person than central dispositions Everyone has many secondary dispositions that are not very important for describing a given personality, but nevertheless appear with some regularity and are responsible for many specific moments in human behavior 2 Diathesis- Diathesis-stress model Eysenck's model of the occurrence of mental illness, according to which some people are more vulnerable to illness because they have some kind of genetic or acquired weakness that makes them more prone to mental illness Predisposition (diathesis) together with stress situations give rise to psychotic manifestations 3 Dynamic trait A trait that activates and directs a person to specific goals Dynamic traits include ergs and semes . As an age feature, impulsivity manifests itself mainly in preschool and younger children. school age, which is due to the insufficient formation of the behavior control function. With normal development, this form of impulsivity is quite optimally corrected in the joint games of children, in which the fulfillment of role-playing rules requires restraining one's immediate impulses and taking into account the interests of other players, and also somewhat later in learning activities. Upon reaching adolescence, impulsivity can again manifest itself as an age-related feature, already associated with an increase in emotional excitability at this age. For the diagnosis of impulsivity, special tests and questionnaires are used, for example, Kagan's Matching Familiar Figure Test and the impulsivity questionnaire of S. and H. Aizenkov. 5Individual, Individual (Individ; Individual) - a single, unlike any other creature Differs from a collective being 6IntroversionEysenck's introversion (from Latin intro - inside) is a personal variable in H. Eysenck's hierarchical personality model. It is characterized by a number of features. Among them - perseverance, rigidity, subjectivism, modesty, irritability. The introvert is shy, introspective, does not follow sudden impulses, likes order, can be relied upon, cold. Performance oriented. 7 Persistence Persistence is a personal quality. Characterized by the ability to overcome external and internal obstacles in achieving the task. 8NeuroticismNeuroticism (from the Greek neuron - vein, nerve) is a personal variable in H. Eysenck's hierarchical personality model. According to Eysenck, with a reactive and labile autonomic nervous system, the features of which are determined by the limbic system and the hypothalamus, emotional susceptibility and irritability increase. At the behavioral level, this is manifested in an increase in the number of somatic complaints (headaches, sleep disturbances, mood swings, inner anxiety, worries and fears). At the same time, emotional instability, anxiety, low self-esteem develop. Such a person is internally restless, preoccupied, inclined to flog a fever. 9PsychotismPsychotism (psychoticism) (from the Greek psyche - soul) is a construct of Kh.Yu. Eysenck. This secondary personality trait is characterized by such behavioral traits as fantasy, richness of imagination, liveliness of associations, originality, inflexibility, subjectivism, lack of realism, self-centeredness, selfishness, dispassion, non-contact, poor switching, insufficient accuracy of movements, sometimes conflict, strong internal stress, inadequacy of emotional reactions. At the same time, a tendency to solitude and insensitivity to others comes to the fore. It is the opposite position in relation to the power of the superego. 10Surface traits Observable forms of behavior matter only as a starting point from which it is convenient to start research, or as indicators of the main features using the constant stimulus method. The ordinate axis represents the relative frequency of positive responses, the abscissa axis in determining the absolute threshold is the intensity of the stimulus, and in determining the differential threshold, as a rule, the absolute value of the difference between constant and variable stimuli. 12TemperamentTemperament (from lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts) - a stable association of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. The properties of temperament include individual tempo and rhythm mental processes, the degree of stability of feelings, the degree of volitional effort. The type of temperament is closely related to the innate anatomical and physiological characteristics of higher nervous activity. At the same time, certain lifetime changes in temperament indicators are possible, associated with the conditions of upbringing, diseases transferred at an early age, nutritional habits, hygienic and general living conditions. 13 Anxiety Anxiety is a personality trait that manifests itself in the mild and frequent occurrence of anxiety states. Anxiety occurs with a favorable background of the properties of the nervous and endocrine systems, but it is formed in vivo, primarily due to a violation of the forms of intra- and interpersonal communication such as between parents and children. 14Factor Hidden variable obtained by data processing using factor analysis 15Extroversion Eysenck's extraversion is a personality variable in H. Eysenck's hierarchical personality model. It is characterized by a number of features. Among them - sociability, impulsivity, activity, liveliness, susceptibility, excitability. An extrovert loves parties, needs people, loves tricky jokes, does not go into his pocket for a word, loves change. Carefree, cheerful, likes to laugh, quick-tempered, you can not always rely on him. Focused on feelings and emotions.

List of sources used

3. Granovskaya R.M. Elements practical psychology[Text] / R.M. Granovskaya - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - St. Petersburg: Light, 1997 - 608 p. - ISBN - 5-9268-0184-2

4. Danilova N.N., Physiology of higher nervous activity [Text] / N.N. Danilova, A.L. Krylova - M.: Educational literature, 1997. - 432 p. ISBN 5-7567-0220

Ilyin E.P. Differential psychophysiology [Text] / E.P. Ilyin - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 464 p. ISBN: 933-5-04-126534-3

Kretschmer E. Body structure and character [Text] / E. Kretschmer Per. with him. / Afterword, comment. S.D. Biryukov. - M.: Pedagogy-Press, 1995. - 607 p. ISBN: 978-5-04-006635-3

Krupnov A.I. Dynamic features of activity and emotionality of temperament [Text] / A.I. Krupnov // Psychology and psychophysiology of activity and self-regulation of human behavior and activity. - Sverdlovsk, 1989 ISBN 81-7305-192-5.

Morozov A.V. Business psychology [Text] / A.V. Morozov: Course of lectures: Textbook for higher and secondary special educational institutions. - St. Petersburg: Soyuz Publishing House, 2000. - 576 p. ISBN: 5-8291-0670-1

Psychological diagnostics[Text]: Tutorial/ Ed. K.M. Gurevich and E.M. Borisova. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1997. - 304 p. ISBN. 9785699300235

Raigorodsky D.Ya. (editor-compiler). Practical psychodiagnostics [Text] / D.Ya. Raygorodsky: Methods and tests. Tutorial. - Samara: Publishing House "BAHRAKH", 1998. - 672 p. ISBN: 978-5-94648-062-8.

Rusalov V.M. Questionnaire for the structure of temperament [Text] / V.M. Mermaids: Toolkit. - M., 1990. ISBN 5-89314-063

Kjell L., Personality Theories (Basic Provisions, Research and Application) [Text] / L. Kjell, D. Ziegler. - St. Petersburg. Peter Press, 1997. - 608 p. ISBN: 5-88782-412

13.Shevandrin N.I. Psychodiagnostics, correction and personality development [Text] / N.I. Shevandrin. - M.: VLADOS, 1998. - 512 p. ISBN: 5-87065-066-6.

Applications

In psychology and therapy, there are many interesting areas that differ significantly from each other. Among them, one can distinguish a direction that focused on the study of the intellect and personality traits of a person, according to which one or another behavior (and emotional response) of a particular person in a certain situation can be predicted. As a result of such studies, numerous tests of psychodiagnostics of human personality traits and professional selection have appeared.

It is believed that the main classics of this direction are Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell And Hans Eysenck. In this chapter, we will focus on Hans Eysenck, a scientist who created his own theory of personality, laid down and developed different approaches to the study of personality characteristics of a person and made a significant contribution to psychotherapy.

Hans Eysenck(1916-1997) was born in Germany into an artistic family. Mother was a well-known silent film actress. My father was an entertainer and pop singer, also quite popular. Hans grew up without feeling much warmth from his parents, and therefore did not feel the same for them. Moreover, they divorced when he was still a small child, and although he continued to communicate with them, he spent more time with his grandmother. She was also from an artistic environment, she was an opera singer, but she lost her voice early and therefore left the stage, and after the divorce of her grandson's parents, she took up the upbringing of Hans. As Eysenck recalled, his upbringing was quite free. For example, when his father bought him a bicycle, he dragged him up a steep hill in front of the house and said: “Here is a bicycle for you, sit on it and ride,” and left. Grandmother also treated his upbringing very freely. When at the age of 12 he saw that she was smoking, he said: “I will also buy cigarettes for myself and I will smoke.” She replied "If you want, try."

This feeling of freedom, but without deep love left an imprint on his personality. On the one hand, he was polite, correct, but at the same time distrustful and wary. He practically did not have close people with whom he would live in perfect harmony. He was a man of the world, easy enough to communicate, but very sharp-tongued. He could not stand not only fools, but ordinary people in general. He was quite polemical, there was practically no such topic on which he would not immediately begin to object with pleasure.

This did not serve him very well, because in terms of the breadth of research and practice, Eysenck can be attributed to the very outstanding psychologists of the world, but due to his causticity towards others, the desire to show his advantage by not recognizing authorities, the scientific community had a very reserved attitude. to his scientific merit.

Eysenck planned to go to university in Germany, but at that moment the Nazis came to power. And although he was a native German, but as a real intellectual he could not stand the totalitarian regime. This is slave mode. He wasn't. And when belonging to the National Socialist Party became one of the criteria for entering the university, he left. First to France. There he encountered all the "charms" of emigre life: this is both social adaptation and a negative attitude towards the Germans among ordinary people. After all, that was the beginning of the war. He was even going to be deported back to Germany, since all Germans were then suspected of being spies. But in the end it didn't happen. He hated fascism so much that he wanted to go fight against it, but for the same reason he was not taken into the war, fearing unreliability. For some time, Eysenck lived on tutoring earnings, and then moved to England. There the atmosphere was more friendly.

Eysenck got into psychology by chance. He was going to study physics, was fascinated by it, while in high school he got acquainted with the works of Rutherford. He had passed his examinations at the University of London and thought he would be enrolled in Faculty of Physics. In Germany, they took three exams, and then they chose a faculty. But in London he was told that the passed exams were not enough to enter the faculty of physics. Since the period entrance exams was already completed and he could not wait until next year for financial reasons, he had to choose a faculty from those that remained. Among them was the faculty of psychology, which Eysenck preferred. And thus the world received an outstanding research psychologist and psychotherapist.

While studying psychology, Eysenck showed his craving for the exact sciences here too, applying an accurate measurement of psychological parameters using mathematical statistics. He knew mathematics and physics brilliantly. And I must say that the psychological department of the University of London was created Charles Edward Spearman, author factor analysis, which is now used in almost all exact sciences. What it is? This is a method of data analysis that reveals the relationship between the phenomena under study and combines them into factors. Suppose we need to measure hypothetically significant psychological features or personality traits. You upload them to a special computer program, start measuring and see what parameters will change simultaneously or oppositely, for example, anxiety, sociability, etc. During processing, some parameters show a joint dynamics, i.e. some kind of bonding with each other. And then they are combined into factors. It is very interesting why some parameters, at first glance, not related to each other, after mathematical analysis suddenly “clutched” into factors. This is the "why" Eysenck studied for many years.

In short, Eysenck's professional development was influenced by the discovery of Spearman's factor analysis in statistics, the typological approach of Jung and Kretschmer, Beft's research in the field of heredity, Pavlov's experiments and the American theory of learning (behaviorism and its derivatives).

Eysenck compared two approaches to the study of intelligence: Spearman singled out the factor of general abilities, and Thurstone considered a number of independent abilities. Eysenck was the first to show that these two approaches are not opposed to each other.

Eysenck was an active critic of psychoanalysis. He strove for the accuracy of measurements, and in psychoanalysis there can be no complete accuracy, since there are no strict quantitatively measurable parameters (although Freud himself dreamed that someday psychoanalysis would become exact science). Eysenck's main argument against psychoanalysis was that psychoanalysis is unscientific because it cannot be refuted (any scientific theory can be tried to be refuted) and because the reliability of the assumptions on which it relies has not been established. And according to psychoanalysis, you say: "Here, you have an Oedipus complex." And the person says, "No, I don't feel it." “That's right, and you shouldn't feel it, because it has been repressed by the censorship of consciousness so much that you are really sure that you don't have it. But it is precisely this resistance of yours that just confirms that you have it. These conclusions are absolutely impossible to refute, as well as to fully agree with the therapist's assumption. And here psychoanalysis is vulnerable. If you agree, then I am right, if not, then psychoanalysis is for doing what you do not understand.

Eysenck believed that pathological behavior is an inadequate response learned by a person, and not a disguised manifestation of unconscious conflicts. Here he agrees with the behaviorists. According to Eysenck, psychoanalysis flourished only because psychoanalysts, unknowingly, often used behavioral therapy methods.

Behaviorists in their teaching did not use the word treat. They used learn. And they considered therapy as relearning from the wrong behavior to the right one. They considered the disease to be the result of an incorrectly learned model of behavior, an incorrect way of life. Therefore, it is useless to treat it, but it is necessary to relearn from the wrong behavior model to a new one that will eliminate this disease. In particular, the therapy of neurotic behavior involved the unlearning of a person or the erasure of previously learned reactions. However, from Eysenck, both behaviorists and humanists, and everyone who somehow found himself in the center of attention of the scientific world, got it.

Eysenck had a very wide range of interests, and he, using his numerous knowledge in various fields, tried to find ways to objectify the study of psychological processes and their measurement. In particular, Eysenck tried to link personality traits with the likelihood of developing various disorders and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. There were not enough statistics to prove this connection, but many interesting trends were identified.

Eysenck wrote his doctoral dissertation on experimental aesthetics. He studied the peculiarities of people's perception from the simplest figures to works of art, tried to identify the aesthetic patterns of this perception.

After completing his studies, he entered the clinic named after henry Models, famous Victorian psychiatrist late XIX V. Models wrote the most interesting work “Physiology and pathology of the soul”, where he expressed his opinion that schizophrenia is a disease of the personality, the soul, and not only (and not so much) an organic disease. Models founded child psychiatry and made a very interesting observation that many mental disorders are age-related and can go away on their own if not too focused on them. Interestingly, the famous Eysenck questionnaire went down in history as the Model questionnaire, since it was created in the clinic named after him.

Eysenck was lucky with colleagues and teachers. So, Audrey Lewis founded the Institute of Psychiatry at the University of London, which was engaged in physiological and psychological research on organic disorders of the brain, and recruited a staff of clinics from scientists with independent thinking. And Eysenck was pleased that there were many extraordinary people in their team. From then until the end of his life, Eysenck was associated with this psychological department. He simultaneously worked as a practical psychotherapist and devoted a lot of time to research.

Using the ideas of Carl Jung about extraversion and introversion, Eysenck was the first to bring them to the level of a relative objective measurement in the form of tests. And now the terms "extroversion-introversion" are already associated with the name of Eysenck. Creating his own theory of personality types, he adds another characteristic - neuroticism. High neuroticism corresponds to emotional instability, and low neuroticism corresponds to stability. Thus, Eysenck believed that all primary factors can be reduced to three generalizing factors, according to which a sufficient impression of a person is formed. And these three factors: introversion, extraversion And neuroticism.

Schematically, Eysenck arranged the types of personalities obtained depending on the severity of the three characteristics, inside a circle divided by a cross into four equal segment, where the horizontal axis meant Introversion - Extraversion, the vertical one - Neuroticism with poles Emotional stability - instability. And in four segments were located:

Phlegmatic person(stable introvert) - in the upper left sector;

sanguine(stable extrovert) - in the right upper sector;

Choleric(unstable extrovert) - in the lower left sector;

melancholic(unstable introvert) - in the lower right sector.

The division, of course, was conditional, in real life rarely there are people who have singled out personality types in their “pure form”. As a rule, people have mixed types, and if they refer themselves to any, then only by the predominance of certain qualities in character.

This achievement of Eysenck was of great importance for practical psychology, because it was it that significantly enriched psychodiagnostics and professional selection (it is known that each type is more or less effective in a particular activity. Using knowledge of a person, professional selection can be carried out more successfully, solving important tasks of professional suitability (to a certain type of activity) and adaptation in the workplace).

Introverts are mostly passive, cautious, reasonable, touchy, but they can be covertly aggressive and fickle.

Extroverts tend to be outgoing, open, talkative, helpful, nonchalant, lively, carefree people.

Introverts are more sensitive to pain than extroverts. Is it important to take this into account? Important. For example, we say to someone in the family: “Well, what are you, can't stand it? I'm patient." And this person just has a different sensitivity to pain. And not only to the physical, but also to the mental. And we: “Well, what are you whining, moping about?!”.

And an extrovert, on the contrary, cannot share with you heartache. You feel with your heart, but he does not understand. It's just different psychotypes. Introverts tire faster, so it's hard to demand that they work long hours at the same intensity as extroverts. An extrovert doesn't really need breaks from work. Even a slight level of arousal interferes with the activity of introverts, while it helps extroverts. An extrovert works great at a computer next to the TV, while extraneous noise interferes with an introvert. And this is not clear to an extrovert, it seems that he is being capricious.

Many of our problems come from the fact that it seems to us that the other feels everything the same way as we do. In reality, everyone is different, and if this is not taken into account, then mutual understanding will not work. And remaking another for yourself is not a good idea.

Unlike extroverts, introverts are more capable of accuracy rather than speed of doing something. Therefore, in personnel management, it is necessary to select the appropriate work for an introvert, and for an extrovert, one that needs speed rather than accuracy. Most introverts do better in school than extroverts. And extroverts, as a rule, achieve more in life, because by nature they are more sociable, easily come into contact and do not forget about their interests. An introvert often learns well, but in life cannot easily build relationships with people. And when choosing a profession, this is important to consider. Americans have identified a trend that extroverts more often drop out of universities due to academic failure, and introverts - for neuropsychological reasons. (In America service psychological counseling exist in all universities.)

Extroverts prefer to spend their holidays with people, while introverts prefer more solitary pastimes. An extrovert wife will offer: "Let's go to rest in a noisy place, with people," and this option will be torture for an introvert husband. And this must be taken into account. In general, there are no accidentally happy families, happy families is the result of mutual compromises and mutual concessions. This is a permanent job. And where one does not want to give in, this is already reflected in the emotional background of the family and in children who feel that there is no harmony in the family. Extroverts like to be distracted from the work routine, everyday life. Introverts are much worse versed in new products and diverse things. Therefore, it is better to entrust monotonous work to an introvert, and to an extrovert - something that has novelty and diversity in itself. Extroverts enjoy explicitly aggressive and sexual humor, while introverts are jarred by it.

Extroverts are more sexually active large quantity sexual partners and change them more often. It happens that a couple is an introverted man and an extroverted woman. Such a woman will require increased attention. But if an extrovert feels that they want to bind him, he will begin to be weighed down even by a loved one. He needs new companies, new sensations. But he does not have a deep feeling, and he will leave if the partner does not give him freedom. Extroverts are more suggestible. There has been an epidemic of dyspnoea in England, only because a rumor about it has been spread among the crowd, which is predominantly made up of extroverts. The introvert does not like the crowd and is less prone to mass psychosis, panic and rumors. The crowd is incredibly suggestible. And this has its own plus. For example, an extrovert receives a much more powerful healing charge if he is a believer when he is in church, gets much more satisfaction from music when he listens to it in a mass, feels much more emotional impact in a team. And this knowledge can be used.

Eysenck worked a lot with students and noted, in particular, that introverts do their homework better in silence and solitude. Extroverts learn the material better in communication. And this is not because one of them is smarter, but because they are simply different and they are learning the material differently. Eysenck has a Lemon Drop test. The results show that when a person imagines that a drop of lemon has been dropped under his tongue, extroverts, as more suggestible, will salivate more than introverts.

It must be said that about a third of people are ambivalent, i.e. have an approximately equal ratio of extrovert and introvert traits.

If we talk about neuroticism, then we can distinguish the following features of the corresponding personality types. People with a high level of neuroticism are emotionally labile, more anxious and restless, have mood swings, often complain of somatic pain, for example, headache, bati in the back, stomach dysfunction, bouts of dizziness. Eysenck believed that hereditary biological differences play a decisive role here. At the opposite end of the scale of neuroticism are the stability of emotional states, balance, and reduced anxiety. More common are extroverts with low neuroticism, and introverts with high neuroticism. These types of people require a special approach in counseling. For example, an extrovert, although distinguished by high sociability, low anxiety, is extremely suggestible compared to an introvert. It is very interesting. It would seem that an extrovert communicates a lot, receives new impressions, and, conversely, should be immune to suggestion, while an introvert is completely self-absorbed, anxious and should be suggestible. But if you think about it, then suggestibility is susceptibility to other people's suggestions, and an introvert is very sooty-suggestible, and it is this Batya who is protected from extraneous suggestion. If an introvert is anxious, then it is much more difficult to calm him down with various arguments than an extrovert. An introvert is on his own. With those who are more suggestible, methods of suggestion should be used, and with those who are less - logical arguments. Suggestibility is neither positive nor negative quality, it all depends on how and for what to use, given the level of development of this quality.

If you are susceptible to suggestion, then various auto-trainings will be pathetic for you, which will allow you to train self-regulation, and it will become difficult to manipulate you. Some people are embarrassed by this feature, but in fact, with practice, you can very well learn to regulate yourself perfectly, resist suggestion, and influence others yourself.

Eysenck later added to the neuroticism factor psychotism. Psychotism, like neuroticism, has two poles: the norm is psychotism. In the case of high scores on this scale, one can speak of a predisposition to psychotic deviations. The "psychotic personality" (not pathological) is characterized by Eysenck as egocentric, selfish, dispassionate, non-contact.

Joke. What is the difference between a neurotic and a psychotic? The psychotic is sure that 2 x 2 = 5, and the neurotic knows that 2x2 = 4, but this gets on his nerves very much.

There is some truth in this joke. Eysenck showed that psychotism and neuroticism are not two different poles. In practice, it turned out that a psychotic can have neurotic reactions, and a neurotic can have psychotic manifestations. For example, a person may have increased anxiety and suspiciousness and at the same time be very persistent, stubborn. That is, in a person there is a little bit of everything.

Eysenck was interested in genetic research. He believed that something in a person is due to heredity, and something is acquired and changed in the process of life. On the one hand, he is a behaviorist: “everything is changeable”, “everything is teachable”, and on the other hand, he is a geneticist. More precisely, he is a behavioral realist who understands that the environment can teach, but within the limits set by nature. He believed that about 2/3 of the main personality traits are determined by heredity, and only in Uz the environment can improve or worsen them. He was one of the organizers of the London Twin Study. Eysenck claimed that his research showed the dominant role of genetic factors.

It is interesting that even such a quality as sociality, sociability, turned out to be more than 60% innate. That is, it can be like this: if a person has sociability inherent in nature, then, even being brought up in a closed atmosphere, once in society, he will quickly get used to it, and the other, on the contrary, if he has a tendency to isolation, having gone through kindergartens, and schools, and special trainings - will still experience difficulties in communication. Of course, certain shifts as a result of purposeful therapeutic work are possible, but not to such an extent as with an extrovert.

Classical behaviorists believed that “everyone can be made into anyone” is enough to choose the right stimuli and reinforce the right responses. And Eysenck pointed to the genetic component of various psychological disorders. According to Eysenck, neurotic symptoms develop as a result of the interaction of the biological system and experience, which lead to the formation of emotional reactions to a stimulus that causes fear or other undesirable behavioral or emotional reaction. He found that most law-abiding patients showed high levels of neuroticism and low level extraversion, and for many criminals and antisocial people, both neuroticism and extraversion were both high. If a person is anxious, emotionally unstable, he can commit a preventive crime, fearing that someone might kill him, hit him. Such a client needs to be helped to work out his fear and more adequately relates to situations that only seem threatening.

Eysenck believed that heredity is a predisposition that may or may not be realized. And we must take this into account as psychologists-consultants. For example, if a person's parents are alcoholics, then he will not necessarily become the same, but it is dangerous for him to drink beer, because he is more likely to become an alcoholic than people who are not burdened by such heredity. To such teenagers, when asked: “Why do others drink, but I can’t?”, You must answer not “because drinking is harmful”, but “because your friends do not have a predisposition to alcoholism, and your father was an alcoholic and you can become addicted.”

Eysenck considers hereditary burdens not as a sentence, but as a warning.

So what outweighs in a person what plays a dominant role - education or a biological basis? I must say that different scientists answer this question in different ways. Supporters of genetic factors cite facts in favor of heredity and innate properties, while supporters of the social insist on the influence of society.

One friend is breeding purebred kittens. And now, a few days after birth, they discover different characters: one is quiet, the other is mischievous, and the third is cunning. Genetics, i.e. predisposition, they have the same, the environment is the same, even they have the same astrology, but the characters are different. So there are other factors that make them different.

Why is it important for us to know the level of influence of hereditary biological differences? We must know which qualities are changeable and which are not. It is necessary to understand that some psychological (not to mention biological) parameters of a person are practically invariable, and there is no need to torture yourself and others, but you need to create conditions for these characterological features to be beneficial, not harmful.

The human problem lies in the fact that people often resign themselves to what they can potentially change, and try hard to remake what cannot be changed (for example, character traits or abilities that are directly dependent on the type of temperament). Although it is more constructive to do just the opposite - you need to understand and accept your innate characteristics and abilities, try to reveal them, choose a type of activity where they are in demand and can be maximized.

Eysenck also did a comparative study of anxiety and hysteria. It turned out that these qualities are very often unrelated, i.e. a hysteroid type person may not be very anxious. He is often quick-tempered, but quickly "splashes out" his ardor. But there is no high correlation. Some people, experiencing great anxiety, may not show it in any way - behave quietly, while others actively express their emotions and react very sharply. You might think that the second type of people at the moment of "hysteria" is much worse than the first type. But in fact, it is not necessary, because they immediately splash out their feelings, thus, they immediately live and let go of their anxieties. Just such a psychotype.

Eysenck constantly reminded of the dangers of the tendency of psychologists (and people in general) to project their characteristics onto others. We believe that if I understand and feel this way, then the other person also understands and feels, but for some reason reacts differently. Misunderstandings, resentment and mistakes in education and psycho-correction occur from such a conviction.

Eysenck, being an outstanding diagnostician and psychometrician, nevertheless understood that measurements should play a subordinate role. That is, diagnostics and testing are necessary, first of all, not to show the patient what he is, but for the specialist to understand what and how to work with, and to assess the correctness and effectiveness of working with the client when the diagnosis is repeated.

For example, if a person has increased responsibility, high anxiety (the neuroticism factor is very high) and at the same time he did not cope with something at work, then you should reassure him: “It’s okay, well, think about it, we’ll redo it,” and thus to reduce his anxiety. And to another person who also made a mistake, but with low anxiety and responsibility, apply other methods of influence, on the contrary, increasing his responsibility for a mistake. Or another example: there are two children in a family - a girl (the eldest child) and a boy. My daughter worries about every B she gets. She had to say: "It's okay." Reduce stress. And the other son - you tell him: "It's okay" - he will carry home triples, and then deuces. Here are two children in the same family, with the same parents. One and the same four, but the approaches should be different.

Eysenck studied the psychophysiological foundations of intellectual activity and created the psychophysiological theory of intelligence. According to his hypothesis, the basis of intelligence is the speed of passage of an impulse through the channels of the nervous connection. He believed that high intelligence is distinguished by a higher speed of processing information precisely due to the faster passage of a nerve impulse.

IN last years In his lifetime, Eysenck created the theory of creativity, in the center of which were activation processes as the fundamental basis of the cognitive component of the personality - creative abilities.

As we have said, Eysenck tried to link personality traits with the likelihood of developing various disorders and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. He did not receive clear evidence, but he deduced predisposition, thereby laying some foundations for genetic psychology, which other researchers then continued to study and develop.

On the base various theories and approaches to the study of personality traits (G. Eysenck, R. Cattell and other researchers) in psychological world a real boom in personality tests begins. Like any fashionable wave, it brought both benefits (who would argue about the importance of personality testing in various professional selections) and had its costs. Unfortunately, not all newly minted tests were valid, and psychologists were not qualified, therefore many truly promising specialists, pupils and students were not appreciated and, thus, deprived of possible success in this or that activity, using their abilities.

Not in vain, after some time, many countries began to impose restrictions on working with tests, for example, to prohibit testing and its interpretation by persons (including certified psychologists) who were not certified by a special commission to work with this particular test.

We now have many different tests in use, but it is worth distinguishing between scientific psychological tests and those that are now being printed in in large numbers in entertainment magazines that have nothing to do with real psychological practice.

Eysenck worked a lot on a comparative study of the parameters of a healthy and pathological psyche. We can say that the main scientific life of Eysenck was subject to the problem of individual differences. He tried to determine how one person differs from another and how this can be measured in order to give the right recommendations on how to work with this person, and then it would be possible to assess whether this work is going in the right direction.

Eysenck is considered the founder of the English clinical psychology. He worked at the Institute of Psychiatry, headed the Department of Psychology. Rejecting the dominance of psychiatrists over psychologists, he shifted the emphasis in clinical psychology from diagnosis (which is mainly done by our clinical psychologists) to active psychotherapy (where our clinical psychologists are almost not admitted, and test results are rarely taken into account).

Eysenck managed to "set himself up" both in the psychological and in the medical environment. Despite his extensive practical experience, he should first of all be noted as a psychologist-researcher. He wrote more than 70 books, many articles based on a huge amount of experimental material.

We had a very popular popular science book "Check your abilities" - a set of tests to determine the level of intelligence. Some clarification needs to be made here. IN English language intelligence is understood as skills expressed in everyday quick wit, ingenuity, while in our country it is often confused with the level of intelligence and culture. According to IQ (intelligence quotient), developed by Eysenck, quick wit is tested. In America, the results of intelligence tests are taken into account in the selection and promotion of civil servants and the military. Interestingly, President B. Clinton has one of the highest IQs, while George W. Bush's IQ is below the American average.

Some books on psychology say that Eysenck was the most popular psychologist in terms of citation index (by how often he is cited). And although it seems to me that Freud's statements are still quoted more, Eysenck's enormous popularity is undeniable.

Eysenck made a huge contribution to education, creativity, genetics, psychopathology, aesthetics, scientific political ideology, not to mention psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychology. He excelled in the study of criminology.

Eysenck's tests have been translated into many languages of the world. Eysenck linked the open dimensions of personality to methods of measurement, to the theory of the functioning of the nervous system and learning processes, as well as to the theory of psychopathology and behavior change.

We can say that he turned out to be the main representative of behavioral psychotherapy in Europe, significantly expanding it in comparison with American approaches, mainly due to greater attention to genetic factors.

Eysenck wanted to find the most general personality patterns that can be accurately measured, and to show that certain patterns correspond to certain types of personality. Such an ambitious tendency to overgeneralize one's ideas is characteristic of many scientists and can be expressed in the words of our famous psychologist B.M. Teplov: "There are honest delusions of a scientist, when he involuntarily sees only facts that confirm his theory." We are all prone to it. What matches our idea, we remember, and what does not, we forget. Eysenck was inclined to seek confirmation of his ideas and ignore what did not fit into them. He always wanted to show his advantage. He wrote: “I have always been against authorities and have always advocated rebelliousness ... If readers want to interpret this in psychoanalytic terms, they will immediately see the Freudian hatred of authorities, father substitutes, the Oedipus complex. Well, that's their right."

Workshop

Eysenck has an interesting questionnaire. Answer the statement "yes" or "no".

1. Do you usually take the initiative to make new acquaintances?
2. Does it happen that thoughts swirl in your head for a long time that you cannot fall asleep?
3. Do you tend to keep a low profile in society?
4. Do you sometimes laugh at dirty jokes?
5. Do you tend to be discouraged?
6. Do you enjoy well-prepared food?
7. When something upsets you, do you feel the need to talk about it with someone who likes you?
8. When you were a child, did you always do everything you were told without procrastination or grumbling?
9. Do you usually keep everything to yourself and don't share with anyone except your closest friends?
10. Does it often happen that a good decision comes to your mind too late?

Now score on the following scales (put one point for each matching answer):

Extraversion: 1. Yes; 3. No; 6. Yes; 9. No.

Introversion: 1. No; 3. Yes; 6. No; 9. Yes.

Neuroticism: 2. Yes; 5. Yes; 7. Yes; 10. Yes.

Stability: 2. No; 5. No; 7. No; 10. No.

Lies: 4. No; 8. Yes.

Sincerity: 4. Yes; 8. No.

Pay attention to the "False" factor. When a person declares that he never laughs at indecent jokes or, as a child, he always did everything without grumbling - he is clearly lying. This suggests that a person wants to present himself better than he is.

Now calculate your scores on each scale and try to build your psychological portrait of yourself or the person you tested. Do not forget that each test provides only approximate oriented information, which should be refined by your observations and thoughts.

Questions for self-examination

1. Retell in your own words the essence of personality factor analysis.
2. What role did Eysenck assign to genetic factors?
3. What is Eysenck's three-factor personality model?
4. Briefly describe the essence of an extrovert.
5. Briefly describe the essence of an introvert.
6. What is neuroticism?
7. What role does neuroitism play in the three-factor Eysenck model?
8. What was Eysenck's attitude towards psychoanalysis?
9. What was his attitude towards behaviorism and behavioral therapy?
10. Check out the main ones. scientific achievements Eysenck.

Course work

Subject: " Hans Eysenck's personality type theory "

Introduction

1. Theoretical analysis of the problem of personality traits and types in the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck

1.1 Hierarchical model

1.2 Basic personality types

1.3 Neurophysiological basis of traits and types

2. Measurement of personality traits

2.1 Diagnostic study of personality traits and types according to the method of G.Yu. Eysenck EPi

2.2 Differences between introverts and extroverts

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Personality traits - stable, recurring in different situations features of the individual's behavior. Mandatory properties of personality traits are the degree of their severity in different people, transsituation and potential measurability Personality traits are measurable using questionnaires and tests specially designed for this purpose. IN experimental psychology personality traits such as extraversion - introversion, anxiety, rigidity, impulsivity are the most widely studied. In modern research, the point of view has been adopted, according to which the description of personality traits is not enough to understand and predict individual behavioral characteristics, since they describe only general aspects of personality manifestations.

Personality is a set of traits that allows you to predict the actions of a person in a given situation. Associated with both external and internal behavior of the individual. The goal of psychological research on personality is to establish the laws by which people behave in typical social situations.

The most popular factorial theories of personality were developed by Hans Eysenck. These theories of personality were oriented toward empirical research into individual personality differences.

Theory G.Yu. Eysenck is built according to a hierarchical type and includes a description of a three-factor model of psychodynamic properties (extraversion - introversion, neuroticism and psychotism). Eysenck relates these properties to the types of the general level of the hierarchical organization of the personality structure. At the next level are traits, below - the level of habitual reactions, actually observed behavior.

Eysenck's significant contribution to the field of factor analysis was the development of criteria analysis techniques, which made it possible to single out specific criteria groups of features as much as possible, for example, to differentiate a contingent by neuroticism. An equally important conceptual position of Eysenck is the idea that the hereditary factor causes differences in people in terms of the reactivity of the autonomic nervous system, the speed and strength of conditioned reactions, that is, in terms of genotypic and phenotypic indicators, as the basis of individual differences in the manifestations of neuroticism, psychotism and extraversion - introversion.

The reactive individual is prone, under appropriate conditions, to the occurrence of neurotic disorders, and individuals who easily form conditioned responses demonstrate introversion in behavior. People with insufficient ability to form conditioned reactions and autonomous reactivity are more likely than others to develop fears, phobias, obsessions, and other neurotic symptoms. In general, neurotic behavior is the result of learning, which is based on reactions of fear and anxiety.

Considering that the imperfection of psychiatry and diagnoses is associated with insufficient personal psychodiagnostics, Eysenck developed questionnaires for this purpose and accordingly adjusted the methods of treatment in psychoneurology. Eysenck tried to determine personality traits a person along two main axes: introversion - extraversion (closedness or openness) and stability - instability (anxiety level).

Thus, the author of these psychological concepts believed that in order to reveal the essence of a personality, it is enough to describe the structure of a person's qualities. He developed special questionnaires that can be used to describe the individuality of a person, but not the whole personality. It is difficult to predict further behavior from them, since in real life people's reactions are far from constant and most often depend on the circumstances that a person encountered at a certain point in time.

The purpose of this course work is to reveal the main provisions of the theory of personality types G. Eysenck.

The relevance of the topic of the course work is determined by the fact that personality is a special quality that a natural individual acquires in the system of social relations. The dispositional direction in the study of personality is based on two general ideas. The first is that people have a wide range of predispositions to respond in certain ways in different situations (that is, personality traits). This means that people demonstrate a certain constancy in their actions, thoughts and emotions, regardless of the passage of time, events and life experience. In fact, the essence of personality is determined by those inclinations that people carry through their lives, which belong to them and are inalienable from them.

The second main idea of the dispositional direction has to do with the fact that no two people are exactly alike. The concept of personality is revealed in part by emphasizing characteristic features distinguishing individuals from each other. Indeed, each theoretical direction in personology, in order to remain viable in the market of psychological science, to one degree or another must consider the problem of differences between individuals.

Despite the fact that the exact impact of genetics on behavior has not yet been clarified, a growing number of psychologists believe that Eysenck may be right on this issue.

1 Theoretical analysis of the problem of personality traits and types in theory G.Yu. Eysenck

1.1 Hierarchical model

Using a complex psychometric technique known as factor analysis, G.Yu. Eysenck in his theory tries to show how the basic structure of personality traits affects the observed behavioral responses of the individual. For Eysenck, two main parameters are extremely important in personality: introversion-extroversion and stability - neuroticism. The third parameter, called psychotism, is the power of the superego. Eysenck also considers as the main parameter in the structure of personality.

Eiseneck believes that the purpose of psychology is to predict behavior. He also shares the commitment of other psychologists to factor analysis as a way to capture the whole picture of personality. However, Eysenck uses factor analysis in a slightly different way. According to Eysenck, a research strategy should begin with a well-founded hypothesis about some key trait of interest to the researcher, followed by an accurate measurement of everything that is characteristic of this trait.

Thus, Eysenck's approach is more tightly bound by the framework of theory. Eysenck is convinced that no more than three subfeatures (which he calls types) are needed to explain most of the behavioral manifestations of a person. Eysenck attaches much more importance to genetic factors in the development of the individual. This does not at all mean that Eysenck denies situational influences or the influence of the environment on a person, but he is convinced that personality traits and types are determined, first of all, by heredity.

The core of Eysenck's theory is the concept he developed that the elements of personality are arranged hierarchically. Eysenck built a four-level hierarchical system of behavior organization.

The lower level is specific actions or thoughts, an individual way of behaving or thinking, which may or may not be characteristics of the individual. For example, we can imagine a student who starts drawing geometric patterns in his notebook if he fails to complete the task. But if his notes are not drawn up and down, we cannot say that such an action has become habitual.

The second level is habitual actions or thoughts, that is, reactions that are repeated under certain conditions. If a student constantly works hard on a task until he gets a solution, this behavior becomes his habitual reaction. Unlike specific responses, habitual responses must occur fairly regularly or be consistent. Habitual responses are isolated through factor analysis of specific responses.

The third level in the hierarchy formulated by Eysenck is occupied by the trait. Eysenck defined a trait as "an important, relatively constant, personal property." A trait is formed from several interconnected habitual reactions. For example, if a student has a habit of always completing assignments in class and does not give up any other work until he finishes it, then we can say that he has the trait of perseverance. Trait-level behavioral characteristics are obtained by factor analysis of habitual responses, and traits are "defined in the sense that there is a significant correlation between different types of habitual behavior"

The fourth, highest level of organization of behavior is the level of types, or superfactors. The type is formed from several interconnected traits. For example, assertiveness can be associated with feelings of inferiority, poor emotional adjustment, social shyness, and a few other traits that collectively form the introverted type. (Appendix A).

There are certain super-traits or types in his schema, such as extraversion, that have a powerful influence on behavior. In turn, he sees each of these super-features built from several composite features. These component traits are either more superficial reflections of the underlying type or specific qualities inherent in that type. Finally, traits are made up of numerous habitual responses, which, in turn, are formed from specific responses. Consider, for example, a person who, judging by the observations, demonstrates a specific reaction: smiling and holding out his hand when meeting another person. If we see that he does this whenever he meets someone, we can assume that this behavior is his habitual reaction to greet another person. This habitual response may be related to other habitual responses, such as the tendency to talk to other people, go to parties, and so on. This group of habitual responses forms a sociability trait that usually co-exists with a predisposition to respond in an active, lively, and assertive manner. Together, these traits make up a super trait, or type, that Eysenck calls extraversion (Appendix B).

Considering the hierarchical model of personality according to Eysenck, it should be noted that here the word "type" implies a normal distribution of parameter values on a continuum. Therefore, for example, the concept of extraversion is a range with upper and lower limits, within which people are located in accordance with the severity of this quality. Thus, extraversion is not a discrete quantitative indicator, but a continuum. Therefore, Eysenck uses the term "type" in this case.

1.2 Basic personality types

In early research, Eysenck singled out only two general types or superfactors: extraversion - type (E) and neuroticism - type (N). Later he identified a third type - psychotism - (P), although he did not deny the possibility that some more dimensions would subsequently be added. Eysenck viewed all three types as part of the normal personality structure (Appendix B).

All three types are bipolar, and if at one end of the E factor is extraversion, then the opposite pole is occupied by introversion. Similarly, the N factor includes neuroticism at one pole and stability at the other, and the P factor contains psychotism at one pole and a strong super-ego at the other. The bipolarity of the Eysenck factors does not imply that the majority of people belong to one or the other pole. The distribution of characteristics belonging to each type is bimodal rather than unimodal. For example, the distribution of extraversion is very close to normal, similar to the distributions of intelligence and height. Most people end up in the center of a hilly distribution; thus, Eysenck did not believe that people could be divided into several mutually exclusive categories.

Eysenck applied the deductive method of scientific research, starting with theoretical constructions, and then collecting data that logically corresponded to this theory. Eysenck's theory is based on the use of factor analysis techniques. He himself, however, argued that abstract psychometric research alone is not enough to measure the structure of the properties of the human personality and that traits and types obtained using factor-analytic methods are too sterile and no value can be attributed to them until they are proven. biological existence.

Eysenck established four criteria for identifying factors. First, psychometric confirmation of the existence of the factor must be obtained. A natural consequence of this criterion is that the factor must be statistically significant and verifiable. Other researchers belonging to independent laboratories should also be able to obtain this factor. The second criterion is that the factor must have the property of inheritance and satisfy the established genetic model. This criterion excludes learned characteristics from consideration, such as, for example, the ability to imitate voices. famous people or political and religious beliefs. Third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical point of view.

The last criterion for the existence of a factor is its social relevance, that is, it must be shown that the mathematically derived factor is related (not necessarily strictly causal) to social phenomena, such as drug abuse, propensity to get into unpleasant situations, outstanding achievements in sports, psychotic behavior, criminality, etc.

Eysenck argued that each of the types he singled out meets these four criteria for identifying personality characteristics.

First, there is strong psychometric evidence for the existence of each factor, especially the E and N factors.

The P factor (psychoticism) appeared in Eysenck's works later than the first two, and there is still no equally reliable evidence for it from other scientists. Extraversion and neuroticism (or anxiety) are the main types or superfactors in almost all factor-analytical studies of personality traits.

Second, Eysenck argued that there is a strong biological basis for each of these three superfactors. At the same time, he argued that such traits as social conformity and conscientiousness, included in the "Big Five" of taxonomy, do not have a biological basis.

Third, all three types, especially E and N, make sense theoretically. Jung, Freud, and other theorists have noted that factors such as extraversion/introversion and anxiety/emotional stability have a significant impact on behavior. Neuroticism and psychotism are not properties of exclusively pathological individuals, although the mentally ill do score higher on a scale measuring these two factors than do normal people. Eysenck proposed a theoretical justification for the P factor (psychoticism), built on the hypothesis that the characteristics of mental health in the bulk of people are distributed continuously. At one end of the hummocky distribution are exceptionally healthy traits such as altruism, good social adjustment, and empathy, and at the other end are traits such as hostility, aggressiveness, and proneness to schizophrenic responses. A person according to his characteristics can be at any point of this continuous scale, and no one will perceive him as a mentally ill person. Eysenck, however, developed the diathesis-stress model of mental illness, according to which some people are more vulnerable to illness because they have some kind of genetic or acquired weakness that makes them more prone to mental illness.

Eysenck suggests that people whose characteristics are closer to the healthy end of the P-scale will be resistant to psychotic breaks even during periods severe stress. On the other hand, for those closer to the unhealthy edge, even minimal stress can cause a psychotic reaction. In other words, the higher the indicator of psychotism, the less strong stress exposure is necessary for the occurrence of a psychotic reaction.

Fourth, Eysenck has repeatedly demonstrated that his three types are associated with such social issues like drugs, sexual behavior, crime, cancer and heart disease prevention and creativity.

All three superfactors - extraversion, neuroticism and psychotism - are heavily influenced by genetic factors. Eysenck argued that about three-quarters of the variation in each of the three superfactors is due to heredity, and only about one-quarter to environmental conditions. He collected a lot of evidence of the significance of the biological component in the formation of personality. First, almost identical factors have been found in people around the world. Secondly, it has been proven that the position of a person in relation to the three dimensions of personality tends to persist for a long time. And third, a study of twin pairs has shown that identical twins show significantly closer characteristics than fraternal twins of the same sex who grew up together, which may serve as confirmation of the determining role of genetic factors in the manifestation of individual differences between different people.

1.3 Neurophysiological basis of traits and types

The most fascinating aspect of Eysenck's theory is his attempt to establish a neurophysiological basis for each of the three supertraits or personality types. Introversion-extroversion is closely related to levels of cortical activation, as shown by electroencephalographic studies. Eysenck uses the term "activation" to refer to the degree of arousal that changes its magnitude from a lower limit (eg, sleep) to an upper limit (eg, a state of panic). He believes that introverts are extremely excitable and, therefore, highly sensitive to incoming stimulation - for this reason, they avoid situations that affect them excessively. Conversely, extroverts are not sufficiently excitable and therefore insensitive to incoming stimulation; accordingly, they are constantly on the lookout for situations that can excite them.

Eysenck suggests that individual differences in stability - neuroticism reflect the strength of the response of the autonomic nervous system to stimuli. In particular, he associates this aspect with the limbic system, which influences motivation and emotional behavior. People with a high level of neuroticism tend to respond to painful, unusual, disturbing, and other stimuli faster than more stable personalities. Such individuals also show longer responses, which continue even after the stimulus disappears, than individuals with a high level of stability.

As for research on identifying the basis of psychotism, they are in the search stage. However, as a working hypothesis, Eysenck links this aspect to the androgen-producing system ( chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands, which, when released into the blood, regulate the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics). However, too little empirical research in this area to support Eysenck's hypothesis of a link between sex hormones and psychotism.

The neurophysiological interpretation of aspects of personality behavior proposed by Eysenck is closely related to his theory of psychopathology. In particular, different kinds symptoms or disorders can be attributed to the combined effect of personality traits and nervous system function. For example, a person with a high degree of introversion and neuroticism is at a very high risk of developing painful anxiety conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorders as well as phobias. Conversely, a person with high levels of extraversion and neuroticism is at risk for psychopathic (antisocial) disorders. However, Eysenck is quick to add that mental disorders are not automatically the result of a genetic predisposition. Genetically inherited is the predisposition of a person to act and behave in a certain way when placed in certain situations. Thus, Eysenck's belief in the genetic basis of various kinds of mental disorders is combined with an equally strong conviction that environmental factors can to some extent change the development of such disorders.

2 . Measurement of personality traits

2.1 Diagnostic study of personality traits and types according to the method of G.Yu. Eysenck EPi

G. Eysenck in his works repeatedly pointed out that his research was brought to life by the imperfection of psychiatric diagnoses. In his opinion, the traditional classification of mental illness should be replaced by a measurement system that presents the most important personality characteristics. At the same time, mental disorders are, as it were, a continuation of individual differences observed in normal people.

Eysenck designed many self-assessment questionnaires to measure individual differences in three super personality traits. The most recent of these is the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Samples of individual EPQ items are presented in Table 1. It should be noted that the questionnaire contains items that are relevant to these three factors that form the personality structure. In addition, the EPQ includes a lie scale to identify a person's tendency to falsify answers in order to present themselves in a more attractive light. The Junior EPQ questionnaire was also compiled to test children aged 7–15 years.

Table 1 - Examples of items of the Eysenck personality questionnaire

Extraversion-Introversion
1. Do you like to be in society?	Not really
2. Do you like to communicate with people?	Not really
3. Would you call yourself lucky?	Not really
Stability-Instability
1. Do your moods change frequently?	Not really
2. Are you an excitable person?	Not really
4. Are you often upset?	Not really
Psychopathy
1. Do good manners and neatness matter to you?	Not really
2. Do you try not to be rude to people?	Not really
3. Do you like to collaborate with others?	Not really
Lie Scale
1. Do you like to laugh sometimes at obscene jokes?	Not really
2. When you were a child, did you always do as you were told without grumbling or complaining?	Not really

Eysenck is convinced that his two main typical criteria of introversion - extraversion and stability - neuroticism have been empirically confirmed in the work of several researchers using many other personality tests. Much of the evidence to support this view comes from research on behavioral differences between extroverts and introverts.

Each type of personality is naturally conditioned, one cannot talk about “good and bad” temperaments, one can only talk about different ways of behavior and activity, about the individual characteristics of a person. Each person, having determined the type of his temperament, can more effectively use its positive features.

Extroverts usually have external charm, are straightforward in judgments, as a rule, are guided by an external assessment. They cope well with work that requires quick decision-making. Characterizing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, and the need for contacts. A typical extrovert acts on the spur of the moment, impulsive, quick-tempered. He is carefree, optimistic, good-natured, cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions do not have strict control, prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

Neuroticism is emotional stability. Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). According to some data, neuroticism is associated with indicators of nervous system lability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, anxiety, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality, impulsivity; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, a tendency to irritability.

Table 2 - matrix typology of personalities according to the EPQ method

With the help of this matrix, it is easy to determine whether a person belongs to one of the nine personality types, using a combination of the degree of severity of extraversion and neuroticism.

Each type of personality corresponds to the following external manifestations:

1. Choleric (X) - Aggressive, short-tempered, changing his views / impulsive.

2. Choleric-sanguine (CS) type - optimistic, active, extroverted, sociable, accessible.

3. Sanguine (C) - talkative, quick to respond, laid-back, lively.

4. Sanguine-phlegmatic (SF) type - carefree, leading, stable, calm, balanced.

5. Phlegmatic (F) - reliable, self-controlled, peaceful, reasonable.

6. Phlegmatic-melancholic (FM) type - diligent, passive, introvert, quiet, unsociable.

7. Melancholic (M) - restrained, pessimistic, sober, rigid.

8. Melancholic-choleric (MX) type - conscientious, capricious, neurotic, touchy, restless.

With individual diagnostics, this matrix helps to determine whether a person belongs to a certain type, on the basis of which a psychological portrait of a person can be built. In addition, the matrix distribution of types allows you to portray social communities.

Matrix and profile mapping makes it easy to compare typological portraits of different social groups of people, and the graphical representation of profiles provides clarity in comparison.

Conclusion

In the course of studying personality types according to the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck, the following theoretical tasks were consistently solved: the problem of personality traits and types was analyzed, the basic concepts and principles of the theory of personality types were identified, personality types in the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck.

Eysenck established four criteria for identifying factors. First, psychometric confirmation of the existence of the factor must be obtained. The second criterion is that the factor must have the property of inheritance and satisfy the established genetic model. Third, the factor must make sense from a theoretical point of view. The last criterion for the existence of a factor is its social relevance, that is, it must be shown that a mathematically derived factor has a relationship (not necessarily strictly causal) to social phenomena.

Extraversion is characterized by sociability and impulsivity, introversion by passivity and brooding, neuroticism by anxiety and compulsive habits, stability by the absence of such, psychotism by antisocial behavior, and superego by empathy and cooperation.

Eysenck's theory of personality types is based on factor analysis. His hierarchical model of personality structure includes types, personality traits, habitual reactions, specific reactions. Types are continuums, on which characteristics of individuals are located between two extremes. Eysenck emphasizes that personality types are not discrete and that most people do not fall into extreme categories.

Eysenck, in addition to the EPi questionnaire, several more questionnaires to assess the main subfeatures underlying his hierarchical personality model.

Theories of personality based on factor analysis reflect the modern interest of psychology in quantitative methods and, in turn, are reflected in a huge number of specially organized studies of personality.

List of sources used

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Eysenck believed that no more than three superfeatures, which he called types, were needed to explain most human behavior. In turn, each of these traits includes several component traits. These composite traits represent the qualities inherent in this type. And finally, traits consist of numerous habitual responses (FR), which, in turn, are formed from specific responses (SR).

Eysenck sees a hierarchical organization in personality. At the most general level - types, at the next level - traits, below - the level of habitual reactions, at the bottom - specific reactions, i.e. actual observable behavior.

At the level of types, Eysenck analyzes personality in three areas: neuroticism, extraversion-introversion and psychotism. Most deeply, he explores neuroticism and extraversion-introversion.

His theory is based on the idea that people differ on the basis of heredity - in the reactivity of the nervous system, the speed and strength of conditioned reactions. These individual differences correlate with personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion-introversion. In studies of the structure of personality, Eysenck distinguishes two main types of personality measurement:
introversion - extraversion
neuroticism (instability) - stability

Eysenck tried to establish a neurophysiological basis for each of the super personality traits.

Eysenck believes that introversion - extraversion is based on differences in the processes of inhibition and excitation of the nervous system. Eysenck believes that some people have relatively stronger excitation, while others have stronger inhibition. Extroverts have a strong nervous system that slows down overstimulation relatively quickly. That. the behavior of extroverts is characterized by the predominance of the process of inhibition. Extroverts are not excitable enough and therefore insensitive to incoming information. Accordingly, they are constantly looking for situations that can excite them.

Introverts have physiological mechanisms, which more slowly turn off excess stimulation. They are said to have a weak nervous system, specialized in excitement, but quickly depleted. The predominance of excitation over inhibition is characteristic of the behavior of introverts. That. introverts are extremely excitable, and therefore highly sensitive to incoming stimulation. For this reason, they avoid situations that overly affect them.

Introversion-extroversion is related to the level of cortical activation.

An extrovert is an individual whose thoughts, feelings, interests and actions are directed to others, to objects of the outside world. He is good and easy to come into contact with other people, easily adapts to new situations.

An introvert is an individual whose psychic energy is directed inward towards himself. His thoughts, interests and even actions are turned to his own "I". In this regard, introverts show a tendency to isolation, constant analysis of their own mental experiences.

The second factor in Eysenck's model, stability-neuroticism, is related to the activity of the limbic system and the strength of the response of the autonomic nervous system to a stimulus. People with a high level of neuroism respond faster to painful, unusual, and anxiety-provoking stimuli than more stable personalities. They are more likely to show longer responses, even after the stimulus has disappeared. Greater activity in the limbic system causes some people to become more emotionally aroused in the event of a threat or stressful situation. These people have a strong neurotic factor.

These two factors are statistically independent of each other, and therefore Eysenck distinguishes 4 groups of people:
1. stable introvert;
2. neurotic introvert;
3. stable extrovert;
4. neurotic extrovert.

These four categories of people represent some combination of a high or low score in one type of range, along with a high or low score in another type of range. Associated with each type are characteristics whose names are reminiscent of descriptions of personality traits.

A stable introvert is calm, balanced, reliable, controlled, peaceful, attentive, caring, passive.

A stable extrovert is a leader, carefree, cheerful, flexible, responsive, talkative, friendly, sociable.

Neurotic introvert - anxious, rigid, easily amenable to mood swings, reasonable, pessimistic, withdrawn, unsociable, quiet.

Neurotic extrovert - vulnerable, restless, aggressive, excitable, unstable, impulsive, optimistic, active.

Most people are closer to the middle point in both ranges of types, and therefore do not get such extreme options for characteristics as presented above.

Eysenck believed that no combination of these types could be better than another, they are just different.

According to Eysenck, personality types are continuums on which characteristics of individuals are located between two extreme points. Personality types are not discrete, and most people do not fall into extreme categories.

Eysenck designed a personality questionnaire to determine individual differences in the main superfeatures. He argues that individual differences in behavior can be identified through factor analysis and measured using questionnaires and laboratory procedures.

Course work

Subject: " Hans Eysenck's personality type theory"

Introduction

1. Theoretical analysis of the problem of personality traits and types in the theory of G.Yu. Eysenck

1.1 Hierarchical model

1.2 Basic personality types

1.3 Neurophysiological basis of traits and types

2. Measurement of personality traits

2.1 Diagnostic study of personality traits and types according to the method of G.Yu. Eysenck EPi

2.2 Differences between introverts and extroverts

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Personality traits are stable, repeating in various situations, features of the individual's behavior. Mandatory properties of personality traits are the degree of their severity in different people, transsituation and potential measurability. Personality traits are available for measurement using specially designed questionnaires and tests. In experimental psychology of personality, such personality traits as extraversion - introversion, anxiety, rigidity, impulsivity are most widely studied. In modern research, the point of view has been adopted, according to which the description of personality traits is not enough to understand and predict individual behavioral characteristics, since they describe only general aspects of personality manifestations.

The most popular factorial theories of personality were developed by Hans Eysenck. These theories of personality were oriented toward empirical research into individual personality differences.

Considering that the imperfection of psychiatry and diagnoses is associated with insufficient personal psychodiagnostics, Eysenck developed questionnaires for this purpose and accordingly adjusted the methods of treatment in psychoneurology. Eysenck tried to define a person's personality traits along two main axes: introversion - extraversion (closedness or openness) and stability - instability (anxiety level).

The purpose of this course work is to reveal the main provisions of the theory of personality types G. Eysenck.

The relevance of the topic of the course work is determined by the fact that personality is a special quality thatthe natural individual acquires in the system of social relations. The dispositional direction in the study of personality is based on two general ideas. The first is that people have a wide range of predispositions to respond in certain ways in different situations (that is, personality traits). This means that people show a certain consistency in their actions, thoughts and emotions, regardless of the passage of time, events and life experiences. In fact, the essence of personality is determined by those inclinations that people carry through their lives, which belong to them and are inalienable from them.

The second main idea of the dispositional direction has to do with the fact that no two people are exactly alike. The concept of personality is revealed in part by emphasizing the characteristic features that distinguish individuals from each other. Indeed, each theoretical direction in personology, in order to remain viable in the market of psychological science, to one degree or another must consider the problem of differences between individuals.

Despite the fact that the exact impact of genetics on behavior has not yet been clarified, a growing number of psychologists believe that Eysenck may be right on this issue.

1 Theoretical analysis of the problem of personality traits and types in theory G.Yu. Eysenck

1.1 Hierarchical model

Using a complex psychometric technique known as factor analysis, G.Yu. Eysenck in his theory tries to show how the basic structure of personality traits affects the observed behavioral responses of the individual. For Eysenck, two main parameters are extremely important in personality: introversion-extroversion and stability - neuroticism. The third parameter, called psychotism, is the power of the superego. Eysenck also considers 1 as the main parameter in the structure of personality.

The core of Eysenck's theory is the concept he developed that the elements of personality are arranged hierarchically. Eysenck built a four-level hierarchical system of behavior organization.

Eysenck's factor theory of personality briefly. Three-factor theory of personality G. Eyzenk. Domestic theories of temperaments

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