The main components of the structure of personality psychology. The structure of personality in psychology. Basic theories. Three components of the personality structure

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution

higher professional education

"STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT"

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING

PROGRAM AND CONTROL TASKS

FOR ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

"PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY"

Abstract on the topic: The structure of personality.

Moscow - 2010

Plan

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..2

1. The concept of personality…..……………………………………………………………………. ...............................3

2. Psychological structure of the personality.……………………...................................................5

3. Statistical and dynamic structures of personality…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

4. Formation and development of personality………………………………………….8

5. Properties and individual typological features of personality……...10

5.1. Temperament……………………………………………………………………10

5.2. Character……………………………………………………………………..11

6. Determination of the general orientation of the personality ..………………….……… ..12

7. Inclinations and abilities……………………………….………………………….14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…15

Literature………………………………………………………………………….16

Introduction

Psychology is the science of the most complex that is known to mankind so far. After all, the psyche is “a property of highly organized matter”. If we mean the human psyche, then the word “most” should be added to the words “highly organized matter”: after all, the human brain is the most highly organized matter known to us.

The history of research in the field of personality psychology is over a hundred years old. For more than a hundred years, scientists have been looking for answers to questions about the nature of a person, the inner world of a person, about the factors that determine the development of a person and human behavior, his individual actions and his life path as a whole.

This search has by no means only theoretical value. From the very beginning, the study of personality has been closely connected with the need to solve practical problems.

Psychology without practice is deprived of its main meaning and purpose - knowledge and service to man. Practical orientation, however, not only does not reduce the importance of the development of psychological theory, but, on the contrary, strengthens it: the idea that successful practical work requires, first of all, the mastery of a number of practical skills and the accumulation of experience, while theoretical education plays a rather secondary role. , is fundamentally wrong.

Thus, in Western psychology, it is precisely the intensive development of practice that has brought to life questions that relate to the general problems of personality psychology. In particular, the question of the leading beginning in personality development remains debatable: whether to consider it, as many representatives of the humanistic trend in psychology suggest, as a gradual unfolding of the potential inherent in a person that pushes a person to self-realization, or whether the development process is determined by a series of life choices of the person himself .

Personality structure is a set of the most stable and unchanging properties displayed by individuals in different time in different situations, as well as hierarchical relationships between properties. The description of the personality structure in psychodiagnostics depends on the accepted classification of properties, or diagnostic factors.

It is customary to distinguish three broad classes of properties: abilities, character traits, and motives. In the structure of a complex, heterogeneous personality, shortcomings in temperament (a weak type of nervous system, for example) can be compensated for by virtues of character (the ability to self-control - to arbitrary volitional regulation), but in dramatic situations (conditions of danger and lack of time), the usual compensatory hierarchy of properties can "fail ”and a weak, passive-defensive style of behavior due to temperament will appear.

1. The concept of personality

To the question of what a personality is, psychologists answer differently, and in the variety of their answers, and partly in the divergence of opinions on this matter, the complexity of the very phenomenon of personality is manifested. Each of the definitions of personality available in the literature deserves to be taken into account in the search for a global definition of personality.

Personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities. This means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined and do not depend in any way on life in society. In many definitions of personality, it is emphasized that the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people, in society, do not belong to the number of personal ones.

The concept of “personality” usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people.

Today, psychology interprets personality as a socio-psychological entity, which is formed due to a person's life in society. A person, as a social being, acquires new 9 personal qualities when he enters into relationships with other people and these relationships become "formative" of his personality. At the time of birth, an individual does not yet have these acquired (personal) qualities.

Since personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities, this means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are naturally conditioned and do not depend on his life in society. Personal qualities do not include the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people in society.

The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his traits and actions that are significant for people.

By definition, R.S. Nemov, a person is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics, which are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable and determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.

Along with the concept of “personality”, the terms “person”, “individual”, “individuality” are used. Essentially, these concepts are intertwined.

Man is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree of development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.

An individual is a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).

Individuality is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).

The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.

The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life.

The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.

The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and uniqueness. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.

In the concepts of “personality” and “individuality”, various aspects, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others.

Individuality is said to be “bright”, “unique”, “creative”, referring to the qualities of an independent entity.

2. Psychological structure of personality

The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Let's consider a set of such traits that, according to R. Meili 1 , quite fully characterize a personality:

Self-confidence is insecurity.

Intellectuality (analyticity) - limitation (lack of developed imagination).

The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, illogicality.

Discretion, restraint, steadfastness - vanity, susceptibility to influence.

Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).

Softness - callousness, cynicism.

Kindness, tolerance, unobtrusiveness - selfishness, self-will.

Friendliness, complaisance, flexibility - rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness.

Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.

Realism is autism.

Willpower is willlessness.

Integrity, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.

Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.

Confidence is uncertainty.

Adulthood is infantilism.

Tact is tactlessness.

Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).

Happiness is sadness.

Fascination is disappointment.

Sociability - unsociability.

Activity - passivity.

Independence - conformity.

Expressiveness - restraint.

Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.

Sensitivity - coldness.

Seriousness is windiness.

Honesty is deceit.

Aggressiveness is kindness.

Cheerfulness is cheerfulness.

Optimism - pessimism.

Courage is cowardice.

Generosity is stinginess.

Independence is dependence.

The psychological characteristics of a self-actualizing personality include:

Active perception of reality and the ability to navigate well in it;

Acceptance of oneself and other people for who they are;

immediacy in actions and spontaneity in expressing one's thoughts and feelings;

Focusing on what is happening outside, as opposed to focusing only on the inner world, focusing consciousness on one's own feelings and experiences;

Having a sense of humor;

Developed creative abilities;

Rejection of conventions;

Preoccupation with the well-being of others, rather than ensuring only one's own happiness;

The ability to deeply understand life;

Establishment with people around, although not with all, quite friendly personal relationships;

The ability to look at life from an objective point of view;

The ability to rely on your experience, reason and feelings, and not on the opinions of other people, traditions or conventions;

Open and honest behavior in all situations;

The ability to take responsibility, rather than avoid it;

The application of maximum efforts to achieve the goals.

The phenomenon of personality is too complex to give it an unambiguous definition. It can be considered as a social subject or a chain of psychological connections. The value of understanding what a person is is that it helps to better understand yourself, to study your abilities, motivation, temperament. It allows you to learn how to apply the acquired knowledge in practice, building relationships with other people.

What is a personality?

Personality is a combination of individual social and psychological properties of character and behavior. There are certain properties, structure and personality types. They differ because each classification method is based on the research and points of view of different scientists in the field of psychology and sociology. They are united only by some properties that help to “draw” the social and psychological picture personality.

• . An important component that demonstrates the attitude to the world, others, life, which determines behavior and forms views.
• . In accordance with this characteristic, there is a division into types of personalities: melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine. Each of them has its own reactions to life circumstances, their perception.
• Motivation. A person may have several motives that determine his actions and proceed from his needs. They are the driving force, the stronger the motivation, the more purposeful the person is.
• . There are strong-willed, mental, physical, mental, etc. They are the basis for accomplishments and achieving goals. But not always a person skillfully disposes of them.
• Emotionality. Shows how a person expresses his attitude to the situation, people, events.
• Orientation. The ability to define values ​​and goals, to move towards their achievement. This is a collection of things, tangible and intangible, that are really dear to a person.
• worldview. A look at life, a vision of the world, an attitude towards them. It can be realistic, mystical, feminine, masculine, positive, negative.
• Experience. Knowledge and skills acquired throughout life, formed the worldview, habits.
• body drawing. External expression of personality characteristics: gait, facial expressions, gestures, stoop or attempt to keep the back straight, etc.

Social structure of personality

Sociology defines the structure of personality as a set of objective and subjective properties that form its detail and depend on society.

There are 2 approaches, each of which has its own important components:

• Activity, culture, memory. Activity involves conscious actions in relation to an object or subject. culture affects social norms gravitating over the actions of the individual. Memory is a storehouse of knowledge formed into experience.
• Value orientations, social roles, culture. This trio reflects the character traits acquired through interaction with the subjects of society, instilled by parents, inherited, shaped by life experience.

Personality structure

The psychological structure of personality mainly consists of the following components:

• Orientation. Needs, attitudes, interests. It happens that in a person only one of the components is leading, and the rest are less developed. For example, a person has a need for work, but this does not mean that he will be interested in it. In order for the orientation to work, in this case, a financial motive may be enough.
• Capabilities. This component influences the previous one. For example, an individual has the ability to draw, this generates interest, which is the leading component of orientation and motivation for development in this particular area.
• Character. The most important component, sometimes a person is judged precisely by it, and not by orientation or abilities. For example, a person with a bad and difficult character will find it difficult to integrate into society, even if he has phenomenal abilities in any area.
• self control. Determines the ability to plan behavior, transform, correct actions.

Freud's personality structure

In the personality structure proposed by Freud, the following components:

• It. The unconscious part that generates desires, internal instincts, libido. A component based on biological attraction, driven by the desire for pleasure. If there is tension, it can be discharged through fantasies, reflex actions. Unfulfilled desires often result in a problem in social life.
• Ego. Consciousness, which controls It. The ego is responsible for satisfying the desires of the id. But this happens after the circumstances are analyzed, the implementation of the desired should not contradict social norms.
• Superego. A set of moral and ethical principles and taboos that affect human behavior. They originate in childhood (3-5 years), a period when parents pay the most attention to raising children. These rules are fixed in a children's direction, later supplemented by their own norms, which they acquire in life experience.

Three components should develop equally, if one of them is more active, the balance is disturbed. The balanced work of the three components allows you to develop a protective mechanism:

• Negation. Causes suppression of impulses coming from within.
• Projection. When a person attributes his negative traits to other people.
• substitution. When an unreachable object is replaced with one that is accessible.
• Rationalization. A person is able to logically explain his actions.
• Reaction formation. Committing acts that are opposite to internal impulses that a person considers forbidden.

Freud also identified the Electra and Oedipus complexes. Children unconsciously consider one of the parents as a sexual partner, feeling jealous of the second. Girls see their mother as a threat, boys see their father.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

Rubinstein named 3 components of the structure:

• Orientation. It includes beliefs, motivation, needs, worldview, behavioral factors. Expresses the social essence, determines the type of activity.
• Skills, knowledge. Means obtained through knowledge and objective activity. Knowledge helps to navigate the world, skills allow you to engage in specific activities, skills contribute to the achievement of results.
• Typological properties. This includes temperament, character, abilities that make a person unique.

In addition, Rubinstein singled out the levels of organization:

• Vital. Includes experience, morality, worldview.
• personal. Individual character traits.
• Mental. Psychological processes, specificity, activity.

Rubinstein believed that the formation of personality occurs through interaction with society and the world as a whole. The structure of the orientation of the personality is made up of conscious actions and the subconscious.

Jung's personality structure

Jung identified the following components:

• consciousness;
• collective unconscious;
• individual unconscious.

Consciousness is divided into the human I (person), shown to others, and Ego, the real essence of man. The person helps to socialize. It is a mask that a person wears to get in touch with other individuals. This allows you to make an impression, to attract attention. Makes you buy fashionable things expensive cars, large houses to fit and fit into a certain segment of society.

The ego is the core formed from experiences, thoughts, awareness of one's actions, decisions. It is experience, knowledge, skills. Thanks to the ego, a person is a holistic person.

The individual unconscious is formed from thoughts, beliefs, experiences, desires. Previously, they were relevant for a person, but after he experienced them, they turned into memories. They are stored in the unconscious, sometimes come out. They are divided into archetypes:

• Shadow. Kind of a dark twin. These are vicious desires, negative feelings, immoral thoughts that a person suppresses, as he is afraid to face them openly. Jung believed that it is harmful to repress the dark side, it must be accepted and one should consider one's good features against its background.
• Anima and animus. Masculine and feminine. The animus gives women masculine traits - firmness of will; the anima makes it possible for men to sometimes be weak - to show softness. Jung attributed this to the presence of male and female hormones in opposite sexes. The presence of the concepts of anima and animus enables women and men to better understand each other.
• Self. Jung called it the core that forms integrity. The self develops only with a balanced development of all components of the structure.

Personality structure according to Leontiev

A. N. Leontiev defines personality as experience, a set of actions, decisions. He divided the structure of personality into levels:

• Psychophysical background. This includes temperament, inclinations that can develop into abilities.
• Expressive instrumental. Roles, character, abilities. This is the outer shell of a person through which he interacts with the world.
• Inner world. Values, meaning, relationships. This is a person's view of the world through a prism own opinion about him.
• existential level. Includes freedom, spirituality, responsibility.

Leontiev singled out in his theory the concept of "the second birth of personality". It occurs when a person corrects his behavior, finding new methods for solving conflict and difficult situations.

The structure of personality according to Platonov

K. K. Platonov built a pyramidal personality structure, which has four substructures (from the foundation to the top):

• biological conditioning. Genetics and physiology. This includes age, gender.
• Display forms. Thinking, attention, memory, perception, sensations. The more developed they are, the more opportunities a person has.
• social experience. Skills, abilities, knowledge acquired through experience.
• Orientation. Worldview, aspirations, beliefs, ideals.

Socionic personality types in psychology

Socionics is a concept developed by Aushra Augustinavichiute based on the personality types proposed by Jung. In different sources there are different designations, they can be conditionally divided into such groups.

Analysts:

• INTJ is a strategist. He has a rich imagination, he always has a plan for the next Saturday, and for 20 years ahead.
• INTP is a scientist. Creativity and ingenuity are their forte. They believe in science, they believe that it can explain everything.
• ENTJ - commander. Resourcefulness, courage, fortitude are the strong features of such people. They always find a solution to a problem.
• ENTP is a controversialist. Thinkers with curiosity, a sharp mind. They are happy to get into arguments.

Diplomats:

• INFJ is an activist. Idealistic, sometimes vindictive, usually reticent, but inspiring.
• INFP is an intermediary. Altruists who can come to the rescue at any moment.
• ENFJ is a trainer. They have unusual charisma, natural leadership qualities, can inspire, charm.
• ENFP is a wrestler. More sociable, creative, imaginative, optimistic, full of enthusiasm.

Keepers:

• ISTJ is an administrator. Perceive only the facts, reliable.
• ISFJ is a protector. They have a high responsibility, will help relatives.
• ESTJ is a manager. Such people can easily manage the masses, they are skilled administrators.
• ENFJ - consul. Sociable, popular, love to take care of others.

Seekers:

• ISTP is a virtuoso. They are characterized by courage, craving for experiments, jacks of all trades.
• ISFP is an artist. They have a subtle charm, ready to rush in search and study of the unknown.
• ESTP is a businessman. Receptive, the energy in them is in full swing, they like to take risks, they are smart.
• ESFP is an entertainer. You will not get bored with such a person, they are always cheerful, adore spontaneous actions and surprises.

To quickly understand a person, it is enough to disassemble his personality on the shelves. Theories about its structure and types help with this. This information helps build business and personal relationships.

Knowledge of the elementary foundations of psychology can play an important role in the life of any person. In order for us to most productively fulfill our goals and effectively interact with the people around us, we need to have at least an idea of ​​what personality psychology is, how personality develops and what are the features of this process. It is important to know what the constituent elements and personality types are. Understanding these issues, we get the opportunity to make our lives more productive, comfortable and harmonious.

The Personal Psychology lesson below is designed to help you grasp these important fundamentals and learn as effectively as possible. Here you will get acquainted with how a person and the problem of personality are considered in psychology: you will learn its foundations and structure. You will also gain insight into personality research and many other interesting topics.

What is a personality?

IN modern world there is no unambiguous definition of the concept of "personality" and this is due to the complexity of the phenomenon of personality itself. Any available on this moment definition is worthy of being taken into account when drawing up the most objective and complete.

If we talk about the most common definition, then we can say that:

Personality- this is a person who has a certain set of psychological properties on which his actions are based, which are important for society; internal difference of one person from the rest.

There are several other definitions:

• Personality it is a social subject and the totality of his personal and social roles, his preferences and habits, his knowledge and experience.
• Personality is a person who independently builds and controls his life and bears full responsibility for it.

Together with the concept of "personality" in psychology, such concepts as "individual" and "individuality" are used.

Individual- this is an individual person, considered as a unique combination of his innate and acquired qualities.

Individuality- a set of unique traits and features that distinguish one individual from all others; uniqueness of personality and human psyche.

To ensure that everyone who shows interest in the human person as a psychological phenomenon, the most objective idea could have been formed about him, it is necessary to highlight the key elements that make up the personality, in other words, talk about its structure.

Personality structure

The structure of a personality is the connection and interaction of its various components: abilities, volitional qualities, character, emotions, etc. These components are its properties and differences and are called “features”. There are quite a lot of these features, and in order to structure them there is a division into levels:

• The lowest level of personality these are the sexual properties of the psyche, age-related, innate.
• The second level of personality these are individual manifestations of thinking, memory, abilities, sensations, perception, which depend both on innate factors and on their development.
• The third level of personality it is an individual experience, which contains the acquired knowledge, habits, abilities, skills. This level is formed in the process of life and has a social character.
• The highest level of personality- this is its orientation, which includes interests, desires, inclinations, inclinations, beliefs, views, ideals, worldviews, self-esteem, character traits. This level is the most socially conditioned and formed under the influence of upbringing, and also more fully reflects the ideology of the society in which the person is located.

Why are these levels important and why should they be distinguished from each other? At least in order to be able to objectively characterize any person (including yourself) as a person, to understand what level you are considering.

The difference between people is very multifaceted, because at each level there are differences in interests and beliefs, knowledge and experience, abilities and skills, character and temperament. It is for these reasons that it can be quite difficult to understand another person, to avoid contradictions and even conflicts. In order to understand yourself and those around you, you need to have a certain baggage of psychological knowledge, and combine it with awareness and observation. And in this very specific issue, knowledge of the key personality traits and their differences plays an important role.

Key personality traits

In psychology, personality traits are commonly understood as stable mental phenomena that have a significant impact on a person's activities and characterize him from the socio-psychological side. In other words, this is how a person manifests himself in his activities and in his relationships with others. The structure of these phenomena includes abilities, temperament, character, will, emotions, motivation. Below we will consider each of them separately.

Capabilities

Understanding why the different people Being in the same living conditions, the output is different, we are often guided by the concept of "ability", assuming that they influence what a person achieves. We use the same term to find out why some people learn something faster than others, and so on.

The concept of " capabilities' can be interpreted in different ways. First, it is a collection mental processes and states, often called properties of the soul. Secondly, it is a high level of development of general and special skills, abilities and knowledge that ensure the effective performance of various functions by a person. And, thirdly, abilities are everything that cannot be reduced to knowledge, skills and abilities, but with the help of which their acquisition, use and consolidation can be explained.

A person has a huge number of different abilities that can be divided into several categories.

Elemental and compound abilities

• Elementary (simple) abilities- these are abilities associated with the functions of the sense organs and the simplest movements (the ability to distinguish smells, sounds, colors). They are present in a person from birth and during life they can be improved.
• Complex abilities- these are abilities in various activities related to human culture. For example, musical (composing music), artistic (the ability to draw), mathematical (the ability to easily solve complex math problems). Such abilities are called socially determined, because. they are not congenital.

General and special abilities

• General abilities- these are the abilities that all people have, but developed by everyone to varying degrees (general motor, mental). It is they who determine success and achievements in many activities (sports, learning, teaching).
• Special abilities- these are abilities that are not found in everyone and for which, in most cases, certain inclinations are required (artistic, graphic, literary, acting, musical). Thanks to them, people achieve success in specific activities.

It should be noted that the presence of special abilities in a person can be harmoniously combined with the development of general ones, and vice versa.

Theoretical and practical

• Theoretical ability- these are the abilities that determine the inclination of the individual to abstract-logical thinking, as well as the ability to clearly set and successfully complete theoretical tasks.
• Practical Ability- these are abilities that are manifested in the ability to set and perform practical tasks related to specific actions in certain life situations.

Educational and creative

• Teaching ability- these are abilities that determine the success of training, the assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities.
• Creative skills- these are abilities that determine a person's ability to create objects of spiritual and material culture, as well as influencing the production of new ideas, making discoveries, etc.

Communicative and subject-activity

• Communication skills- these are abilities that include knowledge, skills and abilities related to communication and interaction with other people, interpersonal assessment and perception, establishing contacts, networking, finding a common language, disposition towards oneself and influencing people.
• Subject-activity abilities- these are abilities that determine the interaction of people with inanimate objects.

All types of abilities are complementary, and it is their combination that gives a person the opportunity to develop most fully and harmoniously. Abilities have an impact both on each other and on the success of a person in life, activity and communication.

In addition to the fact that the concept of “ability” is used to characterize a person in psychology, such terms as “genius”, “talent”, “giftedness” are also used, indicating more subtle nuances of the personality of a person.

• giftedness- this is the presence in a person from birth of inclinations for the best development of abilities.
• Talent- these are abilities that are revealed to the fullest extent through the acquisition of skills and experience.
• Genius- this is an unusually high level of development of any abilities.

As we mentioned above, a person's life outcome is very often related to his abilities and their application. And the results of the vast majority of people, unfortunately, leave much to be desired. Many people start looking for solutions to their problems somewhere outside, when the right solution is always inside a person. And you just have to look into yourself. If a person in his daily activities does not do what he has inclinations and predispositions, then the effect of this will be, to put it mildly, unsatisfactory. As one of the options to change things, you can use the exact definition of their abilities.

If, for example, you have an innate ability to lead and manage people, and you work as a goods receiver in a warehouse, then, of course, this occupation will not bring moral, emotional, or financial satisfaction, because you are doing something completely different deed. In this situation, some kind of managerial position is more suitable for you. You can start at least with a job as a middle manager. Innate leadership abilities, when used systematically and developed, will take you to a completely different level. Set aside time in your schedule to identify your inclinations and abilities, study yourself, try to understand what you really want to do and what will bring you pleasure. Based on the results obtained, it will already be possible to draw a conclusion on the topic in which direction it is necessary to move further.

To determine the abilities and inclinations, there are now a huge number of tests and techniques. You can read more about abilities.

An aptitude test will appear here soon.

Along with abilities, as one of the main personality traits, temperament can be distinguished.

Temperament

temperament called a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of mental processes and states of a person (their occurrence, change, strength, speed, termination), as well as his behavior.

The idea of ​​temperament has its roots in the works of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek philosopher who lived in the 5th century. BC. It was he who defined the different types of temperaments that people use to this day: melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine.

Melancholic temperament- this type is characteristic of people of a gloomy mood, with a tense and complex inner life. Such people are distinguished by vulnerability, anxiety, restraint, and also by the fact that they attach great importance to everything that concerns them personally. With minor difficulties, melancholics give up. They have little energy potential and get tired quickly.

choleric temperament- most characteristic of quick-tempered people. People with this type of temperament are not restrained, impatient, hot and impulsive. But they quickly cool down and calm down if they are met. Cholerics are characterized by perseverance and stability of interests and aspirations.

Phlegmatic temperament- These are cold-blooded people who are more prone to staying in a state of inactivity than in a state of active work. Slowly excitable, but cool down for a long time. Phlegmatic people are not resourceful, it is difficult for them to adapt to a new environment, adjust to new way get rid of old habits. But at the same time they are efficient and energetic, patient, possess self-control and endurance.

Sanguine temperament such people are merry, optimistic, humorous and pranksters. Full of hope, sociable, easily converge with new people. Sanguine people are distinguished by a quick reaction to external stimuli: they can be easily amused or thrown into anger. Actively take on new beginnings, can work for a long time. They are disciplined, if necessary, can control their reactions and quickly adapt to new conditions.

This is far from full descriptions types of temperament, but containing the most characteristic features for them. Each of them is neither good nor bad in itself, if you do not associate them with requirements and expectations. Any type of temperament can have both its disadvantages and its advantages. You can find out more about human temperament.

Having a good understanding of the influence of the type of temperament on the rate of occurrence of mental processes (perception, thinking, attention) and their intensity, on the pace and rhythm of activity, as well as on its direction, one can easily and effectively use this knowledge in everyday life.

To determine the type of temperament, it is best to use specialized tests compiled by experts in the field of personality studies.

Soon there will be a test to determine the temperament.

Another fundamental property of a person's personality is his character.

Character

character called acquired in certain social conditions, ways of human interaction with the outside world and other people, constituting the type of his life activity.

In the process of communication between people, character is manifested in the manner of behavior, ways of responding to the actions and actions of others. Manners can be delicate and tactful or rude and unceremonious. This is due to the difference in the nature of people. People with the strongest or, conversely, the weakest character always stand out from the rest. People with a strong character, as a rule, are distinguished by perseverance, perseverance, and purposefulness. And weak-willed people are distinguished by weakness of will, unpredictability, randomness of actions. The character includes many features that modern experts divide into three groups: communicative, business, strong-willed.

Communication features are manifested in a person's communication with others (isolation, sociability, responsiveness, anger, goodwill).

Business features are manifested in everyday work activities (accuracy, conscientiousness, diligence, responsibility, laziness).

Volitional traits are directly related to the will of a person (purposefulness, perseverance, perseverance, lack of will, compliance).

There are also motivational and instrumental character traits.

Motivational traits - prompting a person to action, guiding and supporting his activity.

Instrumental features - give the behavior a certain style.

If you can get a clear idea of ​​the traits and characteristics of your character, this will allow you to understand the motivating force that guides your development and self-realization in life. This knowledge will allow you to determine which of your features are most developed and which need to be improved, as well as to understand through which features of yours you interact with the world and others to a greater extent. A deeper understanding of yourself provides a unique opportunity to see how and why you react the way you do. life situations and events, and what you need to cultivate in yourself so that your lifestyle becomes as productive and useful as possible and you can fully realize yourself. If you know the features of your character, its pros and cons, and begin to improve yourself, you will be able to respond in the best possible way in a given situation, you will know how to respond to harmful or beneficial influences, what to say to another person, responding to his actions and words .

Soon there will be a test to determine the traits of character.

One of the most important personality traits that have the most serious impact on the process of human life and its result is will.

Will

Will- this is the property of a person to make conscious control of his psyche and actions.

Thanks to the will, a person is able to consciously control his own behavior and his mental states and processes. With the help of the will, a person exerts a conscious influence on the world, making the necessary (in his opinion) changes to it.

The main sign of the will is connected with the fact that, in most cases, it is associated with the adoption of reasonable decisions by a person, overcoming obstacles and making efforts to implement the plan. A volitional decision is made by an individual in the conditions of oppositely directed needs, drives and motives that are opposed to each other and have approximately the same motive force, due to which a person always needs to choose one of two / several.

Will always implies self-restraint: acting in one way or another to achieve certain goals and results, realizing certain needs, a person acting on his own will must always deprive himself of something else, which, perhaps, he sees as more attractive and desirable. Another sign of the participation of the will in human behavior is the presence of a specific plan of action.

An important feature of volitional effort is the absence of emotional satisfaction, but the presence of moral satisfaction arising from the implementation of the plan (but not in the process of implementation). Very often, volitional efforts are directed not to overcome circumstances, but to "defeat" oneself, despite one's natural desires.

Mainly, the will is what helps a person to overcome life's difficulties and obstacles on the way; what helps to achieve new results and develop. As one of the greatest writers XX century Carlos Castaneda: "The will is what makes you win when the mind tells you that you are defeated." It can be said that the stronger the willpower of a person, the stronger the person himself (of course, not physical, but internal strength is meant). The main practice for the development of willpower is its training and hardening. You can start developing your willpower with quite simple things.

For example, make it a rule to notice those things, the postponement of which devastates you, "sucks energy" and the implementation of which, on the contrary, invigorates, charges and has a positive effect. These are the things that you are too lazy to do. For example, tidy up when you don’t feel like it at all, do exercises in the morning, getting up half an hour earlier. An inner voice will tell you that this can be postponed or it is not necessary to do this at all. Don't listen to him. This is the voice of your laziness. Do as you intended - after that you will notice that you feel more energetic and cheerful, more powerful. Or another example: identify your weaknesses (this can be aimless pastime on the Internet, watching TV, lying on the couch, sweets, etc.). Take not the strongest of them and give it up for a week, two, a month. Promise yourself that after the appointed time you will return to your habit again (if you want, of course). And then - the most important thing: take a symbol of this weakness and constantly keep it with you. But do not fall for the provocations of the "old self" and remember the promise. This is the training of your willpower. Over time, you will see that you have become stronger and will be able to move on to the rejection of stronger weaknesses.

But nothing can compare in terms of the strength of the impact on the human psyche, like another property of his personality - emotions.

Emotions

Emotions can be characterized as special individual experiences that have a pleasant or unpleasant mental coloring, and are associated with the satisfaction of vital needs.

The main types of emotions are:

Mood - it reflects the general state of a person at a certain moment

The simplest emotions are experiences that are associated with the satisfaction of organic needs.

Affects are violent, short-lived emotions that are especially manifested externally (gestures, facial expressions)

Feelings are a spectrum of experiences associated with certain objects.

Passion is a pronounced feeling that (in most cases) cannot be controlled.

Stress is a combination of emotions and physical condition organism

Emotions, especially feelings, affects and passions, are an invariable part of a person's personality. All people (personalities) are emotionally very different. For example, according to emotional excitability, the duration of emotional experiences, the predominance of negative or positive emotions. But the main sign of difference is the intensity of the experienced emotions and their direction.

Emotions have characteristic feature have a significant impact on human life. Under the influence of certain emotions at one time or another, a person can make decisions, say something, and perform actions. As a rule, emotions are a short-lived phenomenon. But what a person sometimes does under the influence of emotions does not always give good results. And since Since our lesson is devoted to how to improve your life, then we should talk about ways to have a favorable impact on it.

It is important to learn to control your emotions and not succumb to them. First of all, you need to remember that an emotion, whatever it may be (positive or negative), is just an emotion, and it will soon pass. Therefore, if in any negative situation you feel that negative emotions begin to prevail in you, remember this and restrain them - this will allow you not to do or say something that you may later regret. If, due to some outstanding positive events in life, you experience a surge of joyful emotions, then also remember this practice. This practice will allow you to avoid unnecessary energy costs.

Surely, you are familiar with the situation when, after some time after a moment of stormy joy or delight, you feel some kind of inner devastation. Emotions are always an expense of personal energy. No wonder the ancient Jewish king Solomon had a ring on his finger with the inscription: "This too shall pass." Always in moments of joy or sadness, he turned his ring and read this inscription to himself in order to remember the short duration of emotional experiences.

Knowing what emotions are and the ability to manage them are very important aspects in the development of a person and life in general. Learn to manage your emotions, and you will know yourself to the fullest. Such things as self-observation and self-control, as well as various spiritual practices (meditation, yoga, etc.) allow mastering this skill. You can find information about them on the Internet. And you can learn more about what emotions are in our acting training.

But, despite the importance of all the personality traits discussed above, perhaps the dominant role is occupied by another of its properties - motivation, since it affects the desire to learn more about yourself and immerse yourself in the psychology of the individual, on interest in something new, hitherto unknown, even if you are reading this lesson.

Motivation

In general, in human behavior, there are two complementary sides - it is motivating and regulatory. The incentive side ensures the activation of behavior and its direction, and the regulatory side is responsible for how the behavior develops in specific conditions.

Motivation is closely related to such phenomena as motives, intentions, motives, needs, etc. In the narrowest sense, motivation can be defined as a set of causes that explain human behavior. At the heart of this concept is the term "motive".

motive- this is any internal physiological or psychological urge that is responsible for the activity and purposefulness of behavior. Motives are conscious and unconscious, imaginary and really acting, meaning-forming and motivating.

The following factors influence a person's motivation:

A need is a state of a person's need for anything necessary for a normal existence, as well as mental and physical development.

An incentive is any internal or external factor that, together with a motive, controls behavior and directs it to achieve a specific goal.

Intention is a thoughtful and conscious decision that is consistent with the desire to do something.

Motivation is not fully conscious and indefinite (perhaps) a person's desire for something.

It is motivation that is the "fuel" of a person. Just as a car needs gasoline to keep going, so a person needs motivation to strive for something, develop, reach new heights. For example, you wanted to learn more about human psychology and personality traits, and this was the motivation for turning to this lesson. But what is a great motivation for one may be absolute zero for another.

Knowledge about motivation, first of all, can be successfully used for yourself: think about what you want to achieve in life, make a list of your life goals. Not just what you would like to have, but exactly what makes your heart beat faster and gets you emotionally excited. Imagine what you want as if you already have it. If you feel that this turns you on, then this is your motivation to act. We all have periods of ups and downs in activity. And it is in moments of recession that you need to remember what you have to move forward for. Set a global goal, divide its achievement into intermediate stages and start acting. Only the person who knows where he is going and takes steps towards it will reach his goal.

Also, knowledge about motivation can be used in communicating with people.

A great example is when you ask a person to fulfill some kind of request (for friendship, for work, etc.). Naturally, in return for a service, a person wants to get something for himself (regrettable as it may seem, but most people have a selfish interest, even if it manifests itself in someone to a greater extent, and in someone to a lesser extent). Determine what a person needs and this will be a kind of hook that can hook him, his motivation. Show the person his benefit. If he sees that, having met you halfway, he will be able to satisfy some essential need for him, then this will be almost a 100% guarantee that your interaction will be successful and effective.

In addition to the above material, it is worth mentioning the process of personality development. After all, everything that we have considered before is closely interconnected with this process, depends on it and at the same time influences it. The topic of personality development is very peculiar and voluminous for describing it as a small part of one lesson, but it is impossible not to mention it. Therefore, we will touch on it only in general terms.

Personal development

Personal development is a part general development person. It is one of the main topics practical psychology, but it is understood ambiguously. When using the phrase "personal development" scientists mean at least four different topics.

1. What are the mechanisms and dynamics of personality development (the process itself is being studied)
2. What does a person achieve in the process of his development (results are being studied)
3. In what ways and means can parents and society form a personality out of a child (the actions of “educators” are being studied)
4. How a person can develop himself as a person (the actions of the person himself are studied)

The topic of personality development has always attracted many researchers and was considered from different angles. For some researchers, the greatest interest in personality development is the influence of socio-cultural characteristics, the ways of this influence and models of education. For others, the subject of close study is the independent development of a person as a person.

Personal development can be both a natural process that does not require outside participation, or a conscious, purposeful one. And the results will be significantly different from each other.

In addition to the fact that a person is able to develop himself, he can develop others. For practical psychology, assistance in the development of personality, the development of new methods and innovations in this matter, various trainings, seminars and training programs are most characteristic.

Basic theories of personality research

The main trends in personality research can be identified starting from about the middle of the 20th century. Next, we will consider some of them, and for the most popular (Freud, Jung) we will give examples.

This is a psychodynamic approach to the study of personality. The development of personality was considered by Freud in psychosexual terms, and he proposed a three-component structure of personality:

• Id - “it” contains everything inherited and incorporated in the human constitution. Each individual has basic instincts: life, death and sexual, the most important of which is the third.
• Ego - "I" is a part of the mental apparatus that is in contact with the surrounding reality. The main task at this level is self-preservation and protection.
• Super ego - "super self" is the so-called judge of the activities and thoughts of the ego. Three functions are performed here: conscience, self-observation and the formation of ideals.

Freud's theory is perhaps the most popular of all theories in psychology. It is widely known because it reveals the deep features and stimuli of human behavior, in particular strong influence sexual attraction per person. The main position of psychoanalysis is that human behavior, experience and knowledge are largely determined by internal and irrational drives, and these drives are predominantly unconscious.

One of the methods of Freud's psychological theory, when studied in detail, says that you need to learn how to use your excess energy and sublimate it, i.e. redirect to achieve specific goals. For example, if you note that your child is overly active, then this activity can be directed in the right direction - send the child to the sports section. As another example of sublimation, you can cite the following situation: you were standing in line with the tax office and faced with an impudent, rude and negative person. In the process, he yelled at you, insulted, thereby causing a storm negative emotions- an excess of energy that needs to be thrown out somewhere. To do this, you can go to the gym or swimming pool. You yourself will not notice how all the anger will go away, and you will again be in a cheerful mood. This, of course, is a very trivial example of sublimation, but the essence of the method can be caught in it.

To learn more about the sublimation method, visit this page.

Knowledge of Freud's theory can also be used in another aspect - the interpretation of dreams. According to Freud, a dream is a reflection of something that is in the soul of a person, which he himself may not even be aware of. Think about what reasons could lead to the fact that you had this or that dream. The first thing that comes to your mind as an answer will make the most sense. And already, based on this, you should interpret your dream as a reaction of your unconscious to external circumstances. You can familiarize yourself with the work of Sigmund Freud "The Interpretation of Dreams".

Apply Freud's knowledge and personal life: in the exploration of your relationship with your loved one, you can put into practice the concepts of "transference" and "counter-transference". Transfer is the transfer of feelings and affections of two people to each other. The countertransference is reverse process. If you understand this topic in more detail, you can find out why certain problems arise in relationships, which makes it possible to resolve them as soon as possible. It has been written about in great detail.

Read more about Sigmund Freud's theory on Wikipedia.

Jung introduced the concept of "I" as the individual's desire for unity and integrity. And in the classification of personality types he put the focus of a person on himself and the object - he divided people into extroverts and introverts. In Jung's analytical psychology, personality is described as the result of the interaction of aspiration for the future and individually innate predisposition. Also, special importance is attached to the movement of the personality along the path of self-realization by balancing and integrating the various elements of the personality.

Jung believed that every person is born with a set of certain personal characteristics and that the external environment does not allow a person to become a person, but reveals the characteristics already embedded in it. He also identified several levels of the unconscious: individual, family, group, national, racial and collective.

According to Jung, there is a certain system of the psyche that a person inherits at birth. It has been developing for hundreds of millennia and makes people experience and realize all life experience in a very concrete way. And this concreteness is expressed in what Jung called archetypes that influence the thoughts, feelings and actions of people.

Jung's typology can be applied in practice to determine one's own type of attitude or the types of attitudes of others. If, for example, you notice indecisiveness, isolation, sharpness of reactions, a predominant state of protection from the outside, distrust in yourself / others, this indicates that your attitude / attitude of others is of an introverted type. If you/others are open, easy to contact, gullible, get involved in unfamiliar situations, neglect caution, etc., then the installation belongs to the extraverted type. Knowing your type of attitude (according to Jung) makes it possible to better understand yourself and others, the motives for actions and reactions, and this, in turn, will increase your efficiency in life and build relationships with people most productively.

Jung's analytical method can also be used to analyze one's behavior and the behavior of others. Based on the classification of the conscious and the unconscious, you can learn to identify those motives that guide you and the people around you in your behavior.

Another example: if you notice that your child, upon reaching a certain age, begins to behave hostilely towards you and tries to abstract himself from people and the world around him, then you can say with a high degree of certainty that the process of individuation has begun - the formation of individuality. This usually happens during adolescence. According to Jung, there is a second part of the formation of individuality - when a person "returns" to the world and becomes an integral part of it, without trying to separate himself from the world. The method of observation is excellent for revealing such processes.

Wikipedia.

Personality Theory by William James

He divides personality analysis into 3 parts:

• The Elements of Personality (which are grouped into three levels)
• Feelings and emotions caused by constituent elements (self-esteem)
• Actions caused by constituent elements (self-preservation and self-care).

Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Individual psychology of Alfred Adler

Adler introduced the concept of "lifestyle", which is manifested in the attitudes and behavior of a particular individual and is formed under the influence of society. According to Adler, the personality structure is unified, and the main thing in its development is the desire for superiority. Adler distinguished 4 types of attitudes that accompany lifestyle:

• Control type
• receiving type
• avoidant type
• socially useful type

He also proposed a theory that aims to help people understand themselves and those around them. Adler's ideas were the forerunners of phenomenological and humanistic psychology.

Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Psychosynthesis by Roberto Assagioli

Assagioli identified 8 zones (substructures) in the main structure of the mental:

1. lower unconscious
2. Middle unconscious
3. higher unconscious
4. Field of consciousness
5. Personal "I"
6. Higher "I"
7. collective unconscious
8. Subpersonality (subpersonality)

The meaning of mental development, according to Assagioli, was to increase the unity of the psyche, i.e. in the synthesis of everything in a person: body, psyche, conscious and unconscious.

Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Physiological (biological) approach (type theory)

This approach focused on the structure and structure of the body. There are two main works in this direction:

Typology of Ernst Kretschmer

According to her, people with a certain body type have certain mental characteristics. Kretschmer distinguished 4 constitutional types: leptosomatic, picnic, athletic, dysplastic. Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Work by William Herbert Sheldon

Sheldon suggested that the shape of the body affects the personality and reflects its characteristics. He singled out 3 body classes: endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph. Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Eduard Spranger's concept of personality

Spranger described 6 psychological types of a person, depending on the forms of knowledge of the world: Theoretical person, Economic person, Aesthetic person, social man, Political person, Religious person. In accordance with the spiritual values ​​of a person, the individuality of his personality is determined. Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

The dispositional direction of Gordon Allport

Allport put forward 2 general ideas: the theory of traits and the uniqueness of each person. According to Allport, each person is unique and its uniqueness can be understood by identifying specific personality traits. This scientist introduced the concept of "proprium" that which is recognized as its own in inner world and is a hallmark. Proprium directs a person's life in a positive, creative, growth-seeking and developing direction in accordance with human nature. Identity here acts as an internal constancy. Allport also emphasized the indivisibility and integrity of the entire personality structure. Read more.

intrapsychological approach. Theory of Kurt Lewin

Levin suggested that the driving forces for the development of the personality are within itself. The subject of his research was the need and motives of human behavior. He tried to approach the study of personality as a whole and was a supporter of Gestalt psychology. Levin proposed his own approach to understanding personality: in it is the source driving forces human behavior is in the interaction of the person and the situation and is determined by his attitude to it. This theory is called dynamic or typological. Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Phenomenological and humanistic theories

The main causal means of personality here is faith in a positive beginning in every person, his subjective experiences and the desire to realize his potential. The main proponents of these theories were:

Abraham Harold Maslow: his key idea was the human need for self-actualization.

Existentialist direction of Viktor Frankl

Frankl was convinced that the key points in the development of the individual are freedom, responsibility and the meaning of life. Read more about this theory on Wikipedia.

Each of the theories existing today has its own uniqueness, significance and value. And each of the researchers identified and clarified the most important aspects of a person's personality and each of them is right in his field.

For the most complete acquaintance with the issues and theories of personality psychology, you can use the following books and textbooks.

• Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. Development of personality in the process of life // Psychology of formation and development of personality. Moscow: Nauka, 1981.
• Abulkhanova K.A., Berezina T.N. Personal time and life time. St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2001.
• Ananiev B.G. Man as an object of knowledge // Selected psychological works. In 2 volumes. M., 1980.
• Wittels F. Z. Freud. His personality, teaching and school. L., 1991.
• Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. M., 1996.
• Enikeev M.I. Fundamentals of general and legal psychology. - M., 1997.
• Crane W. Secrets of Personality Formation. St. Petersburg: Prime-Eurosign, 2002.
• Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M., 1975.
• Leontiev A.N. Problems of the development of the psyche. M., 1980.
• Maslow A. Self-actualization // Personality Psychology. Texts. M.: MGU, 1982.
• Nemov R.S. General psychology. ed. Peter, 2007.
• Pervin L., John O. Psychology of personality. Theory and research. M., 2000.
• Petrovsky A.V., Yaroshevsky M.G. Psychology. - M., 2000.
• Rusalov V.M. Biological basis of individual psychological differences. M., 1979.
• Rusalov V.M. Natural prerequisites and individual psychophysiological features of the personality // Personality psychology in the works of domestic psychologists. SPb., Peter, 2000.
• Rubinshtein S.L. Basics general psychology. 2nd ed. M., 1946.
• Rubinshtein S.L. Being and consciousness. M., 1957.
• Rubinshtein S.L. Man and the world. Moscow: Nauka, 1997.
• Rubinshtein S.L. Principles and ways of development of psychology. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959.
• Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. M., 1946.
• Sokolova E.E. Thirteen Dialogues on Psychology. M.: Meaning, 1995.
• Stolyarenko L.D. Psychology. - Rostov-on-Don, 2004.
• Tome H. Kehele H. Modern psychoanalysis. In 2 volumes. Moscow: Progress, 1996.
• Tyson F., Tyson R. Psychoanalytic theories of development. Yekaterinburg: Business book, 1998.
• Freud Z. Introduction to psychoanalysis: Lectures. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
• Khjell L., Ziegler D. Personality Theories. SPb., Peter, 1997.
• Hall K., Lindsay G. Personality Theories. M., 1997.
• Khjell L., Ziegler D. Personality Theories. St. Petersburg: Peter, 1997.
• experimental psychology. / Ed. P. Fress, J. Piaget. Issue. 5. M.: Progress, 1975.
• Jung K. Soul and Myth. six archetypes. M.; Kyiv: CJSC Perfection "Port-Royal", 1997.
• Jung K. Psychology of the unconscious. M.: Kanon, 1994.
• Jung K. Tavistock Lectures. M., 1998.
• Yaroshevsky M.G. Psychology in the XX century. M., 1974.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. Only 1 option can be correct for each question. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on passing. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are shuffled.

Personality structure is a set of unchanging and stable properties that are manifested by individuals in a wide variety of situations. In psychology, it is customary to divide properties into three classes: character traits, abilities, and motives. In each structure, shortcomings of temperament appear, which are compensated by the main advantages of the character of each personality. Personality is a person who has acquired a certain set of social qualities. Psychological qualities that characterize the character of a person, as well as his attitude towards people, cannot be included in the number of personal qualities.

Modern psychology characterizes the personality as a socio-psychological entity formed as a result of life in society. Accordingly, before birth, each individual lacks personal qualities. Each person is individual, because he has a number of personal properties that are present only in him.

The formation of personality is a direct process of human socialization, aimed at mastering the social essence by him, manifested only in certain circumstances of the life of each person. Two different personality structures are especially clearly distinguished - social and psychological. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Psychological personality structure.

Psychological personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes, motivation. Psychology characterizes personality as follows:

· Intellectuality is limited.

· Discretion, steadfastness, restraint - susceptibility to influence, vanity.

Softness - callousness, cynicism.

· Friendliness, flexibility, complaisance - rigidity, vindictiveness, tyranny.

· Realism - autism.

· Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.

· Confidence - uncertainty.

· Tactlessness - tactlessness.

· Cheerfulness - sadness.

· Sociability - lack of sociability.

· Independence - conformity.

Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.

Seriousness - windiness.

· Aggressiveness - kindness.

· Optimism - pessimism.

· Generosity - stinginess.

· Self-confidence - lack of confidence.

· Maturity of mind - inconsistency, illogicality.

Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).

· Kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance - self-will, selfishness.

· Kind-heartedness, gentleness - viciousness, callousness.

Willpower - lack of will.

· Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.

· Adulthood - infantilism.

· Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).

· Fascination - disappointment.

· Activity - passivity.

· Expressiveness - restraint.

· Sensitivity - coldness.

· Honesty - deceit.

· Cheerfulness - cheerfulness.

Courage is cowardice.

· Independence - dependence.

A self-actualizing personality is characterized by the ability to perfectly orient itself in reality and actively perceive it; immediacy and spontaneity in actions and expression of one's own feelings and thoughts; acceptance of oneself and others in their true face; development of abilities, etc.

Social personality structure.

Conducting research on social personality structure, had to face a number of theoretical obstacles that prevented the construction of the concept of personality. The main element here is the personality, considered as a social quality. sociological personality structure consists of subjective and objective
properties of the individual, which are manifested and function in the process of his life. It can be both interaction with others, and independent activity. In sociology, it is extremely important to determine the moment of transition and transformation taking place in the structure of personality.

11.Psychoanalysis

One of the main areas of study of this section of psychology was the unconscious, as well as its connection and influence on conscious processes. Psychoanalysis preceded behaviorism at the end of the 19th century, and although the concept of the unconscious existed long before that, the first psychoanalytic essays appear from the pen of Sigmund Freud, who is considered to be the founder of this method. Other major psychoanalysts worth mentioning are Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, and Dmitri Uznadze, who developed the theory of set.

Freud

So, Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. In his writings, he talks about defense mechanisms that allow a person to resist unconscious manifestations, interprets dreams. Freud comes to the conclusion that the unconscious is the stimulus of consciousness, therefore, in order to explain human behavior, one should look for its causes in the unconscious.

According to Freud, the psyche is divided into three elements - consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. At the same time, he likens it to an iceberg, in which consciousness is only its visible part. The deeper this or that element of the unconscious, the more difficult it is to analyze. Freud also introduces the concept of preconscious processes that are not permanently conscious, but can be evoked by it if desired.

During the period when the first works on psychoanalysis appeared, the use of hypnosis in therapy was widespread. However, Freud decides to abandon this practice, because he believes that the patient or client must independently, with a little help from the psychoanalyst, bring the structures of his unconscious into consciousness. When a patient is introduced into a hypnotic state and then taken out of it, he does not remember what happened to him, so the rise of unconscious experience into consciousness becomes impossible, which means that this therapy cannot work. Therefore Freud works through the method free associations and interpretation of dreams.

He re-describes the personality structure, which now includes the id, ego and superego.

It- the original unconscious, inhabited by desires. Freud divides them into manifestations of Eros and Thanatos, libido and the destructive forces of the desire for death.

superego- is also an unconscious substance, but it consists of norms of behavior acquired in the course of development, taboos, prohibitions and rules. Many of them are before the formation of speech.

In turn, the ego is the resultant of two opposing energies of the unconscious - the id and the superego. According to Freud, a harmonious personality must skillfully combine these two principles. Accordingly, a bias in one of the sides leads to deviations and even pathologies.

Freud also describes several stages of development that a child goes through before becoming an adult.

oral stage- associated with obtaining pleasure through the oral cavity. In fact, deviations at this stage, which are obtained during the corresponding sensation of deficiency in childhood, are fraught with manifestations of alcoholism, smoking, and gluttony in adulthood.

anal stage- associated with the development of control over bowel movements. At this stage, there may be a desire to abuse this skill, manifested in excessive retention of feces in the body, the removal of which subsequently brings pleasure tantamount to orgasm. In adulthood, this can tell on the character in the form of manifestations of greed and on the physiological level in the form of frequent constipation.

genital stage- associated with the emergence of personal gender identity. At the same time, the model of the relationship between father and mother becomes for the child an image of how to behave with his future sexual partner. Here Freud notes such phenomena as the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex.

For example, the Oedipus complex is associated with the fact that a child, beginning to realize himself as a man, sees his mother as a representative of the opposite sex. Accordingly, in this situation, the father becomes his sexual competitor. Similarly with the Electra complex for girls who begin to perceive their mothers as sexual competitors.

The genital stage has several phases, which differ in initiatory manifestations. For example, in women it is a girl, girl, woman, mother, grandmother. All of them have different functions, values ​​and features of perception of the surrounding world. Actually, the absence of an initiatory process also leads to deviations.

Adler

Adler was a student of Freud and his successor. He formulated his ideas in the book Individual psychology”, thereby opening a new direction of the same name in psychoanalysis. Unlike Freud and Jung, Adler does not try to isolate personality into structural elements and speaks of its holistic character. The central point in his theory is the initial feeling of imperfection, which then develops into an inferiority complex and, as a consequence, the process of compensation.

Adler emphasizes that an inferiority complex occurs in absolutely any person, regardless of objective reasons or his individual shortcomings. For example, in childhood it may occur due to wet diapers or insufficient manifestation of maternal feelings. The child is dependent and realizes his needs as a dependent, which creates a feeling of imperfection.

Compensation according to Adler can be constructive and destructive. What it will be is determined by the family climate. The style of relationships in the family forms a model for the development of the compensation process.

Structural Compensation- is associated with the development of social interest and the desire to take its harmonious place in it in a natural way. This model is associated with a sense of belonging to a common cause, which corresponds to a favorable family climate.

Destructive compensation- associated with the humiliation and destruction of other people, due to which social growth occurs.

Adler notes the two most common causes of destructive compensation:

1) Rigid hierarchy in the family, existing "according to the law of the jungle", when the younger ones are subordinate to the elders. A cult of strength and power arises, to which a person aspires in order to occupy a dominant position in the family, and then in society.

2) Spoiled and excessive respect for the needs of the child. He, in turn, gets used to such an attitude towards himself and begins to demand the same from others already outside the family. When he does not meet this, then he has an internal protest, which he expresses in pressure on the weak.

In addition to compensation, Adler introduces the concept of overcompensation. If compensation is overcoming the feeling of inferiority, then overcompensation is such compensation that leads to the complete subordination of life to this process, it becomes central. As an example, Adler cites Napoleon, who compensated for his small stature with his conquests, and Suvorov, who struggled with his frail body. Contemporaries noted that Adler often voiced these ideas, since he himself was constantly in a painful state, which led him to such overcompensation.

Carl Gustav Jung, like Adler, also makes significant changes in psychoanalysis, which leads to the emergence of the so-called "analytical psychology", on which the author writes a book of the same name. Jung's most important contribution should be considered the introduction of the term "collective unconscious", the content of which are archetypes. Archetypes are the accumulated human experience, which settles in the psyche in the form of behavior patterns, worldview thinking, and functions in a way similar to instincts.

If Freud was an atheist, then his student Jung was a deeply religious person and in his theories he rehabilitates the concept of "soul".

Jung also conducts a thorough analysis of cultures and myths, in which he finds similar motives and the corresponding specifics of behavior, the identity of which is often found, despite racial and gender differences.

At the same time, Jung also speaks of the personal unconscious, the content of which is complexes, repressed experiences and personal meanings.

One of the fundamental archetypes Jung considers the archetype of the self, God in itself. In his opinion, the soul is what God gave to man, therefore the task of each person is to find this particle in himself, without falling into the heresy of narcissism. The actual realization of this selfhood Jung calls individuation. He notes that the personality has a lot of components and each realized archetype becomes a part of the self. At the same time, it is extremely important to maintain harmony between them without distortions in one direction to the detriment of others. How the archetypes manifest can be seen in the work of dreams. It is worth noting that in Freud, the elements of sleep are images of desires.

Jung's personality structure consists of several parts:

A person- is a social mask, that is, how a person behaves in society and how he wants to be represented. It is worth noting that a person is not always who the person really is.

Shadow- combines the base manifestations of man, what Freud called "It". Often a person tries to hide the presence and content of this component both from others and from himself.

Anima and animus- male and female manifestations of the soul. In this regard, Jung singles out feminine and masculine properties. Feminine - tenderness, aestheticism, caring, masculine - strength, logic, aggressiveness.

Jung brought sociological features to psychoanalysis, made it sociotropic. Many explored traditions, myths and fairy tales are guided by his writings.

12. Humanistic psychology was created as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Roots in existential philosophy - Jaspers, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger. Representatives: Fromm, Allport, Maslow, Rogers, Frankl.

The concept of becoming (dynamics). Maslow.

Man as a whole. Focus on individuality. The principle of irreducibility of the sum to the whole (motivation affects the person as a whole). The inappropriateness of animal experiments. The destructive force in people is the result of frustration (non-hereditary) - the opposite of Freud (human nature is good). Creativity is an integral property of human nature (it is present from birth, but is lost as a result of cultivation - official education). Creativity leads to self-expression. Criticism of Freud: the one-sidedness of the theory (the study of diseases, not health). Disease can be understood through health. Man is a desiring being, rarely reaching a state of complete satisfaction. All needs are innate (instinctoid). hierarchy of needs: physiological, security and protection, belonging and love, self-respect, self-actualization (the need for personal improvement). Decreased humanity - neurosis - reduced actualization human capabilities. Neurosis is the extinction of internal signals.

The ion complex is the lack of desire for self-actualization. It is necessary to achieve - happiness. Controlling everything is a loss of values, as they make us feel our little value. What is needed is not hostility, but reverence. Complex - fear, we need the truth, it needs to be accepted - admiration.

Creative person healthy. Important general environment(social background). Psychotherapy affects everything (dance). Most of the time is occupied by the routine (it is needed), but there is also insight, bright ideas (happiness cannot last all the time). Creative people are hard workers (one should not live with peak experiences). Deficient motives (determinants of behavior that satisfy 5 criteria: their absence - disease, presence - prevention of disease, recovery - cure of the disease, under certain conditions - preference for their satisfaction, not active, functionally absent in a healthy person) and growth motives (meta-needs - b-motives , have distant goals associated with the desire to update the potential). Metaneeds: integrity, perfection, completion, law (order), activity, wealth, simplicity, kindness, beauty, uniqueness, non-tension, play, truth, arrogance (no hierarchy, instinctive). Growth motivation is an increase in stress, and deficit motivation is a decrease. Dissatisfaction of metaneeds - metapathology (apathy, cynicism, alienation).

Rogers:

Phenomenological approach. All motives are included in the achievement of mastery (actualization trend). Moving in the direction of greater difficulty. The organic evaluative process shows whether the present experience corresponds to the trend of actualization. The only reality is the subjective world of human experience; the central place is the self-concept (includes the self-ideal). Elements that determine the development of the self-concept: the need for positive attention, conditions of value and unconditional positive attention (always love). The threat arises if there is a contradiction between the self-concept and organismic experiences. Defense mechanisms: distortions or denials of perception (rationalization). Personal characteristics of fully functioning people: openness to experiences, existential lifestyle (each experience is new), organismic trust, empirical freedom, creativity. The opposite of behaviorism (freedom of choice). changeability (constant growth), subjectivity (the world is subjective).

Allport:

dispositional direction.

Allport is the author of trait/dispositional personality theory. He talks about cardinal, central, secondary dispositions. Dispositions are synonymous with "features", it can be different levels of generalization / generalization. The cardinal ones are the most generalized (the main directions in life, the carriers are outstanding personalities, he is an example of Jeanne Dark), the central ones are our ordinary personalities. Har-ki (usually included in the recommendation of the letter, in the har-ki), secondary - situational qualities, the cat manifested itself in life situations.

Personality is the dynamic organization of the psychophysical systems of the individual, which determine his characteristic behavior and thinking. This definition captures the essential characteristics of L, emphasizing the role of psychophysiological systems, i.e. personality is considered in a holistic connection with the body. I also emphasize the integrity and dynamic character of the Personality - the Personality as a constant (organization, structure), on the other hand, it is a changing system, i.e. raises the question of volatility. It also talks about the role of the Personality in the regulation of behavior.

Everything that is observed is an expression of personality. Damn theory. A trait is a predisposition to behave in a similar way in a wide range of situations. People actively seek out social situations that promote the manifestation of traits. Personality traits are more general than habits. They are the driving force behind behavior. Personality trait - moral or social assessment. If actions are not consistent with a given personality trait, this does not mean that this trait is absent. Features - dispositions: cardinal (all actions highlight this feature), central (bright characteristics), secondary. Proprium: the principle of organizing all individual axes, the most important quality, the formation of selfhood, the uniqueness of a human being. 7 aspects of self and stage: bodily, self-identity (continued self), self-esteem, self-expansion (self covers aspects of the social and physical environment), self-image, rational self-management (abstraction and logic are applied to solve everyday problems), propritive striving (a holistic sense of self, planning for long-term goals - adolescence) is the most important thing. At the last stage of its development, the proprium realizes itself as a unique human ability for self-awareness and self-knowledge. original idea - functional autonomy(2 types - stable F.A. associated with NS; own F.A. characterizes acquired values, attitudes of a person). The main idea of ​​F-oh.Aut. - the past is the past. What matters is not what was, but what has become. A miser who continues to live miserly after becoming rich. The original cause is gone, but the behavior persists. F.A. mechanism explains the formation of personality. Mature personality: wide boundaries of the Self (the ability to look at oneself from the outside), warm, cordial social relations; emotional non-concern, realistic perception and claim, sense of humor, whole philosophy of life.

13. Personality is most often defined as a person in the context of his social, acquired qualities. Personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined. The concept of “personality” is closely related to such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. Personality is a social face, a “mask” of a person. Personality is a person taken in the system of such psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him. The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Personality is the highest integral concept, a system of human relations to the surrounding reality (V.N. Myasishchev).

Personality is a set of social relations that are realized in diverse activities (A.N. Leontiev).

Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted (Rubinstein).

Personality - public individual, object and subject social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior (Hanzen).

I.S. Kon: the concept of personality means human individual as a member of society, generalizes the socially significant features integrated in it.

B.G. Ananiev: personality - subject public behavior and communications.

A.V. Petrovsky: a person is a person as a social individual, a subject of knowledge and objective transformation of the world, a rational being that has speech and is capable of labor activity.

K.K. Platonov: personality - a person as a carrier of consciousness.

B.D. Parygin: personality is an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and combines in him the universal, socially specific and individually unique.

In psychology, personality is studied by various branches of psychological science. This is due to the diversity of personality manifestations, the inconsistency, and sometimes the mystery of human behavior. The diversity of behavior requires, in turn, a multi-level psychological analysis.

As K.K. Platonov, for the period from 1917 to the 70s in Soviet psychology, at least four dominant theories of personality can be distinguished:

· 1917-1936 - personality as a profile of psychological traits;

· 1936-1950 - personality as a person's experience;

· 1950-1962 - personality as temperament and age;

· 1962-1970 - personality as a set of relations manifested in the direction

Another famous Soviet psychologist A.V. Petrovsky also spoke of the existence in domestic psychology different approaches to understanding personality in different historical periods of time.

The period of the 50-60s. characterized by the so-called "collector's" approach, in which "personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, traits, characteristics, features of the human psyche."

By the end of the 70s orientation towards a structural approach to the problem of personality is replaced by a tendency to apply a systemic (or structural-systemic) approach, which requires the identification of system-forming personality traits.

Today, in Russian psychology, there is a widespread view of a person as an individual, personality and subject of activity, but there is no more or less generally accepted concept of personality.

Analyzing the views of V. N. Myasishchev on personality, at least two provisions should be emphasized that are significant for theoretical understanding of the problem of personality.

The first of these is that he was the first to openly raise the question of the structure of personality. “A structural characteristic illuminates a person from the side of his integrity or splitting, consistency or inconsistency, stability or variability, depth or surface, predominance or relative insufficiency of certain mental functions.” This fundamental position, apparently, determined the specifics of his views on the structure of the personality, where there are no separate components, but there is a psychological given - an attitude that closes on itself all other psychological characteristics of the personality. It is the attitude, according to V. N. Myasishchev, that is the integrator of these properties, which ensures the integrity, stability, depth and consistency of the behavior of the individual. In this regard, one cannot agree with K. K. Platonov, who reproaches V. N. Myasishchev for taking orientation, temperament and emotionality beyond the limits of the personality structure. As for the orientation, according to V. N. Myasishchev, it “expresses the dominant attitude, or its intergral”. Emotionality is also represented by one of the components in the structure of the relationship itself. As for temperament, the introduction of this structural, by its nature, element into a functional formation, which is a personality and with which K. K. Platonov does not argue, becomes simply illogical.

The second provision is the development and deepening of the tradition coming from A.F. Lazursky. Developing his ideas about the relationship of personality, VN Myasishchev builds his own concept of personality, the central element of which is the concept of relationship.

Relations - consciously - selective, built on experience, psychological connection with various aspects of objective reality, which is expressed in actions and experiences. According to V. N. Myasishchev, attitude is a system-forming element of personality, which appears as a system of relations. At the same time, an important point is the idea of ​​a person as a system of relations structured according to the degree of generalization - from the subject's connections with individual aspects or phenomena of the external environment to connections with all reality as a whole. The relations of the individual themselves are formed under the influence of social relations by which the individual is connected with the surrounding world in general and society in particular.

Indeed, from the moment of birth, a person is forced to enter into social relations (first with his mother - directly emotional relations, then with those around him, peers, educators, teachers, colleagues, etc. in the form of playing, educational, social and labor activities ), which, being refracted through “internal conditions”, contribute to the formation, development and consolidation of personal, subjective relations of a person. These relationships express the personality as a whole and constitute the inner potential of a person. It is they who manifest, i.e. discover hidden, invisible possibilities for the person himself and contribute to the emergence of new ones. The author emphasizes the regulatory role of attitude in human behavior.

The concept of the dynamic structure of personality K.K. Platonov

This concept is the most striking example of the implementation of the ideas of a structural approach to understanding a person's personality. K. K. Platonov considers personality as a dynamic system, i.e. a system that develops over time, changing the composition of its constituent elements and the relationships between them, while maintaining the function.

There is a statistical and dynamic structure of personality. The first is understood as an abstract model separate from the person functioning in real life. This model characterizes the main components of the human psyche. The fundamental point in determining the parameters of personality in its statistical model is the dissimilarity of the components of the psyche. There are such components:

· general properties psyches for all people (emotions, perception, sensations);

characteristic only for certain social groups features of the psyche due to various value orientations and social attitudes;

individual properties of the psyche, they are unique, inherent only to a particular person (character, abilities, temperament).

In contrast to the statistical model of personality structure, the dynamic structure model captures the main components in the individual's psyche no longer abstracted from the everyday existence of a person, but, on the contrary, only in the immediate context of human life. At each specific moment of his life, a person appears not as a set of certain formations, but as a person who is in a certain mental state, which is somehow reflected in the momentary behavior of the individual. If we begin to consider the main components of the statistical structure of the personality in their movement, change, interaction and living circulation, then we thereby make the transition from the statistical to the dynamic structure of the personality.

The most common is the one proposed by K.K. Platonov's concept of the dynamic functional structure of the personality, which highlights the determinants that determine certain properties and characteristics of the human psyche, due to social, biological and individual life experience.

K. K. Platonov proposed his concept of the dynamic structure of personality. He distinguishes the following substructures in the dynamic structure of personality:

1. socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities);

2. experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);

3. individual characteristics of various mental processes (sensations, perception, memory);

4. biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, simple needs).

14. One of the newest complex scientific disciplines that took shape in the 20th century was general systems theory. In accordance with the principles of this theory, one of the key general scientific concepts was the concept systems, and one of the methods of scientific methodology was systematic approach to reality, and the types of systems are extremely diverse. They can be static or dynamic, open or closed. An example open system. those. system closely related to environment, is Human. This means that a person cannot exist without a close relationship with the external environment surrounding him, natural and social.

This circumstance causes the presence in a person of various needs, one or another composition of which is the most important characteristic of the personality.

The satisfaction of these needs is a fundamental condition of human existence. This process expresses the close connection of a person with the environment, his belonging to the type of systems that is characterized as open system.

IN psychological science need is defined as the internal state of the individual, caused by the need he experiences for the objects necessary for his existence and development and acting as the deep source of all forms of his activity.

The concept of motive is closely related to needs. A motive is an internal state of readiness for active action related to needs. certain direction and forms.

Needs as a mental process have some features:

§ they are associated with the subject to which a person aspires, or with any type of activity that should give a person satisfaction, for example, with a game or work;

§ more or less clear awareness of this need, accompanied by a certain emotional state of readiness for specific actions;

§ emotional-volitional state that accompanies the search for ways and means to satisfy the need and its implementation;

§ weakening of these states when needs are met.

Human needs are varied. They share intangible or natural(in food, clothing, shelter, genle) and cultural or social associated with the acquisition of knowledge, the study of science, familiarization with confessional and artistic values, as well as the need for work, communication, social recognition, etc.

Natural needs reflect the dependence of a person on the natural, material conditions necessary to maintain his life. Cultural needs reflect man's dependence on the products of human culture.

When a need is recognized, it becomes "objectified", concretized, it takes the form of a motive. A motive is a conscious need enriched with ideas about the ways to satisfy it and the goals of behavior that ensures its satisfaction.

The difficulty of identifying the motives of activity is connected with the fact. that all activity is motivated not by one, but by several motives. The totality of all motives for this activity is called motivation for the activity of this subject.

Motivation- this is a process that links together the personal and situational conditions of activity aimed at transforming the environment in accordance with human needs.

General motivation characteristic of this person, is the most important component of the characteristics of his personality.

The most well-known and developed theory of motivation is the concept of the hierarchy of motives American psychologist Abraham Maslow.

A representative of humanistic psychology, one of the leading psychologists in the field of motivation research in the USA, A. Maslow developed a “hierarchy of needs” and correlated with them the hierarchical structure of behavioral motives. His model of needs, which was widely used in management psychology, psychotherapy, business communication, was later refined and refined, but the principle of considering the needs and motives of behavior remained the same. A. Maslow identifies the following fundamental needs:

§ physiological (organic) - needs for food, sleep. sex, etc.;

§ safe - manifested in the fact that a person needs to feel protected, get rid of fear. To do this, he strives for material security, takes care of his health, takes care of his provision in old age, etc.;

§ in love and belonging - it is natural for a person to belong to a community, to be close to people, to be accepted by them. Realizing this need, a person creates his own social circle, starts a family, friends;

§ in respect - a person needs the approval and recognition of others, to achieve success. The fulfillment of the need for respect is associated with labor activity person, his creativity, participation in public life;

§ in self-actualization - in the hierarchy of needs, the highest level associated with the realization of both one's abilities and the personality as a whole.

Needs form a hierarchy, as they are divided into lower and higher. A. Maslow revealed the following features of human motivation:

§ motives have a hierarchical structure;

§ the higher the level of motive, the less vital the corresponding needs are;

§ with the increase in needs, the readiness for greater activity increases.

Basic level needs are physiological, because without their satisfaction a person cannot live. The need for security is also basic. Higher, social needs, which include the need for belonging, have different degrees of severity in different people, but outside of human communication, not a single person (as a person) can exist. Prestige needs, or the need for respect, are associated with the social success of the individual. In fact, a full-fledged person becomes only when he satisfies his needs for self-actualization.

The process of raising needs looks like a replacement of primary (lower) by secondary (higher). According to the principle of hierarchy, the needs of each new level become relevant for the individual only after the previous requests are satisfied, therefore the principle of hierarchy is called the principle of dominance (the need prevailing at the moment).

Higher needs have the following characteristics:

§ they are later;

§ the higher the level of need, the less important it is for survival, the further its satisfaction can be pushed back and the easier it is to get rid of it for a while;

§ life for more high level needs means higher biological effectiveness, its greater duration, good sleep, appetite, less tendency to disease, etc.;

§ Satisfaction often results in personal development, often brings joy, happiness, enriches the inner world.

L. Maslow considered personalities only those people whose goal is to develop their abilities, self-actualization. He called everyone else subhuman. Self-actualization is personal growth in the course of productive activity, it is growth "up". He considered personal, psychological growth as a consistent satisfaction of ever higher needs. Growth is theoretically possible only because the taste of the "higher" is better than the taste of the "lower", and therefore sooner or later the satisfaction of the "lower" becomes boring. As long as lower needs dominate. the movement towards self-actualization cannot begin. Higher needs are perceived as less urgent. A person whose all efforts are aimed at earning a livelihood is not up to high matters.

When needs are not met, people complain. What people complain about, as well as the level of their complaints, is an indicator of the development of the individual and the enlightenment of society. A. Maslow believed that there would be no end to complaints and one could only hope for an increase in their level.

The main functions of motives are the functions of motivation to action and the function of meaning formation.

In psychological terms, there is a difference between the goals that a person sets in order to achieve the satisfaction of a particular need, and the motives of his activity: the goals are always conscious, and the motives, as a rule, are not actually realized. Acting under the influence of one or another impulse, a person is aware of the goals of his actions, but the situation is different with the awareness of motives, for the sake of which they are performed. Usually the motive does not coincide with the goal, lies behind it. Therefore, its detection constitutes a special task - awareness of the motive. Moreover, we are talking about the task of understanding the meaning of his actions on personal level, i.e. about the personal meaning of activity.

Needs and motives are so closely intertwined in the structure of personality that these components can only be understood in relation.

The analysis begins with needs, since the presence of needs in a person is the same fundamental condition for his existence as metabolism. The human body, like any living system, is unable to maintain its internal dynamic balance or develop if it is not in interaction with the environment.

In its primary biological forms, a need is a state of an organism that expresses an objective need for something that lies outside of it. As the personality develops, needs change and develop. As individuals, people differ from each other in the variety of needs they have and their special combination.

Any manifestation of human activity is accompanied by feelings and emotions, which largely determine the nature of this activity.

15. Temperament(lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of features from tempero - I mix in the proper ratio) - a characteristic of an individual from the side of his dynamic features mental activity, i.e., the pace, speed, rhythm, intensity of the mental processes and states that make up this activity.

Story

The word "temperament" was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both anatomical and physiological, and individual psychological features person. Hippocrates explained temperament, as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the “vital juices” (four elements) in the body:

The predominance of yellow bile (Greek chole, "bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric,

the predominance of lymph (Greek phlegm, "sputum") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic,

the predominance of blood (lat. sangvis, “blood”) makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine,

The predominance of black bile (Greek melana chole, "black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.

This concept still has a profound influence on literature, art and science. It is important, however, to note that the selection of precisely four temperaments is connected not so much with the real existence of clearly distinct groups (most people have mixed temperaments), but with the magic of numbers, characteristic of the Mediterranean civilization, in which the number four played an important role. At the same time, a five-component "world system" was developing in the East.

At present, the teaching of temperaments continues to develop in the same numerological key. For example, within the framework of socionics, 16 (4 × 4) psychotypes are distinguished. However, these studies are not taken seriously by academic psychology.