Recreational and medical resources of the world
They are designed to organize, first of all, the treatment of a person. It can be both a complex therapy of the whole organism, and individual organs and systems. Recreational and medical resources of the world include the following objects: mineral water springs; healing mud; mountain resorts; sea coasts; salt lakes.
Recreational and health-improving resources of the world
This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the improvement of the body. Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, mountain, ski, forest). Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following: Hawaiian Islands; Seychelles; Canary Islands; the island of Bali; island of Cuba.
Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources
The majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and adventurers. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent along a mountain river or go rock climbing. The mountains have a wide range of diverse recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts.
Conclusion
Thus, the recreational resources of the world are very diverse and rich. These are ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rapid waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.
Recreational resources- these are resources of all kinds that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. On the basis of recreational resources, it is possible to organize branches of the economy specializing in recreational services.Recreational resources include:
Natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife);
- cultural and historical sights;
- the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.
Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with the appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources except natural objects include any types of matter, energy, information, which are the basis for the functioning, development, stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate branch of the economy - the recreational economy.
IN modern world Recreational resources, that is, the resources of natural areas, as areas of recreation, treatment and tourism, have acquired great importance. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Acropolis of Athens, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous regions, etc.
The growing flow of people "to nature" (recreational explosion) is the result of scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. A person is attracted not only by the beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, the Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the mountains: the Andes and the Himalayas, the Pamirs and the Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus.
Classification of recreational resources in balneology:
1. Elementary resources: climate resources; natural landscape components (landscape types, degree of landscape comfort, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial ( geographical latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
2. Hydrographic elementary resources: water; monuments of nature - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
3. Hydromineral elemental resources: medicinal mineral waters; healing mud; healing clays; other medicinal natural resources;
4. Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
5. Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
6. Biological elemental resources:
a. biofauna;
b. bioflora;
7. Socio-cultural elementary resources: components cultural landscape(ethnos, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments of various forms of ownership, etc.); range of recreation facilities (clubs, palaces of culture, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling, slot machine halls, etc.);
8. Road transport elementary resources:
a. air transport: the presence of the nearest major airport, a convenient schedule for the arrival and departure of aircraft;
b. rail transport: state of development of the rail network; convenient schedule of arrival and departure of trains;
c. road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operation of gas stations, service stations, catering and consumer services;
9. Labor elementary resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and hostels, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.);
10. Communication elementary resources (state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance public telephone, polyprogram television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
11. Basic health resources: the development of municipal and private health care systems to provide emergency qualified medical medical care; obligatory and voluntary medical insurance services; level vocational training medical personnel of sanatorium organizations, the necessary composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
12. The level of development of elementary resources of the banking system and its availability;
13. Energy elementary resources;
14. Elementary service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, beauty salons; atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
15. Elementary resources for sports leisure (gyms, sports halls, sauna with a swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.).
Natural recreational resources
Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-information elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use is different and depends on the recreational demand and specialization of the region.According to the classifications adopted in the economics of nature management, based on the dual nature of the concept of "natural resources", reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped according to:
Origin;
- types of recreational use;
- exhaustion rates (fast exhaustible, slowly exhaustible, inexhaustible);
- possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);
- opportunities for economic replenishment (replaceable, irreplaceable);
- the possibility of replacing one resource with another.
IN last years there is increasing attention to natural resources in terms of their use for active recreation of the population and health-improving, preventive and medical measures. The transition of the country to market relations raised the issues of exploitation of resort areas in a new way, as well as the development of the capabilities of the components of the natural environment directly for medical purposes.
All natural recreational resources - physical, biological and energy-informational, organically united among themselves and inextricably linked by flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources, or resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes, which are divided into natural-continental and natural-aquatic.
Varieties of natural recreational resources
Among the recreational and tourism resources, the role and importance of natural recreational resources is especially great.
They are divided into:
1) climatic;
2) geomorphological;
3) hydrological;
4) hydromineral;
5) soil and vegetable;
6) faunistic.
A special place among them is occupied by landscape and natural resources, which are complex recreational resources.
Climatic recreational resources.
Climatic recreational resources are meteorological elements or their combinations that have medical and biological properties and are used in the recreation process.
This type of recreational resources is fundamental. Certain types of climate contribute to an effective increase in the physical and spiritual strength of a person, both on their own and in combination with other natural resources that can be classified as recreational in the region. In this sense, climatic recreational resources can have a regional aspect.
The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent a complex effect of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.
To assess the bioclimate, all bioclimatic parameters are considered according to the degree of their favorable effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that have an increased load on the adaptive systems of the human body are called annoying. Meteorological conditions, leading to less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body, are called training. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. Sparing climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including for weakened patients who are on medical rest in a sanatorium or resort.
The categorization of medical and climatic conditions provides scientifically based criteria for recommendations to the population when developing new territories, choosing a place of residence, planning and designing the profile of resort areas, organizing a sanatorium-and-spa process, increasing the effectiveness of sanatorium-and-spa treatment and organizing recreation.
The thermal regime is characterized by the duration of periods: frost-free, favorable for summer recreation; favorable for winter recreation; bathing period; as well as the heat sensation of a person in the cold and winter period for the provision of heat in the warm period.
The period favorable for winter recreation is established when the average daily temperature reaches -5°C, but not lower than -25°C, while all types of winter recreation are possible. The period favorable for summer recreation is determined by the number of days with an average daily temperature above + 15 ° C, while all kinds of activities become possible. summer holidays.
The duration of the swimming season is determined by the number of days with water temperatures above +17 °C. On the territory of Russia, the duration of the swimming season varies from 30 to 120 days a year. humidity mode. The bioclimate takes into account two main characteristics of humidity: relative and absolute. For recreational purposes, daytime relative humidity is important. In winter, relative humidity is high almost everywhere, its diurnal variation is not pronounced, “wet” days prevail with a humidity of about 70%. In the warm period, nighttime humidity values \u200b\u200bare quite high: 70–80%. On some "dry" days, the humidity during the day drops to 30% or less. Most often "dry" days are observed in May. In general, a relative humidity of 40-60% is favorable for human health. Prolonged humidity of less than 30% has a drying effect on the skin. However, there is a certain contingent of patients suffering from nephritis, for whom treatment in a dry climate is vital.
Such an uncomfortable phenomenon as closeness is associated with absolute humidity. It is observed in the warm season, when the moisture content is very high. Stuffiness is especially difficult to tolerate if accompanied by thermal overheating - hygrothermal discomfort develops; it negatively affects those suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system, bronchial asthma. In the summer months, strong stuffiness is characteristic of the Black Sea and Caspian coasts of the Caucasus. Precipitation mode. In winter, the duration of the snow cover determines the suitability of the territory for ski tourism. In summer, it is not so much the amount of precipitation itself that matters, but the frequency of rainy weather, which hinders tourist activities. A rainy day is considered to be a day when more than 3 mm of precipitation falls (in the daytime), however, this is a relative value.
Geomorphological recreational resources are a combination of elements, forms and types of relief that have different genesis, age and evolution, have scientific, medical-biological and psychological-aesthetic value and are used to meet the needs of people in recreation.
The involvement of geomorphological resources in the process of recreational activities can be different in nature:
1) as an element of attractiveness can be perceived visually;
2) as a base for the placement of recreational facilities can be used without their direct expenditure, as a result of which geomorphological recreational resources are affected, changed and degraded.
The conditions for recreational activities are largely determined by the features of the relief. The nature of the relief (the degree of its vertical and horizontal division, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, the intensity of the manifestation of modern relief-forming processes) affects many types of recreational activities, determines the aesthetic properties of landscapes, sunlight conditions, and construction opportunities. Each type of relief corresponds to a certain type of recreational specialization. For health-improving rest, both functionally and aesthetically, the most favorable is rugged terrain, but with minor excesses. Therefore, as a rule, health-improving institutions are located either in the flat areas, or in the foothill (200–400 m) and in the tukogorny (400–1000 m) Chistyak.
For recreational purposes, the most favorable is a large-hilly or ridge relief; relatively favorable slightly hilly and undulating terrain; a flat flat surface is unfavorable, because from the point of view of the aesthetics of landscape perception, a monotonous relief is uninteresting, and also functionally of little use.
Territories prone to landslides and erosion are unfavorable. This circumstance must be taken into account in the construction of recreational facilities.
Recreational resources of Russia
Objects and phenomena of nature, as well as human activity, which can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment, are called recreational resources.The recreational potential of Russia is great. Natural recreational resources (seas, rivers, lakes, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes, etc.) are very diverse. But climatic conditions, environmental problems, underdevelopment of infrastructure significantly reduce the possibility of their full use. At the same time, large territories in Russia are actually not affected by civilization. Demand for such territories around the world is constantly growing.
Monuments of history and culture of Russia were badly damaged in the 20th century. Their restoration requires large financial investments.
The largest recreational areas of Russia are the North Caucasus, Central and North-West.
The North Caucasian region is, first of all, the sanatorium-resort complexes of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Yessentuki, Zheleznovodsk) and the Black Sea coast (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi), as well as Dombai, Arkhyz, Teberda, etc. The region has favorable natural conditions for summer kinds of rest, mountaineering, mountain skiing, treatment. For example, Anapa is the sunniest place on the Black Sea coast (average annual number sunny days 317), a children's resort of all-Russian importance. Sochi - the largest resort in Russia - stretches along the sea coast for 150 km. Pyatigorsk is called a unique natural museum of mineral waters, as it has over 40 mineral springs.
The central region is especially attractive with numerous monuments of history and culture. A unique complex of cultural and historical objects - the "Golden Ring of Russia".
In particular, Sergiev Posad (known since 1340) has been the center of Russian Orthodoxy for many years, Rostov is famous for its Kremlin complex, bells, enamel, Suzdal is a museum city of world significance, Vladimir has been the most important city of Russian principalities for more than 150 years.
There are many ancient Russian cities in the region (Smolensk, Murom, Tula, Ryazan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, etc.), Russian monasteries that played a big role in the defense of the country, education, development of new lands (Nilova Pustyn, Serafimo-Diveevsky, Optina Pustyn , Voskresensky New Jerusalem, Savvino-Sto-Rozhevsky, Bryansky Svensky, Pafnutiev Borovsky and others). Here are the fields of Russian glory - Kulikovo and Borodino, centers of wonderful folk art crafts - Zhostovo, Gzhel, Fedoskino, Khokhloma, Palekh, etc., places associated with the work of cultural figures, art, science - Bolshoye Boddino, Polenovo, Yasnaya Polyana, Konstantinovo, Abramtsevo and many others.
The North-Western region is, first of all, St. Petersburg and its environs - the famous palace and park complexes (Lomonosov, Gatchina, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets). No less interesting are Pskov, Pushkin places (Pskov region), Veliky Novgorod, Valaam and Kizhi, Solovetsky Islands, Pskov-Caves, Alexander-Svirsky and Tikhvin Bogoroditsky monasteries, monuments of Veliky Ustyug, Kargopol and much more.
Of course, the recreational resources of Russia are not limited to the three named areas. No less attractive are the Urals with its unique caves (Divya, Kapova, Kungurskaya), rivers, art craft centers, Altai (Lake Teletskoye, Chuisky tract, etc.), Baikal, Kamchatka, Primorsky Krai, Yenisei and much more.
The World Heritage Center (part of UNESCO) maintains a List of World Heritage Sites.
Russia is represented in this document by the following cultural and historical monuments:
Moscow Kremlin and Red Square.
The historical center of St. Petersburg and the palace and park ensembles of its environs.
Kizhi churchyard.
Historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its environs.
Cultural and historical complex of the Solovetsky Islands.
White-stone monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal land.
Ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye.
Pechoro-Ilychsky reserve and national natural Park"Yugyd va".
Recreational resources of the Caucasus
Geographical positionThe Caucasus is located in the southwest of Russia. From the east it borders on the waters of the Caspian Sea, in the west - on the waters of the Black Sea, in the south the border passes with Georgia and Azerbaijan, and in the north with Ukraine, the Central Black Earth and Volga regions. With the composition of the Caucasian region, three recreational areas are distinguished: the Caucasian-Black Sea, North Caucasian, Gorno-Caucasian and two areas of Azov and Caspian. Administratively, the Caucasus includes the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Rostov Region, the republics: Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan.
Natural complexes
According to the relief, the territory of the region is divided into flat northern, high-mountainous southern, foothill-elevated central and stepped-seaside western and eastern.
The sea beaches of the Black Sea and Caspian coasts stretch for almost 900 km. The beaches of the Black Sea coast are intensively used, where the pebble type prevails (with the exception of the vast sandy beaches of Anapa). The sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea are still in the main reserve resort "virgin land". Due to the lack of beaches, a system of hydraulic structures has been created to protect natural beaches (this problem is especially acute for the Black Sea coast) and allow the construction of artificial beaches and artificial swimming pools.
According to the conditions of the relief, the North Caucasus region is divided into two parts: the southwestern (near Kislovodsk) mid-mountain, dissected by deep valleys and gorges, and the northeastern - piedmont plain with a group of mountains - laccoliths. The latter are partly covered with forests and are a good natural base for the organization of health paths and short-range tourism routes.
The relief of the Gorno-Kavkazsky region allows you to make tourist routes and climbing ascents of all categories of difficulty. Among the peaks of the Caucasus there are nine peaks of the sixth category of difficulty, the criteria of which are the technical complexity of the ascent and the length of the traverse and about 30 peaks exceeding 4000 m. the highest requirements.
Climatic conditions allow for effective climate treatment, contribute to a long season of health-improving rest. The longest comfortable period of recreation in the Black Sea subtropics. The temperature of sea water during this period, as a rule, does not fall below 18-19 °.
The climate of the mountainous regions in winter contributes to the organization of skiing (the duration of stable snow cover at an altitude of 2000 m is up to 5 months). The development of skiing is facilitated by a long (four to five months, in the highlands - up to seven months) occurrence of snow cover and its height (50-100 cm), as well as an abundance of sunny days in calm weather. But such areas are quite clearly localized, which limits the possibilities when choosing a territory for the mass development of skiing. Big problems are caused by the wide distribution of avalanche areas.
In general, the climate of the region is warm, temperate continental. The average January temperatures are -4°, the average July temperatures are +22°. The duration of the period with an average daily air temperature above 5° is 220 days. The number of days with strong wind (more than 15 m/s) is 50. Precipitation is 450-600 mm per year (including 250-350 mm in summer).
The population experiences an excess of biologically active ultraviolet radiation in summer, as well as the influence of uncomfortable hot weather. Therefore, the Caucasus itself acts as a powerful center for the formation of recreational needs.
The rivers are typically mountainous, with a high flow rate; they began to be used for water slalom lessons. A network of recreational reservoirs (swimming, boating) with a total area of 105 hectares has been created near the resort cities. There are two gondola-type cable cars.
The main natural wealth of the region is mineral springs. They have long been used to treat a variety of ailments. At the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, 130 sources were identified, of which more than 90 are being developed. The total debit is from 10 million liters of water per day. The mineral waters of the Caucasus are represented by the following main types: 1) carbonic, 2) nitrogen alkaline thermal of various ionic composition (mainly sodium), 3) nitrogen, nitrogen-methane and methane.
Pyatigorsk occupies the first place among the resorts in terms of the number of springs and the variety of types of mineral water. By chemical composition in Pyatigorsk, five types of mineral waters are distinguished: 1) carbonic hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbonate-sulfate-chloride-calcium-sodium hot, warm and cold waters used for bathing and drinking; 2) carbonic non-hydrogen sulphide drinking warm and cold waters; 3) carbonic acid-free ferrous drinking waters; 4) radon waters used both for baths and for drinking; 5) carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium drinking water.
The springs of Kislovodsk are cold, carbonic, bicarbonate-sulfate-calcium, relatively homogeneous in composition, differ in the content of sulfates and are used for baths and drinking cures.
In Essentuki, all springs are cold, but differ in chemical composition: 1) carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium drinking (No. 4 and 17); 2) carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium used for baths (No. 1 and 2); 3) hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-potassium baths; (Gaaz-Ponamarevskiy source); 4) sulfate-bicarbonate-calcium-sodium drinking and outdoor (No. 20).
The waters of Zheleznovodsk differ little from one another in chemical composition, but their temperature varies from 16 to 55°. They belong to the type of hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-calcium waters and are used for drinking and bathing (springs No. 1, "Slavyansky", "Smirnovsky").
At the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the therapeutic silt mud of the Tambukan Lake is widely used. The lake is located 11 km from Pyatigorsk, its water is highly saturated with sodium salts (up to 60 g per 1 liter), potassium, magnesium, contains compounds of chlorine, sulfur and other elements.
Vegetation in the centers of sanatorium treatment and recreation is mainly artificial plantations, among which there are many exotic species. In areas of mountain sports recreation, in places adjacent to sea resorts, natural forests are located: beech, pine, fir, spruce-fir and spruce.
Plowed spaces of the steppe belt prevail in the northern territory of the region. Plantings of parks and squares are distinguished by a great variety. Forests and parks occupy 7% of the territory, they have great importance for the formation of mineral springs and are widely used as a walking fund. Resort parks are an excellent example of anthropogenic landscapes of multifunctional use: for dosed walks, for accommodating the main general resort facilities (mineral baths, pump rooms, museums, etc.).
The Caucasus specializes in the organization of sanatorium-and-spa treatment, health-improving seaside recreation, mountain-sports and excursion-cognitive recreation.
On the basis of mineral springs in the foothills of the North Caucasus, the sanatorium-resort association Caucasian Mineral Waters was formed.
Health-improving rest is carried out with the help of boarding houses, houses and recreation centers. On their basis, two largest recreational associations were formed in the Black Sea-Caucasian region - Greater Sochi and Gelendzhik - Tuapse.
Sports recreation is carried out using tourist bases and climbing camps. Of the 125 tourist routes, 88 can be defined as sports (78 mountain tourism and 10 ski). The Gorno-Kavkazsky region stands out as the largest sports and recreational specialization.
Excursion and educational recreation is carried out on tourist routes using camp sites located in the cultural, historical and industrial centers of the Caucasus.
The contingent of vacationers varies depending on the specialization of the districts. If in Dombay, a well-known mountain and sports center of the Caucasus, the leading group of vacationers are young people aged 16-24 years (about 51%), then in Kislovodsk, a system of medical and sanatorium type, people over 40 years old make up about 50%. At the well-known children's resort of Anapa, the leading group is vacationers aged 30-39 years (more than 45%), among which parents with children predominate. A group of vacationers aged 25-39 stands out in Sochi, where family vacations are also typical.
The length of stay of vacationers in different functional areas is not the same. The most typical groups are those whose rest lasts from 12 to 30 days, which corresponds to the length of stay in holiday homes, camp sites and sanatoriums. A stay of more than 30 days was recorded at children's resorts and at the resorts of Kislovodsk and Essentuki. Cities with a predominance of recreational recreation are characterized by a high proportion of vacationers with a stay of less than 20 days (Sochi - 53%, Tuapse - 54%).
Cultural and historical monuments belong to different eras and are characterized by a wide variety of styles, due to the ancient culture of the peoples of the Caucasus.
The objects of excursions in the Caucasus are also the memorials of the heroic defense of the Caucasus (Malaya Zemlya, Novorossiysk - the hero city), well-preserved areas of folk crafts, numerous literary-memorial and historical-cultural museums.
In recent years, in the areas of resorts and places of tourism, the souvenir industry has developed, handicrafts are being restored; factories producing tourist equipment, equipment for recreational enterprises were built. It has developed its own construction base, the industry of building materials, which allows the development of resorts.
Caucasian-Black Sea region
The region covers the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Batumi. This is one of the most developed recreational areas of the country: here the total capacity of recreational enterprises is the highest in the country.
The enterprises of the region are focused on serving the population from other regions of the country, including the most distant ones - Siberian and Far East.
The all-Russian specialization of the region can be defined as medical and health-improving.
The region stretches along the coast and represents an almost continuous strip of resort towns and resort villages (Anapa, Tuapse, Sochi, etc.), interconnected by an electrified railway, highway and flights of pleasure boats and motor ships. The region receives about 7 million people a year, and the workload is growing rapidly.
The climate of the Black Sea coast is divided into two types: "northern" (from Anapa to Tuapse) and "southern" (from Tuapse to Adler. The first is continental with clear, dry, hot summers and rainy, relatively cold winters with strong winds (Bora). Second – subtropical with humid summers and warm winters Average January temperature: -4 to +5, July: +22…+24.
There are large resort formations in the rank of microdistricts in the region. Among them, the leading position is occupied by Greater Sochi, Anapa and Gelendzhik.
Anapa is located at the junction of the spurs of the Caucasus, the plains and the Black Sea coast. The main resort street of Anapa is Pionersky Prospekt, which stretches along the sea for 5 km. All major health resorts are located on both sides. The beaches are mostly sandy, 1/5 are pebbly. The depth of the sea increases very gradually, but the sea is polluted. The swimming season is from May to September-October.
Tourist attractions: Abrau-Durso - high mountains, a mountain lake and the first factory of sparkling wines in Russia. Anapa Dolphinarium in the village of Bolshoy Utrish - performances with the participation of dolphins and fur seals. "Wines of Anapa" - winery named after Lenin (with tasting). Therapeutic "Mud Volcanoes" on the Taman Peninsula, 75 km from Anapa. Archaeological Museum of Gorgippia. The Russian Gates are the remains of a Turkish fortress built in 1783. Regional Museum. Park of the 30th anniversary of the Victory. Aquarium. Exhibition "Animal World". Yacht Club. Diving center "Aqua-globe".
Two recreational areas near Anapa: the Sukko Valley and the village of Vityazevo.
The Gelendzhik resort area stretches for 102 km and includes coastal climatic resorts: Kabardinka, Gelendzhik, Divnomorskoye, Dzhanhot, Praskoveevka, Beta, Arkhipo-Osipovka.
Tourist attractions: dolmens on the Zhana River, on the Mikhailovsky Pass, the Sail Rock, the Emerald Waterfall on the Zhana River, the Bigius Falls, the Tsarsky Mound. "Captain Vrungel" - theme park. Aquapark "Golden Bay" - the largest in Russia. Pitsunda pine forest.
The issues of recreational development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus often rest on the insufficient equipment of resort complexes with engineering and technical facilities (transport network, engineering communications, water supply, water treatment facilities), the need for bank protection works, and the lack of labor resources.
On the territory of the region, medical and health-improving cycles of recreational activities are implemented with the greatest efficiency. The first of them is distinguished by an even distribution of vacationers throughout the year, the second has a clearly pronounced seasonal outbreak - the typical bathing season for it (water temperature 18 ° or more) usually lasts from mid-May to the end of October. During the swimming season, sharp drops in water temperature (up to 15 ° per day) can be observed, caused by offshore winds. In the same season, the excitement usually does not exceed 2-2.5 points. On the entire coast, winter is considered very mild, and in this respect the region has no analogues in Russia. Unlike other southern coastal regions, the Caucasian-Black Sea region is characterized by significantly large quantity precipitation.
The main recreational resources of the region are the sea and beaches. At the same time, their high development is currently typical only for the territory of resort cities - Greater Sochi, Anapa, Tuapse and the villages adjacent to them. A significant part of the Black Sea coast has not yet been developed.
There are large reserves of balneological resources on the territory of the region. Among the mineral springs, Matsesta waters are most intensively used - hydrogen sulfide sodium chloride waters of various mineralization and with various concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, containing lithium, nitrogen and a small amount of carbon dioxide.
Resources of therapeutic mud are concentrated in the northern part of the region. For the purposes of spa treatment in Anapa and Gelendzhik, silt and silt-clay therapeutic muds from the lake are used. Chemburgsky and imported mud from the lake. Golubnitsky.
The Tuapse resort microdistrict stretches along the Black Sea coast for 60 km.
One of the largest recreational connections in Russia - Big Sochi consists of six large recreational complexes (Lazarevskoye, Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Adler). They differ in the level of development and recreational functions. At the same time, it is an integral entity, a single TRS. Adler has one of the largest airports in Russia, serving all the resorts of Greater Sochi.
At present, Greater Sochi stretches for more than 140 km along the coastline. On its territory there are more than 50 sanatoriums, about 40 boarding houses and rest houses, numerous recreation centers and pioneer camps.
This largest health complex in the country, annually passes about 3 million vacationers and more than 300 thousand people who come for treatment, in addition, more than 2.5 million sightseers and sports tourists over 100 thousand people. Many athletes (footballers, cyclists, athletes, etc.) undergo pre-season training here. This is a prominent cultural center of the country - film festivals are held here every year.
At the same time, Greater Sochi is a place of short-term recreation for residents of the Krasnodar Territory, especially cities located far from the sea (Krasnodar, Maykop, Armavir, Kropotkin, etc.).
A large recreational and economic complex has been formed and continues to develop here, in which over 90% of the able-bodied population is already employed. At the same time, there are more than 28 thousand medical personnel in Greater Sochi alone. The main part of the temporary population is made up of vacationers who arrived without vouchers (about 70%). It is typical that of the total number of tourists, about 60% arrive by plane and only 38% by rail. The role of motor transport is insignificant (2%).
The most important natural resources used in Greater Sochi are the climate, the sea with beaches and mineral waters. Especially difficult problems arise in connection with the use of beaches. Currently, there are 22 city beaches in Sochi, designed for the simultaneous reception of 4.4 thousand people. However, in fact, their one-time workload reaches 9.5 thousand people. In recent years, work has been underway to create artificial beaches; more than 6 km of artificial beaches have been created on the section between Tuapse and Adler. Within individual districts, the area of beaches is unevenly distributed: Lazarevskoye accounts for 20%, Dagomys - 2.2, Central Sochi - 32.3, Khosta - 1.5, Adler - 44%.
Tourist attractions: Riviera and Arboretum parks, Zmeykovsky waterfalls, Promitea rock, monkey nursery, Krasnaya Polyana, Vorontsov caves, trout farm, yew-boxwood grove, Mount Akhun, rafting on the Mzymta River, dolphinarium.
North Caucasus region
It originated on the basis of mineral water deposits, combined with a comfortable moderately warm mid-mountain climate. The structure of recreational enterprises is dominated by sanatoriums (84% of places). The basis of the district is a constellation of resort towns with a major transport hub Mineralnye Vody.
This is one of the largest recreational therapeutic compounds in Russia, including the resort towns of Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and the city of Mineralnye Vody.
The Caucasian Mineralnye Vody resort performs numerous functions. This is the largest medical complex with high efficiency of treatment (over 99% of those treated in sanatoriums of resorts were discharged with improved health); excursion tourism center, where 21 all-Russian routes pass; a short-term recreation area and one of the cultural centers of the Stavropol Territory. It should be noted that each resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters has remarkable sightseeing objects.
There is an intensive exchange of excursions between the city resorts. Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk are the most attractive in terms of excursions.
The organization of treatment is the main branch of the district's economy, which employs more than 60% of the entire able-bodied population of cities.
The Pyatigorsk resort specializes in the treatment of digestive organs, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as nervous, gynecological, and skin diseases. The specialization of the Kislovodsk resort is the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk, mainly diseases of the digestive system are treated.
More than 1.5 million people arrive in this area every year. Of these, more than 400 thousand people receive a full range of services on vouchers, more than 200 thousand people are treated according to coursework, there are still 500 thousand people who stay in hotels, rent rooms from the local population, eat in canteens and have the opportunity to drink mineral water , carry out climatotherapy, use health paths, etc. In addition, more than 450 thousand tourists come annually, staying in resort cities for two or three days, while the average stay of those being treated at resorts is more than 20 days.
In order to provide resorts with mineral water, in addition to drilling sites, a system of mineral water pipelines is being created that supplies water to resort cities from distant sources. In 1974, there were four main mineral water pipelines with a total length of 100 km.
Gorno-Kavkazsky district
The main type of enterprises are tourist bases (65% of the final fund of the region), connected with each other and neighboring Caucasian regions by a system of tourist routes.
The main ski centers of the country are concentrated in the region (25% of the tow ropes, pendulum and chair roads of the country), the main part of climbing camps (70% of the all-Russian number of places), a large number of tourist bases (15% of the places of the all-Russian fund). Thus, skiing and mountain tourism determine the all-Russian specialization of this recreational area. It is assumed that the priority of these types of recreational activities will continue in the future.
In addition to the Dombay-Arkhyz microdistrict, it is planned to create five more mountain tourist microdistricts: the Elbrus region, the high-mountainous part of Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and two complexes in Dagestan.
In the future, the Mountainous Caucasus, apparently, can be considered as a place of educational tourism. There are unique monuments of architecture and culture on the territory of the region. Among them are Byzantine temples of the X-XI centuries. in the Teberda region, monuments of folk architecture in Dagestan, etc.
In the Gorno-Kavkazsky region, a system of recreational complexes has been formed. Among them, the Dombay glade, Arkhyz and Elbrus region occupy the leading role.
Dombay glade is a territorial-recreational system of a mountain-tourist type. It is used as the all-Russian center of mining sports tourism; All-Russian Alpine Skiing Center, functioning from January to April; all-Russian climbing center; excursion center for the population of the North Caucasus and treated at the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody (maximum distance 6-7 hours); Sunday rest place for residents of Kabardino-Balkaria, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions (maximum distance 4-5 hours).
The period of stay in Dombay glade with transit routes does not exceed 4-6 days. Partially, Dombay is used as a center of radial routes (Chukhursky and Sofrudzhinsky waterfalls, Alibek glacier, etc. - about 15 radial routes in total).
In Dombay, there are conditions for organizing mountain-tourist routes of all categories of difficulty. There are more than 10 peaks that allow climbing the fifth category of difficulty, and mountain passes located at an altitude of about 3000 thousand meters and differing in difficulty categories from 1A to 3A.
Dombay has hotels, a camp site and a village for service personnel. A well-maintained highway connects Dombai with the Teberda resort and the Northern Shelter. There is a chairlift with a length of about 1.7 km.
Arkhyz is an emerging territorial and recreational system of a mountain-tourist type.
Arkhyz is used as a center of all-Russian tourist significance (3 all-Russian, 4 regional and 10 category routes for amateur tourists pass through it); all-Russian center of mountain skiing; excursion center for the population of the North Caucasus and the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody; weekend recreation area for residents of the Stavropol Territory and nearby areas.
The period of stay in Arkhyz of tourists of planned routes does not exceed 6-7 days. Some of the routes are built in such a way that Arkhyz is the center of radial exits to the valleys of Kizgych, Sofia, Baritnaya Balka, the Sofia Lakes, the Sofia Glacier and other places. The underdevelopment of the material and technical base, the relatively large distance from the main highway Nevinnomyssk-Teberda and the lack of asphalt pavement on a 20 km section of the road lead to the fact that the flow of tourists here is 4 times less than in Dombay.
Alpine lakes, of which there are about 80 in Arkhyz, have a special aesthetic value; 25% of the entire territory of Arkhyz is occupied by forests: deciduous (25%), fir (40%) and pine (30%).
Many sightseeing objects are unique. These are the Alan settlement in the Lower Arkhyz and burial grounds in the upper reaches of the Krivoi gully, the Northern Temple of the 10th-11th centuries, an 800-year-old fir in the Kizgych valley, bison.
Now there are five capital buildings and a tent camp of the camp site, a three-story building, wooden and slate houses of the camp site. In addition, there are several departmental recreation centers that operate only in the summer. In Nizhny Arkhyz, a children's tourist base is located in the capital stone buildings of the former monastery. Tourist bases in Arkhyz have their own liquid fuel power plants and a public service system.
Azovsky district
This young recreational health area occupies the northeastern and eastern coasts of the Sea of Azov. Proximity to large industrial centers predetermined the orientation of the region to the organization of medical and recreational recreation for the population. The youth of the region and its proximity to the country's traditional health-improving regions determined the relatively low proportion of sanatoriums, rest houses and tourist establishments. The number of resorts of republican significance here is small, recreation institutions of local importance predominate. More than 900 thousand people have a rest in the region every year.
In general, among the western coastal regions of the South of the European part of Russia, the Azov region is distinguished by the least development. This determines its position as a kind of “reserve” region for organizing recreation not only for industrial regions gravitating towards it, but also for a number of deep regions of the European territory of Russia. However, its development is associated with significant costs for recreational reclamation works (watering and afforestation).
The coast is also the main place for short-term recreation of the urban population. The geography of places of short-term rest is rapidly expanding. Thus, the coast of the Taganrog Bay plays the role of a suburban area for Taganrog, Azov and Yeysk; Temryuk Bay and the east coast - for Krasnodar.
Several resorts have developed in the region - Yeysk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk. However, they are still underdeveloped. It can be assumed that some of them will move to a higher rank in the near future.
It is possible that as a result of further development of the coast, separate resort areas will merge into a single resort strip.
The capacity of resort areas along the Azov coast of the Krasnodar Territory of Russia is 550 thousand places. The profile of the resorts available here is medical and health-improving. Territories that are unfavorable for health-improving purposes are reserved for nature reserves and sanctuaries (the swampy lowlands of the Kuban Sea of Azov).
Leading are medical and health-improving complexes of occupations. The resorts treat diseases of the circulatory system, digestive and respiratory organs, nervous system, etc.
A group of amateur vacationers are attracted here not only by good beaches and a warm sea, but also by early vegetables and fruits. The number of amateur vacationers is about 350 thousand people. The maximum of their arrival coincides with the maximum (July - August) of the arrival of organized vacationers.
Eight all-Russian (of which four are family) and six main local routes pass through the territory of the district with a total capacity of about 30 thousand people a year. The number of people served by excursions is about 2 million people. The topics of excursions are connected with the history of culture, the past and present of cities, with the Great Patriotic War, archaeological sites and natural attractions.
The duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 15° is five months. The swimming season lasts more than four months.
Numerous spits with good beaches have a length of several tens of kilometers with a relatively small width (from 0.5 to 1.5-2 km). In general, the length of the Azov coast is about 1500 km.
The reserves of mud and brine are also large, where their thickness reaches 0.5-0.6 m and more. The geological reserves of mud range from several tens to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters, but several times less is used. Resorts mastered silt (sodium chloride, hydrocarbonate, hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium, etc.) mud. Part of the mud deposits is used by the local population or transported for resort mud therapy to other regions of the country. There are more than 15 deposits of mineral waters, including thermal ones; chloride-sodium and calcium-sodium with salinity from 2 to 35 g/l and more and a total flow rate of more than 40 l/s prevail.
The Sea of Azov is distinguished by the richness and diversity of the species composition of fish. The floodplains of the Kuban stand out for their unusual nature (near Primorsko-Akhtarsk there are unique thickets of the Indian lotus, which attract many tourists here).
A significant obstacle to further recreational development of the area is the problem of water supply. The area belongs to an arid zone, experiencing a shortage of water sources, especially for drinking purposes.
Expansion of the recreational network is possible only with significant engineering and technical measures. So, in order to combat abrasion-landslide-landslide processes, as a result of which the quality deteriorates and the areas of beaches are reduced, it is necessary to carry out bank protection works and build beach storage structures. In addition to the creation of technical structures, measures such as a ban on the massive collection of sand from beaches and spits in places of landslides and landslides are also necessary.
The Caspian coastal area is one of the most promising for the development of swimming and beach activities in combination with mountain sports and medical due to its natural conditions and convenient territorial position in relation to areas with high recreational demand. The development of the Caspian coast for recreation requires, as for many other areas of zone I, great efforts. This, in turn, raises the question of finding new forms of managing the design of the district as a whole.
Tourist and recreational resources
Recreation (Polish rekreacja - rest, from Latin recreatio - restoration):1) holidays, vacations, change at school (obsolete).
2) Rest room (obsolete).
3) Rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process.
In this sense, the term "Recreation" has been used since the 60s. 20th century in the literature on physiological, medical, socio-economic, architectural and construction, and other problems of organizing recreation for the population. In cases where rest is combined with treatment, for example, in sanatoriums, recreation without clear boundaries merges with the restoration of health, treatment. Recreation is characterized by the amount of time within which the restoration of forces takes place, and by activities consciously or instinctively aimed at this restoration.
Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and artificially created objects suitable for creating a tourist product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of the tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of study, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.
The main types of recreational resources include:
1) coasts of warm seas;
2) banks of rivers, lakes and reservoirs;
3) forest and meadow areas;
4) foothills and mountainous countries;
5) cities - capitals. Cultural and historical recreational centers;
6) resort towns or resort areas;
7) religious and religious complexes and individual structures located within and outside settlements; ancient cities, fortifications (cave cities, fortresses, etc.), catacombs.
An important role as tourist and recreational resources is played by monuments of world cultural heritage - the most valuable objects of nature, history and culture, which are under the protection of UNESCO.
Recreational resources can be conditionally divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).
Natural tourism resources are classified:
By belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.);
by functional purpose (health, cognitive);
by exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water);
by renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: therapeutic mud, cultural monuments).
Socio-economic resources include:
Cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles);
cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious);
economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).
Natural and recreational resources
Natural and recreational resources - objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. As can be seen from the definition, this type of resource is allocated not according to the peculiarities of origin, but according to the nature of use. The main forms of such resources are "green zones" around big cities, nature reserves, national parks. These areas are particularly affected human society and require special attention and protection. Reserves are a natural area (or water area) that is completely excluded from economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of the reserves is the preservation of natural landscapes, typical or unique for the area. A more liberal form of protected areas is a reserve, where only certain types of economic activity are permanently or temporarily prohibited.
Usually it is created to protect one or many species of animals or plants: collection of plants, hunting, fishing for several years or for a certain season, different for different species of animals and plants, is prohibited. The next type of protected area is national parks. In world practice, the organization of such territories is widely used, where the tasks of nature protection and controlled recreation, most often educational tourism, are combined on slightly disturbed landscapes. Usually in national parks there are unique natural and other objects. Some allow for Agriculture for local needs. The world's first Yellowstone national park was created in the USA in 1872. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Bostvan. Canada, Mongolia and Alaska. In total, there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world. They occupy an area of over 4 million km, or 2.7% of the earth's land.
At present, along with the territories under consideration, natural monuments have begun to be distinguished, which are understood as landmarks of the territory or water area with a protected landscape (lake, floodplain, grove of rare trees, etc.) or a separate protected natural object (waterfall, cave, unique tree, etc.). etc.).
Cultural and historical recreational resources
In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras. community development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.
Among the cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, monuments of history and culture are divided into 5 main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.
Monuments of history
These may include buildings, structures, memorial sites and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.
Monuments of archeology
These are settlements, barrows, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.
Monuments of urban planning and architecture
The following objects are most typical for them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine arts, arts and crafts, garden and park art, suburban landscapes.
Monuments of art
These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.
documentary monuments
These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, records of folklore and music, rare printed publications.
The cultural and historical prerequisites for the recreational industry include other objects related to history, culture and modern activities people: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday ceremonies, etc.
All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.
The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.
The informativeness of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. You can choose 2 classification features: the degree of organization of the object for display and the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.
According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more inspection time, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as companion excursions general plan, a background that is captured at a glance without detailed consideration.
According to the location of the tourists, objects are divided into interior (internal inspection of the object) and exterior (external inspection of the object).
Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.
Since recreational resources are extremely unevenly distributed on the planet, an increasing number of people go on a journey with recreational goals and motives. These recreational trips (medical, health-improving, educational, sports) have become the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).
Types of recreational resources
As mentioned above, the following types of recreational resources are distinguished: resort, health, sports and sightseeing tourism.Let us dwell in more detail on the excursion and tourist type of recreational resources.
Man's love for wandering originated in ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to experience nature and culture. The outstanding philosophers Aristotle, Democritus and others in their treatises on education pointed out the need to "visit nature", to know it in direct communication. Travels of the Greeks in the VI century. BC. V Ancient Egypt with its rich history, splendor of architectural structures were not uncommon. Heading to Olympia for the Olympic Games, the Greeks watched the life of their country.
In the Middle Ages, during the heyday of Christianity and Islam, another large category of travelers appeared - pilgrims, wanderers in holy places.
Representatives of the Renaissance M. Montel, T. Mor, F. Rabelais saw travel as a means of physical education of young people. teachers Western Europe 18th century considered travel as a way to develop the most necessary skills and abilities. J.-J. Rousseau saw in campaigns a means patriotic education and health promotion.
At the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century. in European countries when studying individual items teachers began to use walking tours and trips to places rich in various attractions in their work with students. This simplest form of travel is called excursions.
In Russia, the emergence and development of tourism is closely connected with local history. The beginning of local history dates back to the era of Peter's reforms. By decree of Peter I, all curious finds were ordered to be reported directly to the tsar and those who discovered them were to be rewarded for searching for antiquities in their region. The later decrees of Peter I ordered the civil and ecclesiastical authorities to review, rewrite, and deliver to the Senate and the Synod “the former letters of commendation and other curious original letters.” Thus, the national significance of local monuments of the past was recognized.
Since 1936, tourism has been transferred to the jurisdiction of trade union organizations. The councils for tourism and excursions created in 1969 carried out a number of important measures to improve the structure of amateur tourism. A wide network of tourist clubs is being created under the jurisdiction of tourism and excursion councils, as well as a network of organizational, methodological, educational and consulting centers for amateur tourism. For tourist clubs, staffs of instructors and senior instructors-methodologists have been allocated.
In 1976, until the 1990s, tourism federations were created under the councils for tourism and excursions - the governing public bodies in amateur tourism.
Despite all the economic difficulties in the country, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and a positive trend has been outlined in its development. This became possible thanks to organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism at all levels, as well as the initiative of the leaders of sports tourism federations and clubs. The main reason for the beginning of the rise of the tourism industry is the desire of socially unprotected segments of the population to solve the problem of their vacation in a cheap and effective way. healthy lifestyle life.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations shows great interest in the tourist movement as a source of personnel and the scope of the latest equipment for action in extreme situations. Many of its staff members are masters of sports and sports tourism instructors. In preparation federal law"On Specially Protected Natural Territories" began Team work Department of Tourism Development Coordination State Committee Federation of Tourism of Russia and federal forestry services to study the development of tourism in national parks.
Tourism - (French tourisme, from tour - a walk trip), travel in your free time; one of the outdoor activities. It is carried out, as a rule, through tourist organizations along tourist routes (in the form of organized or amateur tourism). It is one of the most effective means of meeting the recreational needs of the population, as it combines health improvement, knowledge, communication, etc. Travel within one's own country is united by the concept of domestic (national) tourism, outside it - foreign (international) tourism. Widespread tourism. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into cognitive, sports, suburban, amateur, social tourism, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. In international statistics, it is customary to consider tourist trips to resorts and summer cottages, as well as mass short-term trips of teams, individual groups and individuals to special recreation areas. Depending on the means of transportation and the use of certain types of transport, there are: water, foot, ski, horse, rail, bicycle, motorcycle, auto and air tourism; form of mountain tourism - mountaineering.
Different types of tourism are classified: according to the degree of complexity (power hikes), age, social sign, types of events, involvement in a particular department, organizational forms, etc.
Planned tourism in our time is turning into an economic industry. Those who wish can buy tickets through tour agencies or numerous travel agencies for traveling by any type of transport in Russia and abroad. Nowadays, traveling abroad has become easier. The method of transportation in this case can be passive (by plane, train, bus, river and ocean transport, etc.) and active, when a person in a group makes a trip on foot, skiing, kayaking. A positive factor of planned tourism is that you do not have to think about food, equipment, transport. However, it also has negative sides. The group is formed from strangers who may be psychologically incompatible, which often spoils the whole trip or trip. And the cost of vouchers is not affordable for everyone.
In amateur tourism, groups are more often formed from familiar people. They themselves choose the dates of travel and the area of the campaign.
Weekend hikes (PVD) can be one-day trips without overnight stays, two-day trips with overnight stays in settlements or tents. As a rule, they are a walk or excursion into nature, to historical sights, monuments.
The economic efficiency of the functioning of tourism is largely determined by the classification of its forms. The classification of forms of tourism should be understood as their grouping according to homogeneous characteristics, depending on certain practical goals.
Each form of tourism is characterized by the peculiarity of the needs of tourists and involves an appropriate set of services that meet these needs.
In the production and service process of tourism, there are:
Forms of tourism;
- types of tourism;
- Varieties of forms of tourism.
The need of people for tourism is caused by various motives. The motive as an incentive is connected in tourism with the specific needs of a certain group of people.
The main motives for tourism are:
Recreation, leisure, entertainment;
- the desire for knowledge;
- sports;
- treatment;
- pilgrimage;
- guest (including visiting relatives);
- business (congress).
Motives for tourism depend on many factors. These include: a specific feature of various groups of people, the level of the tourism industry of the host country (region), advertising a new tourism product, reviews of a previously implemented tourism product.
Classification of hikes by means of transportation and location. The most accessible and common are hiking. Participants walk the entire route. Basically, taiga or foothill areas with vegetation are chosen for these trips. Many hiking trails traverse the wetlands. Routes in the Nizhnevartovsk region can serve as an example. Overcoming the swamps in the eastern part of the Nizhnevartovsk region place high demands on the physical and moral preparation of tourists. You can also go skiing. Water trips can be carried out on kayaks, rafts, catamarans. They also require a lot of preparation. Frequent cycling and car trips. Itineraries can be combined, when the participants at the beginning, for example, make a hike, and then rafting.
Classification of trips depending on their purpose. When preparing for a hike, it is important to set the right goal. A group united by one goal is more reliable. Most often, hiking is carried out for a sporting purpose. Participants strive to improve their skills and perform a sports category. For such trips developed special requirements. Faculty students physical education, carrying out the curriculum on tourism, go on a hike with a training purpose. Hike complements educational material in the form of lectures and seminars and enables students to acquire the necessary skills and abilities. Weekend hikes often have an educational purpose and introduce participants to the sights of the area. Hundreds of campaigns are carried out in order to visit places of military and labor glory. (Tourism) Quite often hikes are undertaken for research purposes. Students of geographical, natural and geographical faculties can also go on such a trip with the implementation of the educational goal. Many mineral areas are open on tourist routes. Increasingly, hikes began to be carried out in order to study the ecology of the area.
Cultural and recreational resources
Cultural and historical recreational resources: essence, classification and evaluation stages.In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.
Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. The material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values of society at each historical stage of its development, while the spiritual ones cover the totality of society's achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and social life, in work and life.
In fact, not all the legacy of the past refers to cultural and historical resources. It is customary to rank among them only those cultural and historical objects that have been researched and evaluated by scientific methods as being of public importance and can be used with existing technical and material capabilities to meet the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.
Among the cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, monuments of history and culture are divided into five main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.
Monuments of history. These may include buildings, structures, memorial sites and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent people of the state.
Monuments of archeology. These are settlements, barrows, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.
Monuments of urban planning and architecture. The following objects are most typical for them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine arts, arts and crafts, garden and park art, suburban landscapes.
Monuments of art. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.
documentary monuments. These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photographic documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, folklore and music recordings, and rare printed publications.
The cultural and historical premises of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore sights, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday ceremonies, etc.
All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - movable and immovable.
The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.
The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that are an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.
Analysis of a huge number of heterogeneous objects that make up cultural and historical recreational resources, from the standpoint of the recreational sector of the economy, should include their accounting, characteristics and typology. When taking into account and characterizing cultural and historical objects, it is necessary to indicate the name of the object, its location, marking, owner, literary and other sources on the object, location scheme and give brief description object.
The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology in terms of recreational significance. The typology is based on the information essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of this type, cognitive and educational value, attractiveness (external attractiveness).
The informativeness of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of the object, it is necessary to classify the object on the basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection. You can choose 2 classification features: the degree of organization of the object for display and the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.
According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more time for inspection, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.
According to the location of the tourists, objects are divided into interior (internal inspection of the object) and exterior (external inspection of the object). The total time for viewing exterior objects is always longer than the time for visiting interior objects (perhaps, with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).
Monuments of history and culture and their varieties
Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient ones that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various confessions (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.
Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to cult complexes can be carried out by different groups with different goals. There are several forms of such travel.
Excursion trips - acquaintance with monasteries as objects of Russian culture, with their artistic merits.
Religious tour - an excursion of believers who visit holy places, worship local saints, can take part in worship. At the same time, sightseers are introduced to the history of the monastery, to the clergy who glorified the monastery with their deeds, to the architecture and other artistic merits of this cultural complex.
Pilgrimage is a journey of believers to holy places, caused by the idea that prayer is more effective in such places. Religious people, making a pilgrimage to holy places, stay there for several days, during which they live in a monastery, where they worship holy relics, perform divine services together with the monks, while they eat in the monastery refectory, help the monks in housework or construction.
When visiting holy places, the preservation of the historical landscape plays a huge role. For this purpose, it is planned to organize recreational natural-historical monastic parks, including the territories of monasteries and surrounding environs.
In the monastery park, traditional forms of farming should be revived: organic farming, harvesting mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, cooking according to old recipes monastery cuisine, the development of folk crafts and the manufacture of souvenirs. For children, it is planned to organize Sunday schools and art workshops for the manufacture of iconostases, tiles, icon frames, icon painting, gold embroidery, and so on.
Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban buildings - civil and industrial, as well as suburban palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the Kremlin and boyar chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (offices, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, governors' houses), theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built at the expense of patrons according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamskaya chase along the roads for royal persons, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which have now entered the city limits or stand along the old tracts. Industrial architecture includes buildings of factories and plants, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.
Archaeological monuments. The archaeological monuments include settlements, mounds, rock paintings, earthen ramparts, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations of the earliest periods. Archaeological monuments are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological expositions.
Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum exhibitions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.
Museum exhibitions contain collections folk costumes, items of peasant life and folk art, characteristic of the population of certain regions. They introduce tourists to the historical past.
In every locality throughout historical development develops its own special architectural style associated with the national and natural features of the region. Samples of folk architecture are presented in museums of wooden architecture. They have examples of residential buildings, household services (mills, barns, etc.) and places of worship. Exhibits are brought here from various regions of the region, and in the museum they are in natural conditions close to real. Wooden architecture, in addition, is represented by individual objects in cities and villages.
Interesting ethnographic material is presented by the places of settlement of small peoples. There you can get acquainted with a peculiar culture, various forms of dwellings (plagues, wigwams, sakli and others), rituals, traditions.
Ethnographic monuments belong to cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethno-cultural and socio-cultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways, customs and forms of nature management are most fully preserved.
Folk crafts. Folk crafts historically belong to the oldest art forms. Their roots lie in peasant life, folk crafts. Some types of art crafts originated in church art and in the noble landlord culture. Patterned knitting, weaving and embroidery originate in peasant life. Blacksmithing, woodcarving, prints on fabrics, and many types of pottery are associated with rural crafts. Over time, emerging in individual villages, these crafts, spreading throughout entire regions, turned into crafts.
In the cities, those types of folk crafts were born that were in demand among privileged customers: Kholmogory bone carving, Veliky Ustyug blackened silver. Particularly exquisite types of embroidery developed in the landowner's workshops - a workshop of white smoothness or Nizhny Novgorod guipure.
Crafts were also traditionally represented in monasteries: blacksmithing, carpentry, carpentry - in men's, icon painting and jewelry, in women's they were engaged in artistic embroidery, created embroidered icons, shrouds, air (veil), etc.
The role of folk crafts in the cultural potential of tourism is extremely high. Folk art centers are not only objects of educational tourism, but also the basis of the souvenir industry.
Recreational resources of the world
Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical. Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in sea water, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using the latest technology, some of them are already being removed from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.
The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use. There are 180,000 animal species and 20,000 plant species in the Ocean. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds are of economic importance. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.
The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are being mined on the ocean shelf. The development of the ocean bed began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc. Technologies for extracting iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor have already been developed in the USA, Japan, Germany and other countries.
The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.
In our time, there is a problem of economical use of the wealth of the oceans, the protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean. After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean. Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, the internal heat of the Earth, space.
Recreational resource assessment
Recreational assessment of the landscape is carried out on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components of the landscape (relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover) in terms of its use in specific types of recreation and tourism.Relief assessment for therapeutic recreation. For these purposes, both functionally and aesthetically, rough terrain is most favorable, but with minor excesses. Therefore, as a rule, health-improving institutions are built either on flat territories, or in foothill (200-400 m) and low-mountain (400-1000 m) areas, and in exceptional cases - in the lower zone of the middle mountains (1000-1500 m). If there are special natural conditions, therefore, when assessing the territory, it is necessary to indicate the absolute elevation marks of the area.
The degree of dissection of the relief is determined by three parameters: the depth of dissection (relative excess, m), the density of dissection (the distance, km, through which the relief shape changes from convex to concave, and vice versa) and the steepness of the slopes (in degrees).
For recreational purposes, the most favorable is a large-hilly or ridge relief, relatively favorable - slightly hilly and undulating terrain. A smooth, flat surface is not suitable, since from the aesthetic point of view of landscape perception, a monotonous relief is uninteresting and, moreover, functionally unfavorable.
The characteristics of the relief are especially important when laying health paths.
Terrenkur is a route for dosed walking prescribed for vacationers in sanatoriums in order to train the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system and respiratory system.
The reference points of the health paths are located near the dormitories, the routes are laid over rough terrain in the form of steps, where horizontal segments alternate with ascents. The higher the category of complexity of the route, the greater its length, the shorter the length of horizontal sections, the steeper the height of the ascent and slopes. Terrenkurs are marked every 100 meters. They must have a cinder cover (drainage made of sand and gravel, covered with crushed sand on top). It is contraindicated to use asphalt, as it is carcinogenic.
Areas subject to landslides and erosion are considered unfavorable. This circumstance must be taken into account in the construction of recreational facilities. In such cases, it is mandatory to conduct engineering-geological surveys: with the study of geological and hydrological conditions.
Terrain assessment for sports hiking. Category hikes (1-6 categories of difficulty) are carried out on the plains, foothills and mountains almost throughout Russia. Route categories are determined by the height of the terrain, the steepness of the slopes, the length of the distance and the presence of obstacles on the route. On the plains, swamps with hummocks located at a distance of less than 1 - 1.5 m from each other, forest thickets, steep river banks and slopes of ravines with a steepness of 25-40 ° are considered obstacles. When assessing mountain areas, it is necessary to take into account the microclimatic features of the slopes and the degree of their resistance to recreational loads.
Relief assessment for speleotourism. The resources of speleotourism are caves formed as a result of karst deposits.
A karst landscape occurs when readily soluble (karsting) rocks, predominantly limestone, dolomite, gypsum, less often chalk and rock salt, occur on the surface or close to the surface, and are characterized by the presence of closed funnels, "blind beams" and river valleys, caves, lakes, rivers and powerful keys.
Caves are above ground and underground. If the caves extend horizontally and have access to the surface, then they can be used as an object of a guided tour after appropriate equipment and lighting. Such, for example, are the famous Caucasian caves Novoafonskaya, the ice Kungurskaya cave in the Urals. Here, tourists are shown all sorts of bizarre sinter forms in the form of stalactites and stalagmites made of gypsum and ice, as well as underground rivers and lakes. For sports tourism, hard-to-reach caves are used, the underground relief of which can be overcome only with the help of special devices. Most of the caves in Russia are located in the Urals (over 500). There are also caves in the mountains of Siberia (Sayan), Crimea and Volyn are rich in caves.
Aesthetic assessment of the landscape. Tourist routes and institutions are usually built where there are rich natural resources. It is the unique natural landscape or a unique historical monument that especially attracts tourists.
At present, there is no task to give an absolute assessment of the aesthetic qualities of the landscape. The assessment, as a rule, has an applied orientation (mainly for recreational purposes), and is based on a comparison of natural areas in terms of attractiveness. However, the question of reality and the need for evaluation remains open even now. The beauty of nature is objective and independent of anyone's tastes, therefore, it is capable of evoking the same sensations in different subjects. Therefore, attempts to unify systems and evaluation criteria seem to be quite correct. At the same time, aesthetics is considered as the degree of emotional attractiveness of a particular territory.
The landscape is not only the background against which the journey takes place, but also an important component that plays an independent role in recreation.
The picturesqueness of the area is determined by the combination of two or three components of the landscape (rough relief, water body, vegetation cover), the alternation of open and closed spaces (forest, arable land, meadow, swamp), the presence of panoramic views (cliffs, cliffs, open reservoirs) and the color diversity of the landscape .
It is very good when all three components of the landscape are combined, for example, a river in the wooded Carpathians, landscapes of Baikal or Ural lakes, Lena "cheeks" (steep cliffs framed by forest over the wide Lena). But usually it is enough to have two components, for example, a relief of a characteristic shape (hills, valleys, foothills, mountains) and a rich vegetation cover, forest cover and watering, or dissection and watering.
There are cases, however, isolated ones, when only one component of the landscape is enough to form a peculiar landscape, for example, stone seas on high mountain plateaus. Such territories are of extreme interest for viewing, but are unsuitable for the construction of recreational facilities.
Landscape aesthetics can be improved through human intervention. Thus, experienced landscape architects of the past created unique landscape parks that make up palace and park ensembles in the estates of the nobles of the Russian imperial court. In man-made landscapes, picturesqueness of the landscape was achieved by laying alleys, clearing glades, planting trees of various species, taking into account color combinations, building hydroparks in the form of cascades of ponds, waterfalls and canals.
Forest recreational resources
In the structure of the natural resource potential, the area of forests is 10.8 million hectares, of which 9.4 million hectares are forested lands with a total timber reserve of 1.74 billion m3, including 250 million m3 of mature and overripe wood. In addition to their economic value, forests play an extremely important role in the reproduction of oxygen, as well as in preserving the environment and improving the health of the population. The forests of Ukraine perform water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and health-improving functions. At the same time, the forest is a source of wood, building materials, raw materials for woodworking, furniture, pulp and paper and other industries.Forest covers an average of 14% of the territory of Ukraine, including 30-40% in the west and north, more than 40% in the Carpathians, 26.7% in Polissya, 10% in the Crimea, and 4% in the Steppe. Highly productive stands have 75% of forest areas. The annual wood growth is 30 million m3. Coniferous stocks - 54% of wood, including pine - 35% (Polesie). Hardwood stocks - up to 40% (oak - 22%, beech - 13, hornbeam - 2%). Birch, aspen, alder, linden, and poplar predominate among hardwoods. The role of the forest in harvesting berries, mushrooms, fruits, medicinal herbs is great.
Recreational resources
In almost all regions of Ukraine, sanatorium and resort resources dominate among recreational ones. The south of Ukraine (Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev, Donetsk region and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea). The southern coast of Crimea is unique in its possibilities. In addition to climatic resources, this area is rich in mud resources for organizing medical institutions.
An important recreational resource is the Carpathian region with its favorable conditions for organizing both summer and winter recreation. In Svalyava, Sinyava, Ust-Chernaya and other areas there are mineral waters. The Lviv region is especially rich in them (Truskavets, Morshyn, Skhodnitsa, Bolshoy Lyubin, Nemirov). Therapeutic mud is in the village. Black Ivano-Frankivsk and with. Konopkivka, Ternopil region. On the border of the Ternopil and Khmelnytsky regions, powerful reserves of mineral waters of the "Naftusya" type (Satanov, Gusyatin) were discovered.
General problems of protection and rational use of natural resources
The current ecological and economic situation is due to the long-term disregard for the objective laws of the relationship between society and nature and the processes of reproduction of the natural resource potential of our country. The structural orientation of the economy to the needs of the former Soviet economy led to the formation of a powerful resource-extracting complex, environmentally hazardous and capital-intensive. Changing landscapes, the circulation of substances in nature, expensive reclamation and elimination of the consequences of mining activities - this is an incomplete list of the "scars" left by us on the surface of the earth.
Geological searches are carried out throughout Ukraine. The scale of industrial development requires a stable supply of mineral resources. The search for new deposits of fuel and various ores is due to a decrease in their extraction in long-developed areas, and in many cases - and the depletion of deposits. Therefore, the implementation of the concept of resource saving in the development of the country's economy is relevant today. Resource saving is to ensure the growth of useful production results with the stability of material costs. Solving regional environmental problems and ensuring efficient nature management and resource conservation require bringing the volume of production and use of Ukraine's natural resources to an optimal state, which requires the transformation of the structure of production of means and objects of labor. On the one hand, this will make it possible to reduce the extraction of iron ore and coal, and on the other hand, it will provide a tangible social effect. Perhaps the most difficult thing now is the formation of active investment activity in the development and development of resource-saving, low-waste and waste-free technologies for the use of raw materials.
Resource conservation in sectors of the economy is manifested in the implementation of a set of priority sectoral and intersectoral measures. They must ensure the growth of the final result, the reduction of the cost of natural raw materials by introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, reducing the loss of raw materials during extraction, storage, transportation and use. It is necessary to make maximum use of secondary, accompanying and secondary resources, to attract additional sources of raw materials, primarily local ones, as well as substitutes and new types of materials.
Alternative sources for meeting the needs of the economy in natural resources are their integrated use, as well as the widespread introduction of resource-storage technologies.
The integrated use of mineral raw materials and fuel resources makes it possible to increase the amount of industrial raw materials. The scale of extraction and processing of raw materials and fuel reaches such volumes that even a relatively insignificant content of certain components in them is of great economic importance. For example, in non-ferrous metallurgy, along with copper, valuable components are extracted from copper ore and, on their basis, more than 20 additional types of products are produced. The cost of copper is much lower than the components that are extracted from the ore during its smelting.
In the case of the complex use of raw materials in non-ferrous metallurgy, it is possible to obtain almost 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and organize the industrial production of many necessary types of products. Thus, the introduction of the most advanced technologies made it possible to expand the production of cement and soda products in the aluminum industry.
Relevant is complex use waste from the power industry, where low-grade coal is used. Thus, a power plant with a capacity of 2-2.5 million kW, which consumes coal with an ash content of 20%, annually produces almost 100 million m3 of ash, which requires an area of 150 hectares for storage. It is economically expedient and technically possible to add ash and slag to solutions in the manufacture of asphalt concrete, as well as for the production of bricks, cement, and useful fillers.
An equally important area of saving natural resources is the introduction of resource-storage equipment and technologies. A decrease in the material and energy intensity of production is equivalent to an increase in the production of industrial products with the same amount of raw materials and fuel used.
Along with the integrated use of natural resources and the introduction of resource-storage technologies, an important area of resource conservation is the involvement of secondary resources in production, which makes it possible to minimize the use of primary natural raw materials.
Secondary resources are divided into secondary material and energy. Under the secondary material resources understand the waste of production and consumption (in particular household), which are used in the economy for state of the art development of science and technology. The secondary use of valuable economic substances or resources, due to the imperfection of technology, goes to waste, is called recycling. Therefore, only that part of the waste that can be collected is included in this category. Only after its formation, primary processing and appraisal of suitability for use, secondary resources turn into secondary raw materials.
The depletion of a number of highly profitable deposits of metal ores and the problem of environmental protection have led to the use of secondary resources, which reduces not only the energy costs for their extraction and processing, but also industrial emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere. It is known that each ton of metal smelted from scrap is 20 times cheaper than from iron ore. At the same time, emissions into the atmosphere are reduced by 86%, into the hydrosphere - by 76%, and the amount of waste - by 97%. When smelting aluminum from scrap, electricity is spent 23 times less, and fuel - 7.4 times less. Complete disposal and recycling of ferrous metallurgy waste can provide savings equal to the cost of iron ore mined in Ukraine.
The introduction of new technologies and the use of secondary raw materials in the paper industry will not only increase the output and range of products, but also save hundreds of thousands of hectares of forests. It should be noted that the output of paper from 1 m3 of wood in Ukraine is 5-7 times lower than in highly developed countries of the market economy.
Secondary energy resources include gaseous, liquid or solid mixtures - waste products of technological processes, the temperature of which is higher than the ambient temperature ( warm water equipment cooling systems, steam, ventilation air). they can be used for heat supply to houses, heating greenhouses and the like.
In general, almost 2 billion tons of various wastes are generated annually in the country, 2/3 of which are overburden, mine and other rocks. Only the processing of agricultural raw materials annually produces 450 million tons of waste.
The consequences of the ecological crisis in Ukraine need to be clarified, first of all, with the causes and factors of its occurrence.
The range of anthropogenic impacts on the environment is wide, and its analysis allows us to state that the main reasons for the environmental condition that threatens life and life are as follows:
Extremely outdated production technology and physical and moral depreciation of equipment;
- high energy intensity, material intensity, water intensity and labor intensity of production. According to these indicators, Ukrainian industry and agriculture are 2-4 times inferior to the best world standards;
- irrational territorial structure of production location, the disadvantages of which are excessive concentration of industrial facilities in major cities and industrialized regions - Donbass, Dnieper, Carpathian, and insufficient development of industry in the central, northern and western regions;
- environmentally imperfect structure industrial production with an extremely high concentration of environmentally friendly hazardous industries- enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, ferrous metallurgy, chemical, mining industry;
- low agrotechnical level of agricultural production, excessive use of chemicals for soil cultivation, fertility improvement, pest control;
- scientifically substantiated hydromelioration system - drainage in Polissia and irrigation in the steppe zone, which in the first case led to a change in the water regime of the territories, degradation soil cover and living conditions, and in the second - to the development of processes of planar soil erosion and their salinization;
- little attention was paid to the construction and efficient operation of environmental protection systems, the introduction of general and local treatment facilities, recycling, cyclic and sequential water supply systems, small and waste-free technologies, which occurred against the backdrop of a low, in terms of environmental friendliness, level of operation of existing environmental facilities;
- now there are no effective legal and economic mechanisms for environmental regulation of nature management, and those that exist do not stimulate the development of environmentally friendly technologies for the production of so-called "green" (environmentally safe) types of products and environmental systems;
- today the nature management system itself is imperfect, it is too cumbersome, carried out mainly according to the sectoral, rather than territorial principle and has the character of monitoring compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation.
One of the most important today is the problem of protecting the air basin, the main pollutants of which are transport, energy and chemical enterprises. Cases of emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dust, various oxides and radionuclides into the atmosphere have become more frequent. Particularly acute is the issue of protecting the atmosphere in industrial areas, centers of the metallurgical and chemical industries.
It is extremely important to protect water resources. Sources of pollution of inland waters by untreated wastewater are primarily industrial and municipal enterprises, agriculture. Water bodies are especially polluted with mineral fertilizers and pesticides. An increase in water consumption causes its shortage, and therefore the problem of providing the population with clean fresh water is one of the sharpest. The most important nature protection sites include the Danube, Tisza, Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Bug, Black and Azov Seas.
An integral part of the problem of environmental protection is the protection of land resources. For the development of agricultural production, the rational use of land, the restoration of its fertility, and the maximum reduction in the withdrawal of agricultural land for industrial, housing and transport construction are of exceptional importance. A special role in the stabilization of the agricultural land fund is played by the reclamation of depleted quarries.
The primary problem is the protection of flora, especially forests. The importance of the forest for human life can hardly be overestimated, so the most important task is to regulate forest management and maintain the productivity of forests. To this end, reforestation activities are being carried out. National parks (Carpathian, Shatsky, etc.) are being created to preserve species of unique nature.
The problem of wildlife protection is caused by a decrease in the stocks of valuable species of fish, fur-bearing animals, wild animals that do not harm humans. In this regard, the relevant authorities are entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating the rules of hunting and fishing. Appropriate decisions of the legislative bodies have been adopted.
Growth in the scale of production mineral resources raises the issue of conservation. It is necessary to provide for the rational use of subsoil and reduce the loss of useful components in the process of extraction and processing. For this, it is necessary to introduce the integrated use of mineral raw materials, to widely apply modern efficient technologies extraction and processing of low-grade ores * waste disposal.
The aggravation of these problems gives rise to the need to address the issue of further coexistence of man and nature on the basis of the rational use of natural resources. Rational nature management is understood to be such a form when it allows one to foresee the consequences of the functioning of the "man - nature" system. Its level is determined by the efficiency of the use of natural resources and the state of the environment. Rational nature management requires a strong connection between scientific and technological progress and the implementation of measures aimed at minimizing the negative anthropogenic impact on environment and environmental activation of production activities.
Recreational resources - natural cultural and historical complexes and their elements that contribute to the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health, which, with the modern and promising structure of recreational needs and technical and economic possibilities, are used for direct and indirect consumption and production of resort and tourist services.
Recreational activities use resources - natural and man-made processes and phenomena that can be used to meet the needs of the population and the organization of the recreational economy. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the natural potential; their role in shaping the modern environmental management of the region is constantly increasing, especially from the ecological and geographical point of view. Recreational nature management is aimed at meeting the needs of the population, primarily local, in recreation areas, sanatorium and resort facilities created on the basis of balneological resources, the development of sports and educational tourism, and mountaineering. The protection and rational use of recreational resources fits into the overall strategy for the rational use of natural resources in the region in the form of a territorial recreational system. Traditionally, the components of natural or cultural landscapes are primarily referred to as recreational resources. Climatic, water, hydro-mineral, forest, mountain, socio-cultural (monuments of history and culture) and other types of resources are distinguished. In recreational nature management, the resource can be the beauty of the landscape and the landscape diversity of the area, the material and spiritual culture of the country, the environmental friendliness of nature, the uniqueness of architecture. When evaluating a recreational resource, its beneficial effect on human health and well-being is taken into account. For example, when assessing climatic conditions, temperature and wind regimes, precipitation regimes are considered; Resources of ultraviolet radiation are of great importance, providing protective reactions of the body. All elements of the weather form its quality in terms of comfort. Among the recreational resources, mineral waters, therapeutic mud, water and forests are very popular. Mineral waters are divided into several groups: mineral waters, the effect of which is determined by the ionic composition and mineralization; carbonic; hydrogen sulfide, etc. Therapeutic mud - peat, sapropel and others, as well as mineral waters, have a healing effect. In Russia, 49 deposits of therapeutic mud are used. Among them, the largest are Lake Shira in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Lake Medvezhye in the Kurgan Region, Uglovoy Bay in the Primorsky Territory. Recreation by the water, on the coasts of the seas, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs has great appeal. Each reservoir has its own problems of recreational use. However, there are also common features, which boil down to water pollution and deterioration of their quality, and thereby reducing the resource potential. Pollution can occur due to industrial and domestic effluents, agricultural and municipal waste, and the activities of vacationers. Recreational nature management is divided into different types according to the time of rest - short-term and long-term, summer and winter; according to the degree of organization - organized and unorganized; by types of resource use - recreational water use, forest use. As a rule, recreational nature management focuses not on one, but on several types of resources. It can be climatic, water, forest resources at the same time. Therefore, types of nature management that use a complex of resources are distinguished: sanatorium-and-spa treatment (climato-, balneo-, mud therapy); health-improving nature management - bathing and beach, walking; sports - sports tourism, mountaineering, fishing, hunting; cognitive tourism - to historical places, travel to other countries; horticultural and summer cottages. From the point of view of recreational forest management, forest cover, species composition, and the presence of a coastal strip are important. The forests of the regions of Central Russia are considered the most suitable for recreation. The forest cover here reaches 30-35%, forests are mixed with undergrowth, usually easily passable, with low swampiness. Forests of different composition of tree species have a wide range of colors and sounds, are distinguished by a variety of undergrowth, which makes their aesthetic-emotional and therapeutic-psychological impact especially beneficial. Forest thickets, interspersed with open spaces of meadows, river floodplains and banks of forest rivers and lakes overgrown with shrubs, with a variety of relief, are the best conditions for recreational nature management in Central Russia. The diversity of the emotional impact of forests of different composition reflects the saying: In a spruce forest to choke, in a birch forest to marry, to work in a pine forest. Most of the recreational resources are almost inexhaustible; they are dynamic: there are types of recreation - water slalom, rally, sports tourism, allowing you to explore new areas of the planet. In a modern, very dynamic life, it is of great importance to have a place for a short rest during the day, on weekends; in cities, parks, gardens, embankments, and green areas serve this purpose. Landscape art and architecture have deep historical roots. In ancient times, the emperors of China, Japan, and Korea created gardens with artificial grottoes, streams and paths, ornamental trees and shrubs. Of particular interest are the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the idea of which was subsequently used in Italy, Persia, Russia, and is now used in almost unchanged form in Western Europe for planting roofs.
The definition of recreational resources can also be given in the following contexts:
Recreational resources as a result of anthropogenic activity (the impact of man and his activities on nature), which, due to such properties as unique historical and artistic values, originality, aesthetic appeal and healing and health significance, can be used for organized activities;
Recreational resources as a combination of various components, factors of natural and anthropogenic landscapes that create favorable conditions for various types and forms of human activity;
Recreational resources as, to a certain extent, transformed natural conditions and cultural and historical objects, brought to the level of manufacturability under the influence of social needs and the possibility of direct use in recreational services.
Therefore, recreational resources include two types of resources: natural and anthropogenic.
Natural recreational resources are a territorial combination of natural components with functional, temporal and territorial comfort of recreational activities.
The complex nature of recreational activities and the diversity of its links with natural conditions determine the expediency of considering as a natural recreational resource not only the territorial combination of natural components, but also the results of human anthropogenic activity (the so-called anthropogenic factor in ecology).
Recreational resources in the recreational economy act as conditions for recreational activities. In order for natural conditions to become natural resources, it is necessary to spend social labor on their study, assessment and preparation and bringing them to the level of manufacturability necessary for direct use in the recreational economy.
The resource base of tourism is made up of tourist and recreational resources, which are closely interconnected. Tourism resources are understood as a set of natural and artificially created objects suitable for creating a tourist product. As a rule, these resources determine the formation of the tourism business in a particular region.
The first group includes objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. These are sea coasts with a favorable climate, banks of rivers and lakes, mountains, forests, mineral springs, and therapeutic mud. In areas with such recreational resources, resort areas, recreation areas, nature reserves, national parks are being created.
The second group includes monuments of history, archeology, architecture and art. Most of the ancient cities of Europe and Russia are rich in cultural and historical sights, the Egyptian pyramids and temples of Luxor, the Taj Mahal mausoleum in India, the remains of ancient Mayan and Aztec cities in Latin America are world famous.
The countries where favorable natural conditions are combined with cultural and historical sights have the richest recreational resources. First of all, these are the countries of the Mediterranean - Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Tunisia, such European countries as France, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, as well as Mexico, India, Thailand.
Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-information elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use is different and depends on the recreational demand and specialization of the region.
According to the classifications adopted in the economics of nature management, based on the dual nature of the concept of "natural resources", reflecting their natural origin, p. on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other hand, natural recreational resources can be grouped according to:
Origin;
Types of recreational use;
Speeds. exhaustion (quickly exhausted, slowly exhausted, inexhaustible);
Self-healing and cultivation capabilities (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);
Possibilities of economic replenishment (replaceable, irreplaceable);
The ability to replace one resource with another.
In recent years, there has been increasing attention to natural resources from the point of view of using them for active recreation of the population and health-improving, preventive and medical measures. The transition of the country to market relations in a new way raised the issues of exploitation of resort areas, as well as the development of the capabilities of the components of the natural environment directly for medicinal purposes.
There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the defining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.
Characterization of recreational resources by the main landscape and climatic zones allows us to evaluate these zones in comparison (by the richness of these resources), which helps to identify the most effective directions for the development of the resort network in our country.
About a third of the territory of Russia is occupied by the taiga zone. All of it is potentially favorable for active climatotherapy. At the same time, the presence of blood-sucking insects has a negative impact, causing great concern to people and animals and creating uncomfortable conditions for treatment and outdoor recreation. A serious problem is also the epidemiological situation in certain years.
The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources are zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. It was here that the most favorable conditions for existence and life activity for the population of Russia were formed and preserved, which may represent the ecological optimum for the development of civilization in Eastern Europe and part of the Siberian Territory. It was here that a unique Russian culture was formed in its expanded understanding, taking into account its future sustainable development. In this regard, the recreational conditions of this special zone are most favorable for conscious work in recreation, which can always be nearby and will not be replaced by short-term and annoying, albeit exotic-educational, resorts.
As for the recreational resources of the semi-desert and desert zones, their landscape conditions are not very favorable for the development of resort construction, with the exception of individual oases.
The Mediterranean zone, which includes wet and dry subtropics, is very favorable for accommodating health resorts. However, the collapse of the USSR significantly reduced the recreational opportunities in Russia in this regard. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of greatest interest, the Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.
One of the important elements of the recreational potential of settlements (i.e. places of permanent residence of the population), primarily large cities, is landscape architecture, i.e. a conscious harmonious combination of natural anthropogenic landscapes and their individual components (vegetation, relief, water bodies) with settlements, architectural complexes and structures. The traditional objects of landscape architecture are parks, gardens, boulevards, squares, green spaces of urban microdistricts, as well as areas of reservoirs, forest parks, etc., used mainly for recreation. An example of landscape architecture is the palace ensembles of the Moscow region (Arkhangelskoe, Kuskovo), the suburbs of St. Petersburg (Peter Palace, Pavlovsk, Pushkin), separate new areas (microdistricts) of residential development.
One of the most effective ways to meet recreational needs is tourism. It combines not only rest, health improvement, but also cultural and cognitive activities and communication (the latter is often expressed in the forms scientific conferences, special cultural programs, business contacts). Excursion tourism with a pre-announced cultural program is widespread. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into sports, amateur, with social purposes, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. Depending on the means of transportation, tourism is distinguished by water, walking, rail, horseback, skiing, bicycle, motorcycle and car tourism.
Specially protected natural areas ( protected areas). They belong to objects of national heritage and represent plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in full or partly from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
According to the available estimates of leading international organizations, at the end of 1990 there were about 10,000 large protected natural areas of all kinds in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:
State natural reserves, including biospheric ones;
National parks;
natural parks;
State natural reserves;
Monuments of nature;
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
Therapeutic areas and resorts.
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. For example, in the Russian Federation by the beginning of 1999 there were 34 national parks, the total officially established area of which was 6784.6 thousand hectares, and by the beginning of 2000 there were 35 parks with a total area of 6956 thousand hectares (0.4% of the total area Russian Federation).
The vast majority of national parks are located in the European part of the Russian Federation. National parks are formed on the territory of 13 republics within the Russian Federation, 2 territories and 20 regions. Most of the national parks (34) were directly subordinated to the former Federal Forestry Service of Russia and one was administered by the Government of Moscow (“Losiny Ostrov”).
Natural recreational resources are territories that have the potential to be used for organizing various types of recreation. The territorial concentration of recreational resources contributes to the formation and development of recreational areas, determines the areas of specialization of these areas and the degree of their economic efficiency.
Recreation is located at the intersection of natural and socio-economic systems. When determining the effect of the development of recreation, it is necessary to take into account natural, environmental, social and economic forces. When recreation allows you to combine different areas of recreation and achieve several goals, it gives the maximum effect (for example, the simultaneous combination of health, medical and cultural and educational activities).
The possibilities and effectiveness of the use of recreational resources to a large extent depend on natural conditions and the saturation of the territory of possible recreational use with valuable objects of natural and cultural heritage.
The following main factors affecting the involvement of recreational resources of a particular area in use can be distinguished:
1) climatic conditions;
2) availability of water areas, their quality and comfort for use;
3) the presence of mineral springs, therapeutic mud and other balneological resources;
forest scenery,
river and lake scenery,
Sea and mountain landscapes.
Cultural and historical recreational resources are the legacy of past years and eras of social development. They are an important factor for organizing educational recreational trips.
Cultural and historical resources are not only an important prerequisite for the development of recreational activities, but also play an educational role.
Cultural and historical recreational resources are not included in the category of natural resources. But in modern society they are increasingly considered together with natural ones. Thus, the UN for Culture, Science and Education compiled a list of the world heritage of mankind, which combines natural and cultural heritage sites.
There are 15 cultural and natural world heritage sites in Russia (their list is given in Table 2 of the appendix),
In Russia, balneological resources and resorts in places where healing mineral springs come out have long been famous.
Balneological resources have:
North Caucasus (Mineralnye Vody, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zhelsznovodsk);
Central Russia (Tula region, Tver region - Kashin, Krainka),
North - Republic of Karelia (Marcial waters),
Volga region,
Primorsky Krai.
Medicinal muds, especially peat and silt, are of great therapeutic value. They are found in the North Caucasus and Siberia, in their salty lakes and estuaries. The combination of mud baths with water baths (sea or mineral) gives a particularly great therapeutic effect.
As a result, the North Caucasus has the most significant natural recreational resources. Good prerequisites for the development of recreation also have the Central Region, Siberia (especially the vicinity of Baikal and the Altai Mountains), the Kaliningrad Region and some other territories of Russia.
natural conditions(geological features, relief, climate, natural zonality, etc.) are not directly involved in production, but they also largely determine the territorial organization of people's lives and economic activities.
Most strong influence natural conditions affect agriculture, the efficiency and specialization of which directly depend on soil fertility, climate, and the water regime of the territory.
Natural conditions also affect the lifestyle of people - the need for housing, clothing, diet.
As a result, it is the natural conditions that often determine the socio-economic feasibility of building settlements, transport routes, industrial enterprises, development of mineral resources.
Geological conditions and relief areas significantly affect the nature of production activities and the resettlement of people.
The main elements of the geological structure of the territory of Russia are platforms and plates, as well as the folded (geosynclinal) belts separating them.
Platforms and slabs - stable areas earth's crust, the base of which is composed of solid crystalline rocks. In some places, the base comes to the surface of the earth in the form of shields, but, as a rule, it is covered by a cover consisting of loose sedimentary rocks.
On the territory of Russia there are the East European and Siberian platforms (the most ancient), connected by the Turan and West Siberian plates (younger in time of formation).
Between the platforms there are younger folded areas - geosynclinal belts:
Ural-Mongolian (Urals, Altai, Sayans, Kuznetsk Alatau, Transbaikalia);
Pacific (Verkhoyano-Kolyma, Primorsky, mountain systems, mountains of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, coast of the Sea of Okhotsk).
In these belts, mountain building continues, accompanied by increased seismicity and volcanism.
Geological conditions determine the presence of certain mineral natural resources. The platforms and slabs in the sedimentary rock masses contain mainly fuel resources. Mobile geosynclinal areas and shields, as well as platform bases, have deposits of ore minerals. Knowledge of the geological patterns of the distribution of mineral resources is the main prerequisite for the discovery of new deposits.
Today, from a geological point of view, only about 80% of the territory of Russia has been studied - relatively little compared to the global level and the degree of geological knowledge of many foreign countries.
The geological structure determines the dominant landforms of the territory. On the territory of Russia, internal plains and plateaus with heights up to 1000 m predominate - the Russian, West Siberian, and Central Siberian plateaus.
Mountain ranges are located in the southern and eastern parts of the country, the highest of which are the Caucasus (Mount Elbrus - 5642 m above sea level), the mountains of Kamchatka (Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano - 4750 m), Altai (Mount Belukha - 4499 m).
In general, the country's relief is assessed as favorable for economic activity. Large plains, occupying about 3/4 of the country's territory, favor the development of agriculture, shipping, and construction.
But the relief of Russia also has negative features. There are no significant mountain ranges in the north of the country, which makes it possible for cold arctic air to penetrate deep into the country. On the contrary, the mountainous regions in the south and east prevent warm air masses from penetrating deep into Russia.
Climatic conditions. Due to their significant size, Russia is quite diverse.
Most of the country's territory is dominated by a temperate continental and subarctic climate, and an arctic climate is common in the north. All of them are distinguished by very severe winters and relatively short summers, which causes a lack of heat, excessive moisture, and the spread of permafrost (which occupies more than half of the country's area). It is here (in the east of Yakutia) that the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is located.
More favorable conditions are in the Far East (regions of temperate maritime and monsoon climate near the coast Pacific Ocean) and especially in the west of the country, where in the European part of Russia a temperate temperate continental climate prevails, turning into a subtropical one in the very south. Winters in these types of climates are relatively mild, while summers are warm and long. Negative features - excessive moisture in the east, insufficient - in the west in areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea.
In general, the country's climatic conditions are assessed as unfavorable for human life and economic activity, especially for crop production. The lack of heat in Russia reduces the productivity of growing cultivated plants by 3-5 times compared to the world average.
On a third of the country's area, the cultivation of cultivated plants in open ground is almost impossible. In general, about 95% of the area of Russia is a zone of risky farming.
Natural zonality in Russia is determined by the peculiarities of the climate and topography. The most common in the country are the zones of taiga, tundra and forest-tundra, including mountain taiga and tundra in areas with altitudinal zonality. These zones correspond to extremely infertile podzolic, permafrost-taiga and tundra soils. Center of the European part of the country, as well as the south Far East occupied by mixed and broad-leaved forests, under which relatively fertile soddy-podzolic, gray forest and brown forest soils have formed.
Significant areas in the south of the European part, as well as in the south of Siberia, are occupied by steppes and forest-steppes with the most fertile chernozem soils. In the southeast of the European part of Russia there is an area of dry steppes and semi-deserts with open sands and other infertile soils. As a result, we can say that the soil conditions of the country are relatively favorable for the development of agriculture, since large areas are occupied by soil types with high natural fertility.
