Marat Lotfullin
Mother tongue education in Russia: law and reality
In modern Russia, for the last 10 years, the education system has been built on the basis of the Law "On Education" and includes:
a) preschool education (2-7 years);
b) secondary general education (7-17 years);
c) initial vocational education;
d) secondary specialized education;
e) higher professional education.
Secondary general education is free and compulsory from grades 1 to 9.
Primary vocational education, which mainly trains skilled workers, is also free and students are paid a stipend (about $ 4 per month).
The organization of private educational institutions is allowed. The public education system provides secular education. The language of teaching and educating children, preschool and school age chosen by the parents.
higher educational establishments subordinated to the Federal authorities, and training in them is conducted in Russian. IN preschool institutions And general education schools the language of education and upbringing is determined by local authorities. At the same time, they must also provide textbooks, teaching aids in native language. The federal authorities publish textbooks only in Russian. State languages of the republics in the composition Russian Federation are studied on the basis of the laws of the republics themselves.
We will consider the specific implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education using the example of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Tatar people, which is largely typical of the Russian peoples.
Tatarstan is a multinational republic of the Russian Federation. 74% of the population are city dwellers, approximately 50% are Tatars, 40% are Russians. The borders of the republic are defined rather conditionally and 75% of the Tatars live in other regions of Russia. Most Big City Republic - Kazan in 2005 will celebrate its 1000th anniversary. There are 30 higher educational institutions in Kazan (14 are state). The total number of students is 105 thousand, which is 87% of the number of young people from 18 to 25 years old. 23 secondary specialized institutions, the number of students - 21 thousand. General educational institutions 187 with a total number of students 130 thousand; 300 preschool institutions, where 40,000 children are brought up (the coverage of preschool education is 65%).
General educational institutions are classified into lyceums, gymnasiums, schools with in-depth study of individual subjects and general education schools. All school and preschool institutions are municipal, financed from the city budget, and education is free. There are three small non-state schools. All institutions operate on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education". All institutions fulfill the Russian minimum of education. In Tatarstan, two state languages are obligatory taught: Russian and Tatar. In addition, a foreign language (mainly English) is also studied. The school is separated from religion and from ideology. Education up to and including grade 9 is compulsory. Admission of children to all institutions is carried out regardless of nationality. The language of instruction is chosen by the parents.
All educational institutions are equipped with modern computers and connected to the educational Internet network.
Among students in Kazan, 50% are Russian children, 47% are Tatar children, the remaining 3% are children of peoples of about 100 nationalities. Such records of children are kept only in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The central government evades control and organization of teaching children in their native language. According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", the language of instruction is determined by local authorities, the teaching of the state languages of the republics within the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the legislation of these republics. In this part, the recommendations of the Kohn memorandum are being implemented, but the peculiarity of Russia lies in the fact that the main part of the Tatars, historically living on their lands, ended up formally in other regions and republics of the Russian Federation. For the full implementation of the recommendations of the memorandum, it is necessary to take into account the interests of indigenous peoples through the institutions of the central government and through central means. mass media, providing the opportunity to study the native language and cultural communication in the native language. Currently, the number of Tatar children studying in Russian schools is unknown, so it is impossible to determine the required number of teachers and textbooks even for teaching their native language. Also, the number of Tatar children deprived of the opportunity to learn their native language cannot be estimated. Our repeated appeals to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation on the registration of Tatar children studying in Russian schools were ignored. The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Tatarstan, by concluding separate agreements with the regions of Russia, is trying to restore teaching in the Tatar language and the study of the Tatar language in places where Tatars are densely populated. According to the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Tatarstan, cooperation agreements have been concluded with 21 regions of Russia, according to which in more than 900 schools, 51 thousand students study in their native Tatar language and about 1,000 schools where 120 thousand students study the Tatar language. At the same time, the total number of Tatar children studying in schools is unknown.
Kazan is a city with a dominant Russian language. Until 1990, not a single Tatar school functioned in the city for 20 years.
Although in pre-revolutionary Russia in the middle of the XIX century. only in the Kazan region there were 430 mektebes and 57 madrasahs. At the beginning of the XX century. their number exceeded one thousand. In addition, there were thousands of mektebes and madrasahs in Ufa, Orenburg, Simbirsk, Astrakhan and other provinces, that is, on the ethnic territory of the Tatar nation. Inspector of the Kazan educational district V.V. Radlov noted in 1872: “ Mental development shakirds are quite significant and, despite all the one-sidedness of their knowledge, shakirds are mentally much higher than our teachers in parish city schools. Development conditions public education the Tatars were such that tsarism in every possible way prevented the creation of a secular national school. At the same time, the government was apparently guided by the instructions of N.I. Ilminsky, who preached that "a fanatic without a Russian education and language is comparatively better than a civilized Tatar in Russian, and even worse is an aristocrat, and even worse is a person with a university education." The Tatar madrasah, according to the strict instructions of the authorities, could only have a confessional, that is, a religious character.
Nevertheless, the Tatar intelligentsia, despite the persecution of the secular trend in Tatar school, sought to include so many general education disciplines in the programs of confessional schools that they essentially turned into secular schools. Naturally, in each madrasah (including the new method) in the form of basic subjects were taught: the Koran, the interpretation of the Koran, the hadith (sayings of the prophet Muhammad), the history of Islam, information about the life of the prophet and his companions, gaqaid (faith), fiqh (the basics of Sharia ), etc. However, secular subjects more and more prevailed over religious ones. So in the Kazan Madrasah "Muhammadiya" at the beginning of the 20th century. taught: Russian language, arithmetic, calligraphy, drawing (drafting), counting, geography, physics (natural history), geometry, history of Russia, General history, the history of the Turkic peoples, psychology, logic, and so on (the famous scientist and educator Rizaitdin Fakhretdinov taught here). In fact it was National University the highest category, uniting within its walls 4 levels of education: primary, secondary, above secondary, higher. Madrasahs Khusainia (Orenburg), Galia (Ufa), Rasulia (Troitsk), rural madrasah Bubi (Vyatka province) and others had similar programs. In the latter, in particular, German and French, and in the Russian language in many classes were given 12 lessons a week.
Wide development, especially after the revolution of 1905-1907. received female education. There were many courses for the preparation of teachers of both sexes. Separate madrasahs also trained teachers. Tatar youth studied not only in their national educational institutions, but also in public schools in Russia, in particular in gymnasiums, various special schools, courses, and universities. Hundreds of Tatars received secondary and higher education in a number of Western European countries, in Japan, America, Egypt, Turkey, Syria, etc. S. Shakulova, one of the first Tatar women with a higher mathematical education, achieved outstanding success. In 1913 she graduated from the famous Sorbonne University in Paris, and in 1915 she received a diploma from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University.
Inspector of the Kazan educational district Ya.D. Koblov wrote in 1908: "Among the peoples inhabiting the eastern part of Russia, the Mohammedan Tatars occupy the first place." In 1916, he also confirmed that “in Russia it is difficult to indicate a nationality among which literacy would be so widespread as among the Kazan Tatars.” Some sources estimated the degree of literacy of the Tatars within 80%.
The Tatar school was based on village schools, since the Tatars, like other nationalities, lived mainly in countryside on their native lands. The process of urbanization is currently underway.
Number of students in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2002
|
Total study |
Of these, the children of the Tatars |
% of Tatar children |
|
|
in the villages |
195763 |
137328 |
|
|
in cities |
354748 |
158532 |
|
|
Total: |
550551 |
295860 |
The table shows that although at present most of the children of the Tatars live in cities, in villages, they, as before, make up the bulk. Due to the high rates of urbanization, the establishment of education in the native language in cities is of decisive importance for the preservation of the Tatar people and other peoples within the Russian Federation.
The introduction of the national component into the education system of Kazan began in the 90s. and takes place within the framework of democratic transformations of the whole Russian Society. The legal basis for this process is the Law “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Republic of Tajikistan” and the Laws “On Education” of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation. At the regional level, work on the introduction of the national component in education is carried out on the basis of the city program for the preservation, study and development of the languages of the peoples living in Kazan, adopted by the Kazan Council of People's Deputies in 1998.
According to the city program, a department for nationalities and a city fund for the development of languages and cultures of the peoples living in Kazan were created in the city administration. The department is called upon to coordinate the work of all city structures to take into account the interests of the ethnic communities of the city. The Fund provides targeted allocation of funds for the implementation of measures to preserve and develop the cultures of the peoples living in Kazan in the amount of 1% of the budget.
In a broad sense, the introduction of the national component includes the creation of conditions for education and upbringing in the native language in institutions preschool education, secondary schools and additional education. An essential part of the national component of education in our republic is the organization of teaching the Tatar language.
Currently, the process of accumulating the theoretical base and practical experience is underway. A multinational Sunday school operates in the city, which closely cooperates with the Association of National Cultural Societies of the Republic. In this school, children of peoples study their native language and culture, the number of which does not allow opening classes in schools. There are also Jewish ethno-cultural classes in schools where Hebrew, the history and culture of the Jewish people are studied. All Russian children are taught in their native language.
Over the past 12 years, the system of education in the Tatar language has been recreated in the city. There are 22 gymnasiums and lyceums, 14 schools with in-depth study of individual subjects and 11 schools with Tatar language learning. Schools with in-depth study of individual subjects are at the stage of transition from Russian to Tatar as the language of instruction. Only 35% of Tatar children in the city have the opportunity to study in their native language. The possibility of education in the native language is mainly due to the availability of qualified personnel who speak two state languages of the Republic of Tajikistan. In order to stimulate the transition of teachers to the Tatar language, by the decision of the City Council of People's Deputies, a 15% bonus was introduced for work in two state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan. This allowance is paid only to specialists who have confirmed their qualifications to work in two state languages of the Republic of Tajikistan.
In educational institutions where conditions for teaching in the Tatar language are not created, classes are formed with education in the native language in order to preserve the language and traditions of the Tatar people through the creation of a linguistic and educational environment. 1,662 classes with education in the Tatar language operate in 129 schools in the city. Thus, for 90% of Tatar children, conditions have been created for education and upbringing in their native language.
The teaching of the course "History of Tatarstan and the Tatar people" plays a significant role in the education of students. This subject has been included in the curriculum. educational institutions along with history.
Tatar language and literature as compulsory subject in educational institutions of the city began to be taught since 1990. Currently, all students study the Tatar language in the prescribed curriculum volume. The teaching of the Tatar language in schools is provided by 1800 teachers. Tatar language teachers work closely with teachers of Russian language and literature and foreign languages. Broad opportunities are opening up for philologists to cultivate tolerance on the basis of the interaction of national cultures, the mutual enrichment of languages and the interpenetration of traditions. Methods of teaching the Tatar language on the basis of intensive technologies of foreign languages, bilingualism and multilingualism are generalized on a city and republican scale and are widely introduced into the educational process.
The task of real bilingualism, as an important part of the national-regional component of education, can be most effectively solved starting from preschool age. Teaching the Tatar language has been introduced in kindergartens since 1988 in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Tatarstan.
In order to provide opportunities for raising children in their native language, a network of kindergartens and groups with the Tatar language of education and instruction has been developing since the 1991-1992 academic year. So, if in 1993 there were 15 Tatar kindergartens in the city, now their number has increased to 70. The main indicator of the effectiveness of the development of the network of Tatar kindergartens and groups is the coverage of education and training in the native (Tatar) language. Currently, this figure is 75% in the city.
To ensure real bilingualism, since 1996, upbringing and education in 2 state languages in equal volumes has been introduced in preschool institutions of the city. The coverage of bilingual education is 36%.
The presence of schools with different languages of instruction leads to an increase in the role of education of tolerance. This is achieved by conducting joint activities, the study of the cultures of neighboring peoples and world culture. Teaching two state languages to all students also contributes to the development of tolerance. This is especially important in Russian-teaching schools, since Russian history textbooks contain materials that elevate some peoples and humiliate other peoples in front of each other. The Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has accepted these comments and we will hope for practical steps to correct these shortcomings.
In secondary schools with the Tatar language of instruction, English is studied in depth from the first grade. educational process V primary school is based on the principles of Tatar folk pedagogy. In the future, students are integrated into the Russian cultural environment, and in the senior classes - in world culture. In a number of schools, certain subjects are studied in English language. Since English has become the language of international communication, a good knowledge of this language allows school graduates to continue their education not only in Russian universities, but also abroad. The organization of teaching subjects in English requires the presence teaching staff who speak English. In Russia, training of such personnel is not carried out. This actual problem remains open. Currently, teachers from Turkey work in English, and their work is paid by educational firms. We call on specialists from other countries to resolve this problem. 85% of graduates of schools with the Tatar language of instruction continue their studies at universities in Kazan, Russia and other countries. In general, in Kazan, 82% of graduates continue their studies at universities. This indicator reflects the approximately equal level of education in institutions with different languages learning.
The ratio of admission of students to the first grade of schools and the first year of universities is such that in about 10 years all students of the republic will have a document on higher education, but, unfortunately, on the one hand, this does not guarantee an appropriate level of knowledge and, on the other hand, excludes the training of skilled workers in the technological sectors of the economy. The Russian education system does not pay enough attention to the teaching of technological cycle subjects and does not take into account the differences in the intellectual abilities of people. The country cannot live without an established system of training skilled workers in all sectors of the economy.
The existing shortcomings in the educational system of Russia in the region national education pose a serious threat to the future of the Tatar people. The study of the native language in Russia is not a mandatory attribute of education and education, and many Tatars do not learn their native language and cannot read, write and speak. For this reason, they cannot contribute to the development of the spiritual culture of the people. The work that is being done in Tatarstan can serve as a reservation, but cannot save the Tatar people from assimilation. A fairly large number of Tatars (up to 25%) in Russia consider Russian as their native language. This indicator indicates that in the Russian Federation the Tatar people do not have the opportunity to preserve the ethnic group by educating the younger generation in the language and traditions of the Tatar people. Although General Assembly resolution No. 47/135 of 18 December 1992 "Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities" and the European Charter for Regional or Linguistic Minority Languages, adopted on 5 November 1992 in Strasbourg, oblige states ensure the availability of pre-school, primary, secondary, vocational, higher education and advanced training in regional and minority languages, as well as the teaching of minority languages as an integral part of curriculum public institutions education.
Article 10 of the European Charter for Regional or Linguistic Minorities obliges states to ensure the use of regional languages in local and regional authorities, art. 11 of the same document obliges states to ensure the creation of at least one radio station, one television channel in the regional language or minority languages.
Unfortunately, the desire of the Russian Federation to be included in the civilized space of the world remains in words, and the central authorities of Russia ignore these international documents.
But the shortcomings of the Russian education system do not end there. The most important of them is the detachment of the middle general education from the needs of life. School graduates are not prepared for life. They do not have elementary economic and legal knowledge. School programs do not take into account the natural abilities of children and the needs of society, they are designed only for children with the ability of abstract thinking. Therefore, approximately 50% of children do not have competitive knowledge. On the other hand, there is no training in professional skills in the field of practical activities. The third, very important shortcoming is the assessment of the teacher's work only on the basis of students' knowledge, more precisely, on the basis of the number of lagging behind students. This criterion leads to an overestimation of grades and, as a result, school graduates receive a document on a non-existent education. The fourth disadvantage stems from the first three and consists in the low assessment of the work of a teacher by society (for example, in Kazan, the average salary of a teacher is about $70 per month). As a result, there are no men in the school, and every year more and more people with a relatively low intellectual level become teachers.
All this is a long-term brake on the economic and spiritual development of Russia.
Federal Law - On Education in the Russian Federation
Article 14. Language of education
- In the Russian Federation, education is guaranteed in the state language of the Russian Federation, as well as the choice of the language of instruction and education within the limits of the possibilities provided by the education system.
- In educational organizations, educational activities are carried out in the state language of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by this article. Teaching and learning the state language of the Russian Federation within the framework of those having state accreditation educational programs are carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards.
- In state and municipal educational institutions located on the territory of a republic of the Russian Federation, teaching and learning of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation may be introduced in accordance with the legislation of the republics of the Russian Federation. Teaching and learning of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation within the framework of state-accredited educational programs are carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards. Teaching and learning the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation should not be carried out to the detriment of teaching and learning the state language of the Russian Federation.
- Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to receive preschool, primary general and basic general education in their native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, as well as the right to study their native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, within the limits of the opportunities provided by the education system, in the manner established education legislation. The implementation of these rights is ensured by the creation of the necessary number of relevant educational organizations, classes, groups, as well as the conditions for their functioning. Teaching and learning of the native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation within the framework of state-accredited educational programs is carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards.
- Education can be obtained from foreign language in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education and local regulations organizations carrying out educational activities.
6. The language, languages of education are determined by the local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities on the educational programs it implements, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
1. In the Russian Federation, education is guaranteed in the state language of the Russian Federation, as well as the choice of the language of instruction and education within the limits of the possibilities provided by the education system.
2. In educational organizations, educational activities are carried out in the state language of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by this article. Teaching and learning the state language of the Russian Federation within the framework of state-accredited educational programs are carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards.
3. In state and municipal educational organizations located on the territory of a republic of the Russian Federation, teaching and learning of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation may be introduced in accordance with the legislation of the republics of the Russian Federation. Teaching and learning of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation within the framework of state-accredited educational programs are carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards. Teaching and learning the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation should not be carried out to the detriment of teaching and learning the state language of the Russian Federation.
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to receive pre-school, primary general and basic general education in their native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, as well as the right to study their native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including Russian as a native language, within the limits of the opportunities provided by the education system, in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education. The implementation of these rights is ensured by the creation of the necessary number of relevant educational organizations, classes, groups, as well as the conditions for their functioning. Teaching and learning of a native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including Russian as a native language, within the framework of state-accredited educational programs, is carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards.
5. Education can be obtained in a foreign language in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education and local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities.
6. The language, languages of education are determined by the local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities on the educational programs it implements, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The free choice of the language of education, the studied native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including the Russian language as a native language, the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation, is carried out at the request of the parents (legal representatives) of underage students upon admission (transfer) to study in educational programs of preschool education, state-accredited educational programs of primary general and basic general education.
Article 14. Language of education
- checked today
- law dated 08.01.2020
- entered into force on 30.12.2012
Art. 14 Education Law in the latest valid version of August 14, 2018.
There are no new versions of the article that have not entered into force.
Compare with the version of the article dated 12/30/2012
In the Russian Federation, education is guaranteed in the state language of the Russian Federation, as well as the choice of the language of instruction and education within the limits of the possibilities provided by the education system.
In educational organizations, educational activities are carried out in the state language of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by this article. Teaching and learning the state language of the Russian Federation within the framework of state-accredited educational programs are carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards.
In state and municipal educational institutions located on the territory of a republic of the Russian Federation, teaching and learning of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation may be introduced in accordance with the legislation of the republics of the Russian Federation. Teaching and learning of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation within the framework of state-accredited educational programs are carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards. Teaching and learning the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation should not be carried out to the detriment of teaching and learning the state language of the Russian Federation.
Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to receive preschool, primary general and basic general education in their native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, as well as the right to study their native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including Russian as a native language, within opportunities provided by the education system, in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education. The implementation of these rights is ensured by the creation of the necessary number of relevant educational organizations, classes, groups, as well as the conditions for their functioning. Teaching and learning of a native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including Russian as a native language, within the framework of state-accredited educational programs, is carried out in accordance with federal state educational standards, educational standards.
Education can be obtained in a foreign language in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education and local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities.
The language, languages of education are determined by the local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities for the educational programs it implements, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The free choice of the language of education, the studied native language from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including the Russian language as a native language, the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation, is carried out at the request of the parents (legal representatives) of underage students upon admission (transfer) to study in educational programs of preschool education, state-accredited educational programs of primary general and basic general education.
PhD in Law, Associate Professor of the Department state law Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen
Annotation:
The article deals with the issues of legislative registration of the right to receive education in the native language in the Russian Federation.
Keywords:
law, mother tongue, right to education.
The issue of state guarantees of education in the native language for Russia, as a multinational state, is very significant. Schools where teaching was conducted in the national (native) language appeared in Russia in the 18th century. In 1918 they became known as National Schools. After the 1940s, all initial block in such schools it was taught in the native language, the middle school - on a bilingual basis, the senior - in Russian. The Decree of the People's Commissariat of Education "On Schools of National Minorities" (October 31, 1918) defined the principle as the basic one - the right of all peoples to organize education in their native language. This applied both to the unified labor school at all levels, and to the higher educational institutions of the country. In the Soviet Union, the Russian language was considered as the language of interethnic communication and did not have the status of a state language.
The language of education is an important element educational activities, as well as the element public policy taking into account the multinational composition of the country's population. In addition, international legal standards require the exercise of the right to use one's native language. In the modern world, discrimination against national, ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities is seen as a manifestation of intolerance along with acts of violence, terrorism, xenophobia, aggressive nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism, exclusion, marginalization, discrimination against refugees, migrant workers, immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups in societies. The positive experience of realizing the right to receive basic general education in the native language in the Russian Federation is also important for the further development of cooperation in this area within the framework of the CIS.
Education is a key area that is directly related to the development and functioning of the language. One of the guarantees of the right to use one's native language is the opportunity to receive education in one's native language, because without the opportunity to learn one's native language, there is no need for future generations to use it outside the spheres of interpersonal informal communication. Teaching in one's native language is directly related to the forms of exercising the right to use one's native language. Although, of course, the implementation of this right should not adversely affect the study of the state language. As rightly noted by D.A. Pashentsev, "a false understanding of human rights, bordering on making them absolute, inevitably turns into a violation of these very rights" .
The state policy of Russia in relation to small peoples for centuries was paternalistic in nature, and only from the end of the 80s. a turn began to involve the representatives of these peoples themselves in the process of self-government and self-development, and the principle of dialogue was proclaimed. At the end of the 80s. of the last century in the USSR there was a powerful surge in the development of language legislation aimed at guaranteeing the right to use their native language. A kind of "codification" of this block of legislation was the law of the USSR of April 24, 1990 "On the languages of the peoples of the USSR", which dealt with the creation of preschool and secondary educational institutions with education and training in the languages of the peoples of the USSR, the organization of classes in various types of educational institutions , groups, streams of learning in their native language.
At present, recognizing and guaranteeing its citizens the right to preserve and develop their original culture and national (native) language, the right to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity, the Russian Federation creates real prerequisites for building a state of law.
On March 1, 1998, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (adopted in Strasbourg on November 5, 1992) entered into force. Recognizing regional and minority languages as a means of expressing the cultural heritage of peoples, the Charter establishes a number of obligations for states to develop regional or minority languages in order to preserve these languages. The first article of the Charter sets out two definitions of the concepts of "regional and minority languages". Such languages are the languages that are traditionally used in the given territory of the state, representing a group numerically smaller than the rest of the population of the state. Regional languages do not include any dialects of the state language(s) or languages of migrants.
Article 8 of the Charter deals with the obligations of the parties with regard to education. The Parties shall provide for the possibility of pre-school and primary education or a significant part of it in the relevant regional or minority languages, and to ensure that primary education includes as part of the curriculum the study of the relevant regional or minority languages. The same obligations are put forward by the Charter in relation to secondary, vocational, university education. Measures to ensure these opportunities should be applied at least to students from families who so desire and who are considered sufficient. The article also refers to the need to organize courses for the study of regional or minority languages for adults, as well as the need to provide initial and permanent vocational training teachers of these languages. It was especially noted that in the field of education, the obligations of the parties are carried out taking into account the status of each of these languages, as well as without prejudice to teaching. official language or languages of the state.
Russia joined the Charter and assumed certain obligations, but did not ratify it. The problems with the ratification of the Charter for Russia are related to the need for a broad public discussion of this issue; financial support (in accordance with the Charter, not only the federal budget, but also the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities should be involved); the need to allocate at least 160 regional languages and languages of national minorities. These are very difficult obligations. Such a variety of language groups is not found in any country in Europe (in Russia there are more than 230 languages). Russia's ratification of the Charter will require an unprecedented level of responsibility and, not least, huge economic costs.
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (adopted on February 1, 1995), ratified by Russia on August 21, 1998, states in Article 14 that the parties undertake to recognize for any person belonging to a national minority the right to learn the language of their minority. This is linked to areas of traditional residence of minorities, their numbers, expressed need, potential educational systems and inadmissibility of prejudice to learning or teaching in the official language.
The provisions on the right to the native language, its use are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 2 of article 19, part 2 of article 26, part 2 of article 29, article 68). The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory in accordance with Article 68 of the Constitution is the Russian language. The republics within the country have the right to establish their own state languages. So, representatives of almost 40 nationalities live in Dagestan, there are 14 official languages. Teaching in schools is conducted in 14 languages, elementary school - in the native language, further education goes in Russian.
The Law of the Russian Federation "On National-Cultural Autonomy" of 1996 grants a number of rights in the educational sphere. In accordance with this law, non-state preschool, general education, higher educational institutions with instruction in the native language may be formed. Suggestions for creating classes, study groups in state, municipal educational institutions with instruction in the native language, or with in-depth study of the native language, history and culture, on the basis of this law, can be submitted to the federal authorities and administrations, state bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local government. Unfortunately, in reality, there are practically no mechanisms that allow people belonging to special ethnic groups to receive education in their native language within the framework of national-cultural autonomy.
The Law of the Russian Federation "On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation" dated October 25, 1991 No. 1807-1, as amended on July 2, 2013, guarantees the right to receive basic general education in the native language and the choice of the language of instruction within the limits of a possible education system, as well as given that the right to choose educational institution with one or another language of upbringing and teaching belongs to parents or persons replacing them; the language in which education and training is conducted in an educational institution is determined by the founder and (or) the charter of the educational institution. But the Russian language as the state language of Russia is studied without fail in accordance with state educational standards.
Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" dated December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ in part 2 of Article 5; Parts 1, 3, 4 of Article 14, as before, establishes guarantees for obtaining education in the state language of the Russian Federation. In addition, the right of citizens to choose the language of upbringing and education is preserved to the extent that the education system allows it. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law of 01.06. 2005 No. 53-FZ "On the state language of the Russian Federation" the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is the Russian language. Accordingly, educational programs of various levels and directions are carried out in accordance with state standards. The federal structure of the country grants autonomy to the national republics in terms of resolving the issue of studying and teaching the state language of the republic on the territory of the republic, i.e. national language. At the same time, a balance of federal and national interests. Therefore, the study of the national language should be carried out not to the detriment of state language Russian Federation, i.e. Russian language.
As before, citizens retain the right to choose to receive preschool, primary general and basic general education in their native language, which is in line with the provisions of Article 10 federal law dated July 17, 1996, No. 74-FZ “On National-Cultural Autonomy”. The choice of an educational organization with one or another language for raising and teaching children belongs to parents and persons replacing them. The degree of realization of this right is made dependent on the capabilities of the education system (including the availability of locality educational organization teaching in the native language). In the absence of such an educational organization, it can be created subject to organizational conditions (presence of teachers of the native language, educational literature in their native language, the number of people willing to study, etc.)
Part 5 of Article 18 of the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” refers to the fact that the Federal List of Textbooks recommended for use includes, among other things, textbooks that take into account the regional and ethno-cultural characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the realization of the rights of citizens to receive education in their native language.
The language(s) for the implementation of educational programs are determined directly educational organization and are fixed in local regulatory legal acts, taking into account the requirements of the current educational legislation.
The right to a native language within the meaning of the legislation includes: the right to preserve one's own language (free oral and written use); creation with the assistance of the state of their own written language in their native language; the right to learn one's native language (educational institutions in one's native language); the right to develop their native language (publishing books, mass media in their native language, etc.) On this basis, as rightly noted by V.A. Kryazhkov, we can conclude that the right of peoples to their native language, its preservation and development is an issue that is in the area of responsibility of both the ethnic communities themselves and the state. The choice of any language as a mother tongue should not become a reason for discrimination against a person on the basis of the indicated grounds (Part 2 of Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The state does not have the right to establish prohibitions on the use of one's native language.
In modern Russian schools, out of more than 239 languages and dialects, 89 languages are studied. Of these, 39 are being trained. In Russia, most schools with a native language are in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Yakutia, and Tyva. The number of schools teaching in the native language is constantly growing, and mainly due to the growth of such schools in cities. In order to develop methods for teaching Russian and native (national) languages in schools with instruction in the native language in the USSR, in 1948, the Research Institute of National Schools was created, later reformed into the Center national problems education in Federal Institute Development of Education (FIRO). In this regard, the historical experience deserves attention. Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen, in which the department of national minorities in the 20-30s of the twentieth century carried out the training of teachers for Finnish, Estonian, Latvian schools. Currently, the university is training teachers for the schools of the peoples of the North. IN Leningrad region, along with the study Finnish, V primary school the Vepsian language is studied as a subject.
Currently, there are problems in realizing the right to receive basic general education in their native language, related to the fact that the socialization of a child in cities usually takes place in the sphere of the Russian language, the need for the native language decreases, and there is an unwillingness to learn the native language (but this does not mean that with the change of language there is a change national identity). There is a shortage of modern textbooks of the native language, teaching staff - teachers of the native language, and insufficient funding. Nevertheless, the federal legislation in the field of citizens' rights to free choice of the language of instruction generally complies with the international obligations assumed by the Russian Federation and creates an appropriate legal basis for the implementation of this right. Preservation national languages, the protection of the linguistic rights of individuals and peoples is one of the priority areas the state policy of the Russian Federation, like any other democratic state.
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