N. E. Dzhumaeva, A. R. Sokhibov
KARSHI - 2014
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
KARSHI STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PEDAGOGY
DZHUMAEVA N.E. SOKHIBOV A.R.
PEDAGOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Pedagogy-Psychology Karshinsky state university, Protocol No. 1 dated 28.08. 2013;
Scientific and Methodological Council of the Faculty of Pedagogy-Psychology of Karshi State University, Protocol No. 4 of 25.11. 2013
Scientific and Methodological Council of Karshi State University, Protocol No. 3 dated 25.01. 2014
Academic Council of Karshi State University, Protocol No. 6 dated 25.01. 2014
Responsible editor:
Nishanova S.K. - doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor.
Reviewers:
Kurasova N.V.- Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature
Eshmuradov E.E.– Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedagogy
Ochilova N.M.- Ph.D., Head of the Department of Pedagogy of Primary Education of Karshinsky College of Education
annotation
The terminological dictionary on pedagogy is intended primarily for teachers and students, but will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, as well as students and applicants.
The Pedagogical Terminological Dictionary was created to organize vocabulary on pedagogical topics and is designed to make it easier for readers to understand modern pedagogical terms in order to more accurately define the subject when analyzing the content of the dictionary.
In this terminological dictionary, interpretations are given not only of pedagogical terms and concepts, but also information about teachers, philosophers and prominent thinkers of the East, as well as idioms and aphorisms about education and training.
This terminological dictionary will provide an opportunity for independent study of pedagogical terms and concepts by future specialists in all areas of undergraduate studies and is recommended for teachers and students of higher educational institutions, as well as for students and applicants.
PEDAGOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS
The main tasks facing high school is to organize the knowledge of future specialists according to the requirements of modernity, equip them with the basics of each subject, in order to fulfill the requirements of the “Law on Education”, as well as the “National Program for Training Personnel”, develop their mental thinking at the highest level
In Uzbekistan, a course has been chosen and is being implemented to build a socially oriented democratic state of law and civil society. The main goal and driving force carried out in the Republic of transformations is a person, his comprehensive development and improvement of his well-being.
Changes are constantly taking place in all areas. human activity: in scientific and technical, economic, social, cultural. These changes are reflected in the language, in particular, in terminology. The vocabulary of pedagogy, like any science, is in constant motion. In conditions modern modernization and informatization of the education system, there was a significant transformation in the content of many concepts of pedagogy, some institutions were renamed, educational institutions of a new type appeared, tendencies to actively involve foreign borrowings, introduce terms of other (related) sciences into pedagogy, saturate terminology with neologisms (for example, "tutor"). The influx of new terms also occurs due to the growth of terms-metaphors and terms-phrases (for example, "Open education", "Management in education").
Pedagogical terminology has a long history. Pedagogical terminology began to develop approximately a thousand years ago, and many pedagogical concepts developed much earlier than they took shape in terms. The first mention of the goals of education is found in proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, epics. With the advent of writing and then printing, with the further growth of culture and education, with the expansion of contacts with other countries, material was accumulated for compiling the first dictionaries on pedagogy. Now there are many conceptual and terminological encyclopedias, dictionaries and reference books on pedagogy.
The terminological dictionary on pedagogy is prepared on the basis of modern sources (current literature of recent years): encyclopedic dictionaries, reference books on pedagogy, individual author's works and articles.
The presented dictionary is an attempt to reflect the current state of pedagogical science in a terminological context.
TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
abstraction- the process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the inessential, forms concepts, ascending from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.
Enrollee -(novolat. abituriens - about to leave) - a graduate of a secondary educational institution who has received a matriculation certificate. It is also used in the meaning: applying for admission to another educational institution.
abstinence(from Latin abs - because of, teneo - hold on) - a condition that occurs as a result of the cessation of alcohol or drugs with a sudden break in their intake. Characteristic manifestations of A. are headache, dizziness, dry mouth, tachycardia, nausea, depressed mood, insomnia, fear, anxiety, suicide attempts.
Avesta- a collection of sacred books of Zoroastrianism (fire worshipers) of the peoples of the Near and Middle East. It was written in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC. and consisted of 21 books, 3 books have survived to this day, it was an encyclopedia of its era and for centuries served as a textbook for students.
The authority of the teacher the significance of the teacher's merits generally recognized by students and the strength of his educational influence based on this. Among these virtues are erudition, pedagogical skill, the ability to link theory and practice, optimism, and fairness.
Aggressiveness- purposeful destructive behavior that is contrary to the norms and rules of the coexistence of people in society, causing physical harm or causing negative experiences, a state of tension, fear, depression. Aggressive actions can act as a means to achieve any goal, as a way of mental relaxation, satisfaction of the blocked needs of the individual and switching activities, as a form of self-realization and self-affirmation.
Adaptation- adaptability.
Adaptation- adaptation of organisms to specific conditions of existence.
Adaptation- the ability of the body (personality, function), to adapt to different conditions external environment. Bringing the personality into a state that provides stable behavior in typical problem situations without pathological changes in the structure of the personality.
social adaptation- the process and result of a person's active adaptation to the conditions and requirements of the social environment. Its content is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation of group norms, traditions, social attitudes, the adoption of social roles. It is one of the mechanisms of socialization of the individual.
Adaptation (social) - a process that ensures a painless entry of a person into society, adaptation to it on the basis of voluntary acceptance of social norms and requirements, mastering practice-oriented knowledge and communication skills necessary for harmonization interpersonal relationships in the sociocultural environment.
Adjunct -(lat. Adjunctus - attached, assistant) - a person preparing for scientific and pedagogical work in higher military educational institutions. IN Western Europe and pre-revolutionary Russia (at the Academy of Sciences, at universities); 2. assistant professor or academician.
Personal activity(from lat. activus - active) - the active attitude of the individual to the world, the ability to produce socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment based on the development of the historical experience of mankind; manifests itself in creative activity, acts of will, communication. It is formed under the influence of the environment and upbringing.
Acmeology- a science that studies the patterns and factors for achieving the heights of professionalism, creative longevity of a person.
Acceleration- accelerating the growth and development of children and adolescents, as well as the onset of puberty at an earlier age.
Axiology- a science that studies the philosophical doctrine of values.
Axiological The (value) approach in culture considers culture as the totality of all the wealth and values of society accumulated in the process of its development. These values exist in material and spiritual forms.
Accentuation of character (personality)- excessive strengthening of individual character traits and their combinations, representing extreme variants of the norm (excitability, aggressiveness, isolation, anxiety, irritability, impressionability, suspicion, resentment, etc. (; they tend to socially positive and socially negative development in depending on the influences of the environment and upbringing.The author of the term is the German psychologist and psychiatrist K.Leonhard.Knowledge of A.H.(L.) is necessary for the teacher in the study and understanding of pupils and the implementation of an individual approach to them.
Personal activity- the active attitude of a person to the world, his ability to produce socially significant transformations of the material and spiritual environment; manifested in creative activity, volitional acts, communication.
Altruism- disinterested concern for the welfare of others and readiness to sacrifice one's personal interests for others.
Ambivalence- duality of experience, when the same person simultaneously causes opposite feelings.
Analysis- in the literal sense, the dismemberment (imaginary or real) of an object into elements. In a broad sense, it is synonymous with research in general. Introspection is one of essential conditions increasing the efficiency of the pedagogical process, increasing the professionalism of the teacher; mental or real division of the subject into its constituent parts, each of which is then studied in order to be combined through synthesis into a single whole, enriched with new knowledge.
Lesson Analysis- analysis of the content of the lesson in its constituent parts from different points of view to evaluate it as a whole; is one of the main ways of studying and summarizing experience, an indispensable condition for improving pedagogical skills.
Questionnaire- a methodological tool for obtaining primary sociological and psychological information based on verbal (verbal) communication, a form of correspondence survey, united by a single research plan; a system of questions aimed at identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an object or subject of analysis.
Questionnaire- a method of mass collection of material using specially designed questionnaires (questionnaires).
Analytical Skills - theoretical analysis of facts and phenomena.
Andragogy- a section of didactics that reveals and develops the principles of adult education.
Anthropology The science that studies the biological nature of man.
Anthropology pedagogical- the philosophical base of education, which allows us to understand the structure of education, only correlating it with the structure of the integral nature of man; “the study of man in all manifestations of his nature with a special application to the art of education” (K.D. Ushinsky); Education in Anthropology is understood as an attribute of human existence.
Alalia- absence or underdevelopment of speech due to organic damage to the speech zones of the cerebral cortex in the prenatal or early period of child development.
Alcoholism- alcohol abuse. It is customary to single out: domestic drunkenness, chronic alcoholism, alcoholic psychoses.
abnormal children- children with deviations from normal mental and (or) physical development, overcoming the consequences of which requires the use of special corrective techniques.
Anomaly- a pathological deviation from the norm in the functions of the body and its parts, a deviation from the general patterns of development.
Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression that enhances the emotionality of speech: He was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
Asphyxia- suffocation that occurs in children at birth in the event of a cessation of oxygen from the mother's body through the placenta.
Autism- a painful state of the psyche, characterized by a person's focus on their experiences, moving away from the real outside world.
Approbation(lat. approbatio - verification) - approval, approval based on research, experimental verification.
affective- emotionally colored.
psychological barrier- a motive that prevents the performance of certain activities or actions, in particular communication with an individual or a group of people.
Batavia plan (Batavian system)- a system of individual education that arose in America at the end of the 19th century.
Bell-Lancaster system- a system of mutual learning, in which elementary school older and more successful students (monitors), under the guidance of a teacher, conducted classes with the rest of the students. Originated at the end of the 18th century. in India and in early XIX V. - in England. This system was opposed by supporters of developmental education.
Conversation- 1) a question-answer method of involving students in discussion, analysis of actions and development of moral assessments; 2) a method of obtaining information based on verbal (verbal) communication; 3) teaching method. Types: catechetical, or reproductive, - aimed at consolidating, checking the studied material by repeating it; heuristic, search - based on the existing knowledge of students, the teacher brings them to the assimilation of new concepts; Socratic - the search for truth through doubt, which is subjected to every conclusion received.
Blonsky Pavel Petrovich(1884-1941) - teacher and psychologist, doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor. Pre-revolutionary works had a historical-philosophical and historical-pedagogical
Neglect- lack of supervision of children, observation of their behavior and pastime, care for education on the part of parents or those who replace them.
Charity- provision by individuals or organizations of gratuitous assistance to needy people or social groups of the population.
Bradylamia(from the Greek bradis - slow and lat. lalia - speech) - a pathologically slow rate of speech (synonym - bradyphrasia). Manifested in delayed articulation caused by disturbances speech centers in the cerebral cortex.
Fraternal Schools- educational institutions that existed in the XVI - XVII centuries. under brotherhoods - national-religious associations of Orthodox believers in Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic and other countries. The activities of the fraternal schools contributed to the rise of cultural life and the preservation of the national identity of the peoples of these countries. In fraternal schools, for the first time in the history of school education, a class-lesson system was born, which received theoretical justification and development in the works of the Czech teacher J.A. Komensky.
Valeologist- (lat. vale - be healthy) - a specialist who teaches children a healthy lifestyle.
Validity- the degree of compliance of the measured indicator with what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.
Validity- the ability of a psychodiagnostic technique to adequately evaluate and measure the psychological characteristic for which it was developed. Distinguish meaningful, criterial and constructive V. of the test. To content, it means checking the content of the test to see if it corresponds to the area of behavior being measured. V. according to the criterion shows how much it is possible to judge by the results of the test about the aspect of the individual's behavior that interests us in the present or future. To determine it, test performance is correlated with a criterion, that is, an independent measure of what the test is supposed to predict. Constructive V. is determined by proving the correctness of the theoretical concepts underlying the test.
Verbal- oral, verbal.
Interaction- the process of direct or indirect mutual influence of people on each other, which implies their mutual dependence on common tasks, interests, joint activities and mutually oriented reactions. Signs of real V.: the simultaneous existence of objects; bilateral relations; mutual transition of subject and object; interdependence of the change of the parties; internal self-activity of students.
Type of training
Type of training- a generalized characteristic of training systems, which establishes the features of teaching and learning activities; the nature of the interaction between the teacher and students in the learning process; functions of the means, methods and forms of training used.
Victimization(from lat. victime - victim) - circumstances, unfavorable conditions of socialization, as a result of which a person becomes a victim.
Extracurricular activities
Internal position- a system of social attitudes of the individual, closely related to his actual needs and determining the main content and direction of activity in a given period of life.
Suggestion- the unconscious influence of one person on another, giving out certain changes in his psychology and behavior.
Extracurricular educational work- organization by the teacher of various types of activities of pupils during after hours providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child's personality.
Extracurricular activities- the organization by the teacher of various types of activities of pupils during extracurricular time, providing the necessary conditions for the socialization of the child's personality.
Suggestion- a form of psychological impact associated with the weakening of conscious control in relation to perceived information.
Suggestibility- predisposition to suggestion.
Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their lives and activities in the interests of forming the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of the set goals.
Age- the period of human development, characterized by a set of specific patterns of formation of the body and personality. V. is a qualitatively special stage, which is characterized by a number of changes that determine the uniqueness of the structure of the personality at a given stage of development. V.'s boundaries are changeable and do not coincide in different socio-economic conditions.
Age approach in education- taking into account and using the patterns of personality development (physical, mental, social), as well as socio-psychological characteristics of groups of students, due to their age composition.
Will- conscious self-regulation by a person of his activity, behavior, which ensures overcoming difficulties in achieving the goal.
Upbringing- 1) the process of systematic and purposeful influence on the spiritual and physical state personality.
2) the process and result of the interaction of the educator with the pupil for the purpose of his personal development and the assimilation of social norms and cultural values, preparation for self-realization in the society in which he lives.
Upbringing- purposeful management of the process of human development through its inclusion in various types of social relations in study, communication, play, practical activities.
Upbringing(How social phenomenon) is a complex and contradictory socio-historical process of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, carried out by all social institutions: public organizations, means mass media and culture, church, family, educational institutions of different levels and orientation. Education ensures social progress and the continuity of generations.
Upbringing(as a pedagogical phenomenon) - 1) purposeful professional activity of the teacher, contributing to the maximum development of the child's personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, becoming a subject of his own life, the formation of his motives and values; 2) a holistic, consciously organized pedagogical process of the formation and education of a personality in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; 3) purposeful, managed and open system educational interaction between children and adults, in which the pupil is an equal participant and there is an opportunity to make changes to it (the system) that contribute to the optimal development of children (in this definition, the child is both an object and a subject); 4) providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own way; 5) the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the personality, its relationships, traits, qualities, attitudes, beliefs, ways of behaving in society (in this position, the child is the object of pedagogical influence); 6) the purposeful creation of conditions for the development of culture by a person, its translation into personal experience through an organized long-term impact on the development of the individual from the surrounding educational institutions, social and natural environment, taking into account its potential in order to stimulate its self-development and independence; 7) (in the narrowest, concrete sense) the components of an integral educational process: mental, directed, etc. upbringing.
Spiritual upbringing- formation value attitude to life, ensuring the sustainable and harmonious development of man. This is the upbringing of a sense of duty, justice, sincerity, responsibility, and other qualities that can give the highest meaning to a person’s deeds and thoughts.
moral education- the formation of moral relations, the ability to improve them and the ability to act in accordance with social requirements and norms, a solid system of habitual, everyday moral behavior.
Political upbringing- the formation of students' political consciousness, reflecting the relations between states, nations, parties, and the ability to understand them from spiritual, moral and ethical positions. It is carried out on the principles of objectivity, variability, freedom of choice of position and assessments within the boundaries of universal human values.
sexual education- systematic, consciously planned and implemented impact on the formation of sexual consciousness and behavior of children, preparing them for family life.
legal education- the process of formation of legal culture and legal behavior, which consists in the implementation of legal general education, overcoming legal nihilism, the formation of law-abiding behavior.
Education is free- unrestricted development of the strengths and abilities of each child, the full disclosure of his individuality. It is characterized by a categorical denial of the system of education and training based on the suppression of the child's personality, the regulation of all aspects of his life and behavior. The proponents of this model have attached and continue to attach exceptional importance to the creation of conditions for self-expression and the free development of children's individuality, while minimizing ped. intervention and even more so excluding any violence and coercion. They believe that a child can imagine only what he has experienced internally, therefore, the leading role in his upbringing and education should be played by children's experiences and the accumulation of personal experience by children. This trend is directly related to the concept of free education J.-J. Rousseau. However
these schools have not received wide distribution in the West. In Russia, the most striking experience in creating schools of free education was the "House of a Free Child", created by K.N. Wentzel in 1906. Supported the ideas of free education L.N. Tolstoy, organizing the life and education of peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana school. There were other attempts: A. Radchenko’s “School of naughty” in Baku, the Moscow family school of O. Kaidanovskaya-Bervi, educational and educational complexes “Settlement” and “Children's Labor and Recreation”, close to this direction, first headed by A.U. Zelenko, then S.T. Shatsky. At present, interest in the ideas of free education has revived again. Waldorf schools, M. Montessori centers have been opened in Moscow and a number of other cities, domestic models of free, non-violent education are being developed.
social education- the process and result of spontaneous interaction of a person with the nearest living environment and the conditions of purposeful education (family, spiritual and moral, civil, legal, religious, etc.); the process of active adaptation of a person to certain roles, normative attitudes and patterns of social manifestation; systematic creation of conditions for a relatively purposeful development of a person in the process of his socialization.
labor education- joint activities of the educator and pupils, aimed at developing the latter's general labor skills and abilities, psychological readiness for work, the formation of a responsible attitude to work and its products, and a conscious choice of profession. The path of labor education is the inclusion of the student in the full structure of labor: its planning, organization, implementation, control, evaluation.
mental education- the formation of intellectual culture, cognitive motives, mental strength, thinking, worldview and intellectual freedom of the individual.
physical education- a system of human improvement aimed at physical development, health promotion, ensuring high performance and developing the need for constant physical self-improvement.
Aesthetic education- purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, contributing to the development and improvement in the growing person of the ability to perceive, correctly understand, appreciate and create beauty in life and art, actively participate in creativity, creation according to the laws of beauty. 221
Ethical education- purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, which has as its goal the development of good manners among the latter, the formation of a culture of behavior and relationships.
upbringing- this is the current level of development of the individual, in contrast to education - the potential level of development of the individual, the zone of its proximal development.
upbringing- the level of personality development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of formalization of socially significant qualities. The discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he really acts, can lead to an identity crisis.
Note: You can download in one file (in .docx format) all the terms from this page.
Sources used:
1. Mardakhaev L.V. Dictionary of social pedagogy. - M., 2002.
2. Kodzhaspirov A.Yu., Kodzhaspirova T.M. Pedagogical dictionary: for students of higher and secondary ped. educational institutions. - M., 2002.
3. Bim-Bad B.M. Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2002.
4. Kodzhaspirov A.Yu., Kodzhaspirova T.M. Pedagogical dictionary: for students of higher and secondary ped. Uch. Institutions. - M., 2005.
5. Russian encyclopedia in 2 volumes / Ed. V.V.Davydov. - M., 1998.
6. Kukushkin V.S. Introduction to pedagogical activity. - Rostov-on-Don, 2002.
Dictionary:
Ø Analysis- a theoretical method of research opposite to synthesis, which consists in dismembering (mental or real) an object into elements. (1)
Ø Questionnaire- a type of survey based on the indirect interaction of the interviewer and the interviewee, in which the latter independently fills out a form containing a list of questions (questionnaire). (1)
Ø Conversation- one of the research methods, which involves obtaining information about the subject of study on the basis of verbal communication in a question-answer form, both from the person under study, members of the studied team, group, and from the people around them. (4)
Ø Validity- a comprehensive description of the research method, including information about whether the technique is suitable for measuring what it was created for, and what is its effectiveness, practical usefulness. (4)
Ø Upbringing- process purposeful formation personality in the conditions of a specially organized educational system that ensures the interaction of educators and educatees; purposeful educational activity aimed at the formation of certain qualities, properties and relationships of a person; providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own way; the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the personality, its relations, traits, qualities, attitudes, beliefs, ways of behaving in society; the process of purposeful conscious controlled socialization of the individual. (1)
Ø Upbringing- purposeful professional activity of the teacher, contributing to the maximum development of the child's personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, becoming a subject of his own life, the formation of motives and values; the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the personality, its relations, traits, qualities, attitudes, beliefs, ways of behaving in society; a holistic, consciously organized process of personality formation and education in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; a purposeful, controlled and open system of educational interaction between children and adults, aimed at preparing the younger generations for life, the development and self-development of a person in certain cultural and socio-economic conditions. (2)
Ø pupil- a person who, on the one hand, is the object of educational interaction with a certain person (teacher, educator, parent) and (or) social environment (family, various teams), on the other hand, the subject of self-educational activity, because he has an active role in the formation of his personal qualities. (1)
Ø Hypothesis- (from Greek Hypothesis - base, assumption) scientifically substantiated assumption that needs further experimental and theoretical verification. (1)
Ø Humanitarianization - the establishment of a harmonious balance between the natural and mathematical cycles in education with the aim of developing in each student a spiritually rich personality who can resist technocracy and inhumanity. (2)
Ø Deduction- (from lat. Deduction - derivation) the transition from general knowledge about the objects of a given class to a single (private) knowledge about a separate object of this class. (3)
Ø Democratization of education - the elimination of the state monopoly on education and the transition to a public-state system; clear division of powers between centers, regions and local governments with maximum transfer managerial function to places; the right of students to choose a school and profile of education, to home education and study in a non-state educational institution, to accelerated education and study according to individual curricula, to participate in the management of an educational institution; legal, economic and financial independence of educational institutions; the right of teachers to creativity, freedom of choice of concepts and technologies, textbooks and teaching aids, methods for assessing students' performance, participation in the management of an educational institution; municipalization of education (participation of local authorities and the local community in the management of education through municipal bodies and directly in the activities of educational institutions). (4)
Ø Decentralization (decentralization) of management in education - transfer by the center of part of the functions of managing the education system to regional, municipal and local government. (2)
Ø Didactics- the theory of education and training, a branch of pedagogy. The subject of didactics is learning as a means of education and upbringing of a person, i.e. the interaction of teaching and learning in their unity, which ensures the assimilation of the content of education organized by the teacher by students. (2)
Ø Didactic games - games specially created or adapted for educational purposes. (4)
Ø Differentiation in teaching and in education - organization of educational activities of schoolchildren, in which, with the help of the selection of content, forms, methods, rates, volumes of education, optimal conditions are created for the assimilation of knowledge by each child; orientation of the education system to meet various educational needs. Differentiation can be external, internal, elective. (2)
Ø Knowledge- understanding, storing in memory and reproducing the facts of science, concepts, rules, laws, theories. Assimilated knowledge is distinguished by completeness, consistency, awareness and effectiveness. (4)
Ø Zone of actual development - a state in the development of the child, when the proposed task is focused on mature mental functions (the child can solve the task on his own). (4)
Ø Zone of Proximal Development - the discrepancy between the level of actual development and the level of potential development, the tasks offered to the child, he can solve himself with maximum effort or with the help of adults. (4)
Ø A game- one of the forms of manifestation of the activity of the individual, one of the types of activity. The essence of the game is unproductive conditional activity, the motive of which lies in the process itself. The game contributes to mental relaxation, stress relief, physical, mental and moral education of children. (4)
Ø Individualization of learning - organization of the educational process, taking into account the individual characteristics of students, allowing you to create optimal conditions for the realization of the potential of each student. (1) Individualization of learning is carried out in the context of collective learning within the framework of common tasks and learning content. (2)
Ø Induction- the transition from a single knowledge about individual items of this class to a general conclusion about all objects of this class; one of the methods of knowledge. (3)
Ø Interview- a method of obtaining socio-psychological information using an oral survey. 2 types: free, standardized. (2)
Ø Information technology - a set of technical and software tools for collecting, processing, storing and transmitting information. (4)
Ø Scientific research - the process of formation of new pedagogical knowledge, a type of cognitive activity aimed at discovering the objective patterns of training, education. Research is empirical, theoretical and methodological. (2)
Ø History of Pedagogy - a branch of pedagogical science that studies the state and development of the theory and practice of educating and educating the younger generation at different stages of the development of human society. (2)
Ø Classification– ordered division of a certain set of objects into classified groupings based on the use of an established system of signs for dividing a set of certain rules. (1)
Ø Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most important international act in the field of human rights. It consists of a preamble, three sections and 54 articles. Entered into force in the Russian Federation on September 15, 1990 (1)
Ø Specification- the return of thought from the general and abstract to the concrete for the purpose of a more definite, visual disclosure of the content. (1)
Ø Specific scientific level of methodology - initial theoretical concepts, basic patterns, principles, categories of science. (1)
Ø Construction – creation of new didactic materials, new forms and methods of organizing the pedagogical process. (2)
Ø Content analysis- a research method used in pedagogy, which consists in identifying and evaluating the specific characteristics of texts and other information carriers, in which, in accordance with the objectives of the study, certain semantic units of the content and form of information are distinguished. (4)
Ø Pedagogical control – a system of evidence-based verification of the results of education, training and upbringing. (4)
Ø Concentric way of constructing the curriculum - separate parts educational material repeated on an ever-expanding deeper level. (4)
Ø Education concepts - a system of views on the content and duration of the study of basic academic disciplines in certain types of educational institutions, a certain way of understanding the goals, objectives, organization of educational programs.
Ø Linear construction of the curriculum - separate parts of the educational material form a continuous sequence of closely interconnected links: the content of knowledge is transmitted once in a certain logic. (4)
Ø Teaching method- a system of consistent interrelated actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education. (5)
Ø Methodology- a branch of pedagogical science that studies the patterns, rules, techniques and methods of teaching a particular academic subject (carrying out educational activities). (1)
Ø Methodology- the doctrine of the scientific method of cognition; a set of cognitive means, methods, techniques used in any science; a field of knowledge that studies the means, prerequisites and principles of organizing cognitive and transformative activity. (1)
Ø Education methods - socially conditioned ways of pedagogically expedient interaction between adults and children, contributing to the organization of children's life, activities, relationships, communication, stimulating their activity and regulating behavior. (4)
Ø Research methods - techniques, procedures and operations of empirical and theoretical knowledge and study of the phenomena of reality. (1)
Ø Directed communication methods - methods of social pedagogy used in working with maladjusted children, pedagogically neglected children and adolescents, which consist in the use of metaphors, stories, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, anecdotes, etc. in order to clarify the meaning of their problems and ways out of them. (4)
Ø Methods of control and self-control in education - ways to obtain information about the effectiveness of educational influences. Main methods: pedagogical observation, conversation, pedagogical consultation, surveys, analysis of the results of the pupils' activities, creation of control situations, psychodiagnostics, trainings. (4)
Ø Methods of control and self-control in training - methods of obtaining information by the teacher and students about the effectiveness of the learning process. Tasks: establishing readiness for the perception and assimilation of new knowledge, obtaining information about the nature of independent work in the learning process, identifying the causes of difficulties and errors, determining the effectiveness of the organization, methods and means of training. Identification of the degree of correctness, volume, depth of knowledge, skills, abilities. (4)
Ø Teaching methods- a system of successive interrelated actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education, developing their mental strength and abilities, mastering the means of self-education and self-learning. (4)
Ø Methods of organizing activities and experience of behavior - ways to identify, consolidate and form in the experience of children positive ways and forms of behavior and moral motivation. The main methods: assignment, exercise, teaching, creating an educational situation. (4)
Ø Methods of organization and implementation of educational and cognitive activities - a group of teaching methods aimed at organizing the educational and cognitive activity of students, identified by Yu.K. Babansky and including all teaching methods existing in other classifications in the form of subgroups:
1. According to the source of information and perception:
Verbal teaching methods (according to the source of information) - story, lecture, conversation (heuristic catechetical, Socratic, hermeneutic), conference, discussion, explanations.
Visual methods - methods of illustrations, demonstrations.
Practical methods - exercises, laboratory experiments, work assignments.
2. According to the logic of thinking:
- Inductive Methods - the logic of disclosing the content of the studied material from the particular to the general.
- Deductive Methods - the logic of disclosing the content of the studied material from general to particular.
3. According to the degree of activity of students' cognitive activity:
- Reproductive learning methods - active perception, memorization and reproduction (reproduction) of the reported educational information by verbal, practical or visual methods and techniques.
- Problem-search teaching methods - the assimilation of knowledge, the development of skills and abilities is carried out in the process of partial search or research activities of students. It is implemented through verbal, practical and visual teaching methods, interpreted in terms of posing and resolving problem situations.
4. According to the degree of independence and leadership:
- Independent work - work performed by students on the instructions of the teacher and with direct (in the classroom, in self-study, in an extended day group) or indirect guidance; work performed on the student's own initiative.
Ø Methods of pedagogical research - a set of methods and techniques for understanding the objective laws of education, upbringing and development: document analysis, study of creative products, twin method, Rorschach method, modeling, observation, generalization of independent characteristics, survey, conversation, interview, projective methods, experimental work, ranking, rating , rating-scaling, sociometry, terminological method, testing, experiment. (4)
Ø Methods of self-education - methods aimed at consciously changing one's personality in accordance with the requirements of society and a personal development plan, in the sphere of self-realization. Main methods: introspection, introspection, self-order, self-report, self-approval, self-condemnation, reflection, imitation. (4)
Ø Methods for stimulating activity and behavior - ways to encourage pupils to improve their behavior, the development of positive motivation for their behavior. (4)
Ø Methods for stimulating and motivating learning - a group of methods aimed at forming and consolidating a positive attitude to learning and stimulating active cognitive activity of students, identified according to the classification of teaching methods proposed by Yu.K. Babinsky and includes two subgroups: methods of stimulating and motivating interest in learning and methods of stimulating debt and responsibility. (4)
Ø Management methods - a set of ways and means of purposeful influence of the subject of management on the object of management in order to achieve the goals. (4)
By the nature of the impact and motivation Keywords: methods of material motivation, methods of social motivation, methods of power motivation.
By number of participants: individual, collective, collegiate.
According to the content of management activities: normative, organizational and administrative, organizational and stabilizing, administrative, methods of stimulating influence; pedagogical methods, socio-psychological, economic, psychological.
Ø Consciousness Formation Methods - methods of education aimed at the formation of correct concepts, assessments, judgments, worldview in the process of cognitive and value-oriented activity. Main methods: story, conversation, lecture, example, debate, conference, situation analysis. (4)
Ø Modeling- the process of creating models, diagrams, symbolic or real analogues, reflecting the existing properties of more complex objects (prototypes). (1)
Ø Observation- a method of scientific research in pedagogy and other sciences, the essence of which is to fix the manifestations of behavior and obtain information about the subjective mental phenomena of the observed, manifested in his behavior. (1)
Ø Skill- an action brought to automatism; an action formed by repeated repetition, characterized by a high degree of mastery and the absence of element-by-element regulation and control. (4)
Ø visibility- the principle according to which training and education is based on the "golden rule of didactics": "Everything that can be presented for perception by the senses." (4)
Ø Reliability- a characteristic of the research methodology, reflecting the accuracy of measurements, as well as the stability of the results to the action of extraneous random factors. (4)
Ø National culture- a set of material and spiritual values of the nation, as well as the main ways of interacting with nature and the social environment practiced by this nation (ethnic community). (1)
Ø National character- a set of specific features. Become more or less characteristic of a particular socio-ethnic community in the specific historical, economic, cultural and natural conditions of its development. (1)
Ø Continuous education- Purposeful acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities throughout his life in educational institutions and through organized self-education. (4)
Ø Image- a subjective mental phenomenon as a result of cognitive processes. (1)
Ø Education- as a process: the development by a person in the conditions of an educational institution or through self-education of a system of knowledge, skills, experience of cognitive and practical activities, value orientations and relationships; as a result: a characteristic of the achieved level in the development of knowledge, skills, experience and relationships; as a system: a set of successive educational programs and state educational standards, a network of educational institutions that implement them, educational authorities. (1) The process and result of the assimilation of a certain system of knowledge in the interests of a person, society and the state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement of a citizen (student) established by the state educational levels(qualifications); The process of change, development, improvement of the existing system of knowledge and relationships throughout life, the absolute form of the endless, continuous acquisition of new knowledge, skills and abilities in connection with changing living conditions, accelerating technical progress. (2)
Ø Education- a specially organized, controlled process of interaction between teachers and students, aimed at mastering knowledge, skills, shaping a worldview, developing the mental strength and potential of students, developing and consolidating self-education skills in accordance with the goals set. (2) Purposeful, organized, systematic transfer by the older generation and assimilation by the younger generation of the experience of social relations, social consciousness, culture and productive labor, knowledge of active transformation and environmental protection. It ensures the continuity of generations, the full functioning of society and the appropriate level of development of the individual. (1)
Ø General methodology- the doctrine of the methods of education inherent in all areas of education (mental, physical, etc.). (1)
Ø General scientific level (methodologies) - concepts, basic laws and patterns, principles, categories that determine general approach to science and practice and applied in many sciences. (1)
Ø customs- stable forms of behavior characteristic of certain ethnic, territorial communities, in their mental nature close to habits. (4)
Ø Oligophrenopedagogy - Pedagogy, which studies the processes of education and training of mentally retarded children. (1)
Ø Survey- a method of collecting primary information, the purpose of which is to obtain information about objective and subjective facts from the words of the respondents. (1)
Ø Pedagogical experience - creative active development and implementation by the teacher in practice of the laws and principles of pedagogy, taking into account the specific conditions, characteristics of children, the children's team and their own personality; didactic systems developed on the basis of theories, the high efficiency of which has been proven in the process of pedagogical practice. (4)
Ø Relationship- an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of a person with various aspects of objective reality. (4)
Ø Pedagogical assessment - the process of correlating the result of the activity or behavior of the pupil or the course of the activity itself with predetermined standards. (4)
Ø Pedagogical mistakes - some actual deviation from the standard, the teacher's use of means pedagogical activity or communication, leading to a violation of professional norms, rules, standards. Pedagogical errors are subjective and objective. (4)
Ø Pedagogy- the science of human education; theory and practice of education, training and vocational training person; a branch of science that reveals the essence, patterns of education, the role of educational processes in the development of the individual, developing practical ways and means to increase their effectiveness. (1) A science that studies the laws of development of the concrete historical process of education, organically related to the laws of development of social relations and the formation of a child's personality, as well as the experience of real social educational practice in the formation of rising generations, features and conditions for organizing the pedagogical process. (4) The science of the essence, conditions and laws of the pedagogical process; a training course that is taught in teacher training institutions and other institutions for major programs. (4) The totality of theoretical and applied sciences that study upbringing, education and training. (2) the science of educational relations that arise in the process of interconnection of upbringing, education and training by self-education, self-education and self-training and aimed at human development. (2)
Ø military pedagogy - a branch of pedagogy that studies patterns, theoretical justification and practical orientation in the training and education of military personnel. (1)
Ø Pedagogy of higher education - Pedagogy, which studies the features of teaching and educating a student at the stage of university training. To some extent, it is part of the pedagogical vocational education. (1)
Ø Pedagogy correctional - a science that studies the essence, patterns, tendencies of managing the process of development of the individuality and personality of a child with disabilities who needs special, individualized methods of education and training, due to the presence of a physical or mental disability. (1)
Ø Pedagogy general - Pedagogy, which studies and forms the principles, forms and methods of education and upbringing, which are common to all age groups and educational institutions; a branch of pedagogical knowledge that uses the fundamental laws of education and upbringing. (2)
Ø Pedagogy family - pedagogy that studies the experience of family education, problems, typical mistakes (shortcomings), methods for ensuring the effectiveness of raising a child in a family. (1)
Ø social pedagogy - pedagogy that studies the social problems of a person at various stages of his age development, the environment of his life, pedagogical technologies, methods aimed at increasing the effectiveness of social development, education and training of a particular person, taking into account his individual capabilities, as well as the pedagogical possibilities of the human environment and their influence on his social development and upbringing. (1)
Ø Pedagogy special - the science of the upbringing and education of abnormal children; certain branches of pedagogy that have as their subject education and training outside the mass secondary school(in a broader sense) (1).
Ø Pedagogical psychology - a branch of psychology that studies the psychological methods of education and upbringing. (1)
Ø Pedagogical situation - a set of interrelated means, methods and processes necessary to create an organized, purposeful pedagogical influence on the formation of a personality with given qualities; short-term interaction between a teacher and a student (group, class) based on opposing norms, values and interests, accompanied by significant emotional manifestations and aimed at restructuring existing relationships for better or worse. (4)
Ø Pedagogical environment - specially, in accordance with pedagogical goals, an organized system of interpersonal relations and attitudes towards the world. (4)
Ø Pedagogical principles - the basic, initial provisions of pedagogical science and practice, which determine the foundations for the effectiveness of pedagogical activity and reflect the most essential requirements and recommendations arising from them. (1)
Ø Pedagogical skills - ways and methods of work, a set of practical actions based on understanding the purpose, principles, forms and methods of organizing work with children; skills that are objectively necessary for mastering pedagogical activity. There are three groups of pedagogical skills: 1. Skills associated with the task and organization of the situation; 2. Skills associated with the use of methods of influence and interaction; 3. Skills associated with the use of pedagogical introspection. (4)
Ø Pedagogical communication - professional communication of a teacher with students in a holistic pedagogical process, manifested in two directions: the organization of their relations with students and the management of communication in a children's team (Leontiev A.A.); professional communication of a teacher with educators, which has certain pedagogical functions and is aimed at creating a favorable climate for their implementation. Functions of pedagogical communication: informational, social-perceptive, self-presentative, interactive, affective. (4)
Ø Pedagogical goal setting - a conscious process of identifying and setting goals and objectives of pedagogical activity; the teacher's need for planning his work, readiness to change tasks depending on the pedagogical situation; the ability to transform social goals into the goals of joint activities with pupils. (3) Goal setting by the subject of activity. (1)
Ø Principles of a holistic pedagogical process - initial positions. Determining the content, forms, methods, means and nature of interaction in a holistic pedagogical process; guiding ideas, regulatory requirements for its organization and conduct. (4)
1. Science in education and upbringing - the principle according to which students are offered for assimilation only the provisions established in science and teaching methods are used that are close in nature to the methods of science, the foundations of which are being studied.
2. visibility- the principle according to which training and education is based on the "golden rule of didactics" (Y.A. Komensky): "Everything that can be presented for perception by the senses." Visibility involves not only direct visual perception, but also perception through motor and tactile sensations.
3. The collective nature of upbringing and education in combination with the development of the individual characteristics of the personality of each child - organization of both individual and frontal work, as well as group work, which requires participants to be able to cooperate, coordinate joint actions, and be in constant interaction. Socialization in the process of educational interaction unites the interests of the individual with the public.
4. Individual approach to education - the pedagogical process is organized taking into account the individual characteristics of students (temperament), character. abilities, motives, interests, etc.); flexible use by the teacher of various forms and methods of educational influence and interaction in order to achieve optimal results of the educational process in relation to each child.
5. Unity of knowledge and behavior – the essence of the principle is determined by the law of the unity of consciousness and activity. According to which consciousness arises, is formed and manifests itself in activity.
6. Respect for the personality of the child, combined with reasonable demands on him - a principle that requires the teacher to respect the pupil as a person.
7. Democratization- providing the participants of the pedagogical process with certain freedoms for self-development, self-regulation and self-determination.
8. Positive emotional background of the pedagogical process - such an organization of the pedagogical process, when it is interesting and exciting for all participants to engage in joint activities, be it educational, extracurricular or extracurricular.
9. The principle of cultural conformity - maximum use in upbringing and education of the culture of the environment in which a particular educational institution is located: the culture of the nation, society, region, country; formation of the child's personality in the interests of national culture.
10. The principle of natural conformity - the starting position, requiring that the child (adolescent) with his specific characteristics and level of development act as the leading link in any educational interaction and pedagogical process.
11. Consciousness, activity, self-activity - the principle, the essence of which boils down to the fact that the student's own cognitive activity is an important factor in education and upbringing and has a decisive influence on the pace, depth and strength of mastering the transferred amount of knowledge and norms and the speed of developing skills, habits and habits.
12. Subjectivity- the development of the child's ability to realize his "I" in relationships with people, the world, evaluate his actions and foresee their consequences, defend his moral and civic position, counteract negative external influences, create conditions for self-development of his own individuality and disclosure of his spiritual potentialities.
13. Accessibility in training and education (principle of gradual increase in difficulties) - the principle, following which in educational and educational work it is necessary to proceed from the achieved level of development of students. Take into account their age, individual and gender characteristics and capabilities, level of education and upbringing. Teach from near to far, from easy to difficult, from known to unknown.
14. Aestheticization of children's life - a positive result of education can only be achieved in a beautifully organized space of education: aesthetically designed classrooms and recreational facilities, the presence of flowers, greenery, aquariums, works of art, living corners, flower beds in the school area.
15. The principle of strength, awareness and effectiveness of the results of education and training - mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities and worldview ideas is achieved only when they are thoroughly stored in memory. It is implemented through constant thoughtful and systematic repetition, exercise, consolidation, testing and evaluation of knowledge, skills, habits and norms and rules of behavior.
16. The principle of cooperation - orientation in the process of education to the priority of the individual; creation of favorable conditions for its self-realization and self-promotion in development; organization of joint life activity of adults and children on the basis of intersubjective relations, dialogical interaction, the predominance of empathy in interpersonal relationships.
17. Relationship between theory and practice - a principle that requires a harmonious connection of scientific knowledge with the practice of everyday life. Theory gives knowledge of the world. Practice teaches how to effectively influence it.
18. Systematic and consistent - observance of logical connections in the learning process, which ensures the assimilation of educational material in a larger volume and more firmly. Systematism and consistency allow you to achieve great results in less time.
19. The principle of humanization – strengthening of humanitarian principles and the assertion of universal human values in society, aimed at cultural and moral development human ability. (1)
Ø Problem learning - active developmental training based on the organization of the search activity of students, on the identification and resolution of real life or educational contradictions, during which they learn to think, creatively assimilate knowledge and master the elements of research activity. (4)
Ø Verifiability– the possibility of confirming the validity of the hypothesis with the help of an experiment. (1)
Ø Forecasting - logical substantiation of conclusions about the most probable dynamics of behavior, manifestations of a person in a particular pedagogical or life situation; manifestation of the highest form of anticipatory reflection in the process of thinking as a prediction of the expected future based on the dynamics (1). The cognitive activity of the teacher, aimed at revealing the features and characteristics of the processes of the future development of the individual and the pupil and the consequences expected from them, predicting the path and conditions for the implementation of foresight (2).
Ø Design- one of the forms of anticipatory reflection of reality, the process of creating a prototype (prototype) of the proposed object, phenomenon or process through specific methods (1). Creation of new projects curricula, laboratories and studios, new educational programs (2).
Ø Learning process - Pedagogically sound, consistent continuous change of acts of learning, during which the tasks of development and education of the individual are solved. (5)
Ø Process pedagogical - specially organized, developing in time and in the size of a certain educational system, the interaction of educators and pupils; specially organized and consistently carried out in time pedagogical activity within a certain educational system, aimed at achieving a specific result of education, upbringing, professional training. (1)
Ø Development- the process of regular change, transition from one state to another, more perfect; transition from an old qualitative state to a new one, from simple to complex, from lower to higher; a staged process of formation of typological socially significant qualities of a person and his individuality. (1) The process of natural change in personality as a result of its socialization. (2)
Ø self-education- conscious activity aimed at the fullest possible realization by a person of himself as a person, based on the activation of self-regulation mechanisms. (4)
Ø Introspection- human observation inner plan own mental life, which allows fixing its manifestations (experiences, thoughts, feelings, etc.). (1)
Ø self-education - specially organized, independent, systematic cognitive activity aimed at achieving certain personally and (or) socially significant educational goals: satisfaction of cognitive interests, general cultural and professional needs and professional development; A system of mental and ideological self-education, which entails volitional and moral self-improvement, but does not set them as its goal. (4)
Ø self-learning- the process of direct acquisition of knowledge by a person through his own aspirations and independently chosen means. (4)
Ø Self-esteem- a person's assessment of his own psychological qualities and behavior, achievements and failures, advantages and disadvantages, a place among other people. Types of self-assessment: actual, retrospective, ideal, reflective. (4)
Ø Self-development of personality - the fundamental ability of a person to become and be the true subject of his own life; the ability to turn one's own life into an object of practical transformation of oneself. (4)
Ø self-awareness- the highest expression of human consciousness, manifested in the awareness and experience of the system of representation of the individual about himself, his inherent social relations, needs, motives of activity, essence. (4)
Ø Family- a small social group whose members are connected by marriage or family ties, common life, mutual moral and material responsibility. (4)
Ø Synthesis- a theoretical method of research, which consists in the movement of thought from more specific concepts to more general ones; the mental connection of the parts of an object, a phenomenon, dissected into the process of analysis, the establishment of the interaction and connections of parts and the knowledge of this object, a phenomenon as a whole. (1)
Ø Education system - in the Russian Federation - a set of educational programs and state educational standards of various levels and directions; networks of educational institutions that implement them, educational authorities and institutions and organizations subordinate to them. (3)
Ø Education system - one of the main social institutions, the most important sphere of personality formation, the historically established nationwide system of educational institutions and their management bodies, acting in the interests of educating the younger generation, preparing them for independent living and professional activities. (5)
Ø Content of education - a pedagogically adapted system of knowledge, skills, experience of creative activity and an emotionally valuable attitude to the world, the assimilation of which ensures the development of the individual. (5)
Ø Means of the pedagogical process - means that are an integral part of the process of education, upbringing, re-education and ensure its functioning in the interests of the goal of the pedagogical process. (1)
Ø Deaf pedagogy - Pedagogy, studying the processes of education and training of children with hearing impairments. (1)
Ø Theoretical research methods – analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization, modeling. (1)
Ø Theory of education - a section of general pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns, basic principles, driving forces of education, its main structural elements, technologies, methods and forms, methodology educational activities. (1)
Ø Test- short standardized tasks, according to which tests are carried out to determine certain aspects of the personality and its potentialities. Tests are blank and hardware, tests for individual use and tests for group use. (1)
Ø Testing- a method of studying personality through the use of tests, designed to supplement the data of psychological analysis. (1)
Ø Technique- a set of pedagogical tools and techniques that a teacher (teacher) owns and that allow him to effectively solve pedagogical problems. (1)
Ø Technology level methodology – technologies, methods and methods of research. (1)
Ø Tiflopedagogy - Pedagogy, studying the processes of education and training of children with visual impairments. (1)
Ø Work- a fundamental type of human activity aimed at modifying and adapting natural objects to meet their needs; purposeful human activity that requires mental or physical stress. The purpose of labor is always utilitarian. (4)
Ø Training program - a normative document that outlines the range of basic knowledge, skills and abilities to be mastered in each individual subject, the logic of studying the main ideas, indicating the sequence of topics and questions. The curriculum can be standard, variable, working, school, author's, individual. (4)
Ø Study baseline - a full set of academic disciplines that are mandatory for study at a certain stage of education; the main state regulatory document approved as part of the standard for a certain type of educational institution. (4)
Ø Doctrine- organized knowledge in a special way; cognitive activity of trainees, aimed at mastering the amount of knowledge, skills, abilities and methods of educational activity. (4)
Ø Teacher- teaching profession and position in the system of general and vocational education. (5)
Ø Institutions additional education – educational institutions that implement additional learning programs of various directions, going beyond the main educational programs, in order to fully meet the needs of citizens, society, and the state. (4)
Ø Philosophy of education - interpretation of the essence of education, its principles and values as the interaction of the universal, concrete historical and national components of culture in the process of personality formation and the transfer of cultural values to it. (4)
Ø Philosophy of Education - a general theory that considers education from the standpoint of axiology, ontology, epistemology, anthropology as a special area of socio-cultural humanitarian practice. (4)
Ø Philosophical (ideological) level of methodology - the conceptual basis of science, the researcher (existentialism, neo-Thomism, positivism, neo-positivism, pragmatism, dialect, materialism, etc.). (1)
Ø Forms of organization of training - an external expression of the coordinated activity of the teacher and students, carried out in a certain order and mode: a lesson, excursions, homework, consultations, a seminar, electives, workshops, additional classes. (4)
Ø Forms of the pedagogical system - the organizational system of this educational institution: educational, educational, educational, re-educational (correctional), cooperation or authoritarian; state (general education, professional), departmental, commercial, public, etc. (1)
Ø Integrity of the pedagogical process - the relationship and interdependence of all processes and phenomena that arise and take place in it both in the processes of education and training, in the relationship of all subjects of the pedagogical process, and in the connections of pedagogical processes with the phenomena of the external environment. (4)
Ø The purpose of education- expected changes in a person (or group of people), carried out under the influence of specially prepared and systematically carried out educational actions and actions. (4)
Ø Purpose of education - an educational ideal set by a social order. Three most stable models: 1. Extensive, 2. Productive, 3. Intensive. (4)
Ø Purpose pedagogical - prediction by the teacher and students of the results of their interaction in the form of generalized mental formations, in accordance with which all other components of the pedagogical process are then selected and correlated with each other (4).
Ø Private technique - the doctrine of the methods of education used in any particular aspect of education. (1)
Ø General education school - educational institution, the basic element of the educational system (5); educational institution (3).
Ø Experiment- a scientifically established experience of upbringing or education in precisely taken into account conditions, compared with similar experience, which is carried out in other conditions or in another controlled object. There are experiments that analyze composition, study pedagogical actions, study connections. (1)
Ø Natural experiment (field) - a method of scientific research in which the object is in natural conditions and does not know what is being studied. (1)
Ø Experiment stating - a method used to identify the qualitative and quantitative state of the phenomenon. It is often used in the process of a formative experiment to obtain information slices of the state and change of the object of study. (1)
Ø Laboratory experiment - a general scientific method of research carried out in artificial conditions, as a rule, using special equipment, with strict control of all influencing factors. (2)
Ø Experiment forming (transformative) - used in age, pedagogical, social psychology and pedagogy, a method of tracking the changes in the child in the process of active influence of the researcher on the subject, the implementation of a certain program of actions by him. (1)
Ø Empirical Research Methods - general: examination, study and generalization of experience, experimental work, experiment; private: observation, oral survey (conversation, interview), written survey (questionnaire, testing). (1)
Ø Ethnopedagogy- Pedagogy that studies folk pedagogical traditions, customs, folklore, the historical experience of education and ways to preserve and increase it; analyzes the interrelationships and mutual influences of pedagogical and ethnic educational systems. (1)
Ø Language of instruction- the language in which the educational process is carried out in this educational institution (i.e. the language of communication between the teacher and students in the classroom, the language of educational programs, textbooks). (3)
Authoritarian style - the style of communication between the teacher and students, when the teacher alone decides all issues related to the life of both the class team and each student. Based on his own attitudes, he determines the goals of interaction, subjectively evaluates the results of activities.
Author's training programs- curricula, which, taking into account the requirements of the state standard, may contain a different logic of construction subject, their own points of view regarding the studied phenomena and processes, if there is a review from scientists in this subject area, teachers, psychologists, methodologists, they are approved pedagogical council schools.
Acmeology is a science that studies the patterns and facts of achieving the heights of professionalism, creative longevity of a person.
Analysis- a method of scientific research by decomposing an object into its component parts or by mentally dismembering an object by logical abstraction.
Basic curriculum of a general education school- the main state normative document, which is an integral part of the state standard in this field of education. It serves as the basis for the development of standard and working curricula and the source document for school funding. The basic curriculum as part of the education standard for basic schools is approved by the State Duma, and for complete and secondary schools - by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education Russian Federation.
Conversation- a question-answer method of active interaction between a teacher and students, which is used at all stages of the educational process: to communicate new knowledge, to consolidate, repeat, test and evaluate knowledge.
Intraschool management- purposeful, conscious interaction of participants in a holistic pedagogical process based on the knowledge of its objective patterns in order to achieve an optimal result.
Upbringing - specially organized activities of teachers and pupils to achieve the goals of education in the conditions of the pedagogical process.
Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from the norm.
Deductive Methods - logical methods of generalization of data obtained empirically, suggesting the movement of thought from a general judgment to a particular conclusion.
Actions- processes, the motives of which are in the activity in which they are included.
Democratic style- the style of communication between the teacher and students, focused on increasing the subjective role of the student in the interaction, and involving everyone in solving common problems. Teachers who adhere to this style are characterized by an active-positive attitude towards students, an adequate assessment of their capabilities, successes and failures, they are characterized by a deep understanding of the student, the goals and motives of his behavior, the ability to predict the development of his personality.
Activity - internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.
Diagnosis in pedagogy - assessment of the general state of the pedagogical process or its individual components at one time or another of its functioning on the basis of a comprehensive, holistic examination.
Didactics is a part of pedagogy that lays out the theoretical foundations of education and training.
Didactic tasks - tasks of managing educational and cognitive activities
Didactic material - a system of objects, each of which is intended to be used in the learning process as a material or materialized model of a particular system, identified within the framework of public knowledge and experience, and serves as a means of solving some didactic problem.
Dispute- the method of forming judgments, assessments and beliefs in the process of cognitive and value-oriented activity, does not require definite and final decisions. The dispute perfectly matches the age characteristics of a high school student, whose emerging personality is characterized by a passionate search for the meaning of life, the desire not to take anything for granted, the desire to compare facts in order to establish the truth.
Distance learning is a form of receiving educational services at a distance without visiting educational institutions using modern information and educational technologies and telecommunications systems, such as Email, TV and Internet.
Dogmatic training - a type of collective organization of cognitive activity, widespread in the Middle Ages, it is characterized by teaching in Latin, the main activities of students were listening and rote memorization.
Additional classes - one of the forms of organization of educational activities, which is carried out with individual students or a group of students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills, and satisfy an increased interest in a school subject. In additional classes, teachers practice various types of assistance: clarification of individual issues, attaching weak students to strong ones, re-explaining the topic.
Identification- establishing the identity of any object.
Inductive Methods- logical methods of generalization of data obtained empirically, suggesting the movement of thought from particular judgments to a general conclusion.
Induction is logical reasoning moving from statements of a less general nature to a statement of a more general nature.
Innovation- a purposeful change that introduces new, relatively stable elements into a certain social unit - an organization, a settlement, a society, a group.
briefing- one of the methods that provides an explanation and demonstration to students of the purpose, tasks and method of carrying out certain actions, the sequence of operations that make up a particular skill.
Interview- the most flexible method of collecting information, involving a conversation (according to a specific plan), based on direct, personal contact.
research method- a way to organize the search, creative activity of students to solve new problems for them. The teacher presents this or that problem for independent research, knows its result, the course of the solution, and those features of creative activity that are required to be shown in the course of the solution.
Combined control- one of the types of control, the essence of which is that several students are called to the board for an answer at once, of which one answers orally, two or more prepare to answer at the blackboard, some of the students perform written assignments on cards, and the rest participate in survey. The advantages of this method are that it allows a thorough examination of several students in a short period of time; It is used when all the material is learned and there is a need to check the knowledge of several students at once.
Consultations- one of the forms of organizing educational activities that is carried out with individual students or a group of students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills and abilities, satisfy an increased interest in a subject, but unlike additional classes, they are usually episodic, since they are organized as needed. There are current, thematic and general (for example, in preparation for exams or tests) consultations.
Laboratory works- an independent group of practical methods that combine practical actions with organized observations of students. In school conditions, frontal and individual laboratory work is usually carried out. Holding laboratory experience ends with the compilation of brief reports containing sketches, diagrams, drawings, tables and theoretical conclusions.
Lecture (at school)- the main form of the lecture-seminar system adapted to the conditions of the school. School lectures are successfully used in the study of both the humanities and the natural sciences. As a rule, these are introductory and generalizing lectures. In school conditions, a lecture in many respects approaches a story, but is much longer in time, it can take up the lesson time entirely.
Machine control- a type of programmed control, when students are asked to choose the correct one from several possible answers.
Method of illustration and demonstration- one of the methods of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which lies in the visual presentation (showing) to students of natural objects, phenomena, processes or their layouts, models and images, depending on specific educational tasks.
Problem presentation method- a method of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which is that the teacher poses a problem and solves it himself, thereby showing students the way to solve it in its genuine, but accessible to students contradictions, revealing the train of thought when moving along the path of cognition, while students mentally follow behind the logic of presentation, assimilating the stages of solving the problem.
Methodological techniques- the constituent elements (parts, details) of the method, which in relation to the method are of a private subordinate nature, do not have an independent pedagogical task, but are subordinate to the task pursued by this method.
Control methods- methods by which the effectiveness of educational and cognitive and other activities of pupils and the pedagogical work of the teacher is determined.
Teaching methods- ways of professional interaction of the teacher and students with the goal. Solutions of educational problems.
Methods of pedagogical research- ways of studying pedagogical phenomena, obtaining scientific information about them in order to establish regular connections, relationships and build scientific theories.
Observation- purposeful perception of any pedagogical phenomenon, during which the researcher receives specific factual material.
Punishment- such an impact on the personality of the student, which expresses the condemnation of actions and deeds that are contrary to the norms public behavior, and forces students to follow them unswervingly.
Education- a single process of physical and spiritual formation of the personality, the process of socialization, consciously oriented to some ideal images, to historically determined, more or less clearly fixed social standards in the public consciousness.
Education as a social phenomenon- a relatively independent system, the functions of which are the education and upbringing of members of society, focused on the acquisition of certain knowledge (primarily scientific), ideological and moral values, skills, habits, norms of behavior, the content of which is ultimately determined by the socio-economic and political system of a given society and the level of its material and technical development.
Education system- a complex of educational institutions.
Education- a specific method of education aimed at developing the personality by organizing the assimilation of scientific knowledge and methods of activity by students.
An object Pedagogy - phenomena of reality that determine the development of the human individual in the process of purposeful activity of society.
Explanatory-illustrative method- a method of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which is that the teacher communicates the finished information by various means, and the students perceive, realize and fix this information in memory. The teacher communicates information with the help of the spoken word (story, lecture, explanation), the printed word (textbook, additional aids), visual aids (pictures, diagrams, films and filmstrips), practical demonstration of methods of activity (showing experience, working on the machine, examples of declension, problem solving method, etc.).
Operations- processes, the goals of which are in the action of which they are an element.
Pedagogy- a science that studies the essence, patterns, trends and prospects for the development of the pedagogical process (education) as a factor and means of human development throughout his life.
Pedagogical activity- a special type of social (professional) activity aimed at achieving the goals of education.
Pedagogical task- this is a materialized situation of upbringing and education (pedagogical situation), characterized by the interaction of teachers and pupils with a specific goal.
Pedagogical system- a set of interconnected structural components united by a single educational goal of personality development and functioning in a holistic pedagogical process.
Pedagogical technology- a consistent, interdependent system of actions of the teacher associated with the use of a particular set of methods of education and training and carried out in the pedagogical process in order to solve various pedagogical problems: structuring and concretizing the goals of the pedagogical process; transformation of the content of education into educational material; analysis of intersubject and intrasubject communications; choice of methods, means and organizational forms of the pedagogical process, etc.
The pedagogical process is a specially organized (from a systemic point of view) interaction of teachers and pupils (pedagogical interaction) regarding the content of education using the means of training and education (pedagogical means) in order to solve the problems of education aimed at meeting the needs of both society and the individual himself in its development and self-development.
Pedagogical experiment- research activities with the aim of studying cause-and-effect relationships in pedagogical phenomena, which involves experimental modeling of a pedagogical phenomenon and the conditions for its occurrence; active influence of the researcher on the pedagogical phenomenon; measuring the results of pedagogical impact and interaction.
Pedagogical interaction- intentional contact (long-term or temporary) between the teacher and pupils, which results in mutual changes in their behavior, activities and relationships.
Written survey- method of control, which is carried out as follows: individual students are offered control tasks by cards.
Promotion - a way of expressing a positive public assessment of the behavior and activities of an individual student or team .
conniving style - the style of communication of a teacher who takes a passive position, who has chosen the tactics of non-interference in the creative pedagogical process, who is not interested in the problems of both the school and students, evading responsibility for the final, as a rule, negative results in teaching and educating schoolchildren.
Practical lessons- one of the forms of organization of educational activities; are used in the study of disciplines of the natural science cycle, as well as in the process of labor and vocational training; are carried out in laboratories and workshops, in classrooms and in training and experimental areas, etc.
Practical control- a method of control used to identify the formation of certain skills and abilities practical work or developed motor skills. Used in drawing lessons primary school), labor, physical education, mathematics, physics, chemistry.
Preliminary control- control aimed at identifying the knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the subject or section that will be studied.
Subject of Pedagogy- education as a real holistic pedagogical process, purposefully organized in special social institutions (family, educational and cultural institutions).
accustoming- organization of planned and regular performance by children of certain actions in order to turn them into habitual forms of social behavior.
Working with a book- one of the verbal methods of organizing educational activities. Work with the book is carried out at all stages of learning, it is usually combined with the use of other methods, primarily methods of oral presentation of knowledge.
Working training programs- curricula developed taking into account the requirements of the state standard for educational areas, but additionally taking into account the national-regional component, the possibilities of methodological, informational, technical support for the educational process, the level of preparedness of students.
Story- a consistent presentation of predominantly factual material, carried out in a descriptive or narrative form. It is widely used in the teaching of humanitarian subjects, as well as in the presentation of bibliographic material, characterization of images, descriptions of objects, natural phenomena, public life events.
reproductive methods- methods of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, which involve the reproduction and repetition of the method of activity on the instructions of the teacher.
self-education- systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic culture of the individual. Self-education is designed to strengthen and develop the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations, both personal and basic on the requirements of the team, to form moral and volitional qualities, the necessary habits of behavior.
Seminars- one of the forms of organization of educational activities, which is used in high school in the study of humanitarian subjects. The essence of the seminars is a collective discussion of the proposed questions, messages, abstracts, reports prepared by students under the guidance of a teacher.
Synthesis- a method of studying the subject in its integrity, in the unity and interconnection of its parts.
Socialization- the process of assimilation by an individual during his life of social norms and cultural values of the society to which he belongs. It is a difficult, lifelong learning process.
Socio-psychological climate in the team- a system of emotional and psychological states of the team, reflecting the nature of the relationship between its members in the process of joint activities and communication.
Style of pedagogical communication- sustainable unity of methods and means of activity of the teacher and students, their subject-subjective interaction.
Lesson structure- the ratio of the elements of the lesson in their specific sequence and interconnection with each other.
current control- control that is carried out in everyday work in order to check the assimilation of the previous material and identify gaps in the knowledge of students; It is carried out primarily with the help of the teacher's systematic observation of the work of the class as a whole and of each student individually at all stages of education.
Thematic control- control, which is carried out periodically as the passage of a new topic, section and aims to systematize students' knowledge.
Technology for constructing educational information- the process of making pedagogical decisions under the conditions of a system of restrictions and prescriptions that are dictated by established norms (what and to what extent students should learn from the given information), the initial level of preparedness of students for the perception of educational information, the capabilities of the teacher himself, as well as the school in which he works.
Model Curriculum- this curriculum, which is developed on the basis of the state basic curriculum and approved by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation and is of a recommendatory nature.
Model Curricula- curricula that are developed on the basis of the requirements of the state educational standard for a particular educational field, are approved by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation and are advisory in nature.
Control- activities aimed at making decisions, organizing, controlling, regulating the object of management in accordance with a given goal, analyzing and summing up on the basis of reliable information.
Managerial culture of the head of the school- a measure and method of creative self-realization of the personality of the head of the school in various types of management activities aimed at mastering, transferring and creating values and technologies in school management.
Exercise- systematically organized activity, involving repeated repetition of any actions in order to form certain skills and abilities or improve them.
oral questioning- a method of control, which is carried out on an individual basis in order to identify the teacher's knowledge, skills and abilities of individual students. The student is invited to answer a general question, which is subsequently divided into a number of more specific, clarifying ones.
Oral face-to-face interview- a method of monitoring the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students, which requires a series of logically interconnected questions on a small amount of material. With a frontal simultaneous questioning of several students, the teacher expects them to give short, concise answers from the spot.
Study conference- a form of organization of the pedagogical process, pursuing the goal of summarizing the material on any section of the program and requiring a large preparatory work(conducting observations, summarizing the materials of excursions, setting up experiments, studying literary sources, etc.). Conferences can be held in all academic subjects and at the same time go far beyond the curricula.
Training program- a regulatory document that reveals the content of knowledge, skills and abilities in the subject, the logic of studying the main worldview ideas, indicating the sequence of topics, questions and the total dosage of time for their study.
Educational discussions- one of the verbal methods, a prerequisite for which is the presence of at least two opposing opinions on the issue under discussion. Naturally, in the educational discussion that allow students to learn with a certain depth and in accordance with the last word should be up to the teacher, although this does not mean that his conclusions are the ultimate truth.
Educational material- a system of ideal models, represented by material or materialized models of didactic material and intended for use in educational activities.
The curriculum of the secondary school- the curriculum, which is compiled in compliance with the standards of the basic curriculum. There are two types of school curricula: the school's own curriculum (developed by it on the basis of the state basic curriculum for a long period and reflecting the characteristics of a particular school) and working curriculum (developed taking into account current conditions and approved by the school's pedagogical council annually).
Academic subject- a system of scientific knowledge, practical skills, with their age-related cognitive capabilities, the main starting points of science or aspects of culture, labor, production.
An elective is one of the forms of differentiated education and upbringing, the main task of which is to deepen and expand knowledge, develop the abilities and interests of students. The elective works according to a specific program that does not duplicate the curriculum.
Integrity of the pedagogical process- the synthetic quality of the pedagogical process, characterizing the highest level of its development, the result of stimulating conscious actions and the activities of the subjects functioning in it.
The purpose of modern education- the development of those personality traits that are needed for her and society to be included in socially valuable activities.
Excursion- a specific educational activity, transferred in accordance with a specific educational or educational goal to an enterprise, museum, exhibition, field, farm, etc.
. parental authority(from Lat auctoritas - power, strength) - distinctive features an individual or group through which they are trustworthy and can have a positive impact on the attitudes and behavior of others; the influence of parents on the beliefs and behavior of children is also recognized, based on deep respect and love for parents, trust in the high importance of their personal qualities and life experience, words and deeds.
. Adaptation(from Lat adaptatio (adapto) - I adapt) - the body's ability to adapt to various environmental conditions.
accreditation I (from French accreditation (accredo) - trust) - in the field of education - the procedure for determining the status of a higher educational institution, confirmation of its ability to train specialists at a level where there are no requirements in a particular direction (specialty).
. Acceleration(from Lat acceleratio - acceleration) - acceleration of the physical development of children, in particular growth, weight, earlier puberty.
. Asset ( from lat activus - active, effective) - a group of pupils, members of a particular team who are aware of the requirements of the leader of the team, help him in organizing the life of the pupils, and show some initiative.
. Activity(in studies) - a characteristic of the features of the cognitive activity of the individual, consists in the conscious use of intensive methods, means, forms of mastering knowledge, developing skills and navichos.
. Andragogy(from gr androa - an adult and agogge - management) - a branch of pedagogy dealing with the problems of education, training and upbringing of adults.
. abnormal children(from gr anomalia (anomalos) - incorrect) - pupils who have significant deviations from the norms of physical or psychological development and require education and training in special educational institutions.
. Asceticism(from gr asketes - ascetic) - the extreme level of moderation, restraint, the rejection of material and spiritual blessings of life, the voluntary transfer of physical torment, difficulties.
. PhD(from lat aspirans - one who strives for something) - a form of training of scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel.
. Audiovisual learning aids(from Latin audire - to listen and visualis - visual) - one of the means of educational technologies for teaching using developed audiovisual educational materials.
. Ball(from French balle - ball, ball) - the result of evaluating the educational activities of students in a conditionally formal reflection and numerical measurement.
. Didactic conversation- a teaching method that involves the use of previous experience of students in a certain field of knowledge and, on the basis of this, engaging them through dialogue in the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction already acquired.
. Types of education- general, polytechnic, professional. Types of human development - biological (physical), mental, social.
. Types of communication- verbal, manual (from Lat manualis - manual), technical, material, bioenergy.
. Outline problematic-creation by the teacher of a problem situation, assistance to students in isolating and "accepting" a problematic task, using verbal methods to enhance the mental activity of students aimed at satisfying cognitive interests.
. Requirement- a method of pedagogical influence on the consciousness of the pupil in order to cause, stimulate or slow down certain types of his activity. Types of requirements: demand-request, demand-trust, demand-approval, demand-advice, demand-hint, conditional demand, demand in game design, demand-condemnation, demand-mistrust, demand-threat.
. Education is comprehensive- education, which involves the formation of certain qualities in a person in accordance with the requirements of mental, moral, labor, physical and aesthetic education.
. Harmonious upbringing- education, which provides that the quality of the components of education (mental, moral, labor, physical, aesthetic) complement each other, enrich each other.
. Ecological education(from gr oikos - house, environment and logos - teaching) - the acquisition by a person of knowledge in the field of ecology and the formation of her moral responsibility for the preservation of the natural environment and reasonable coexistence with it.
. economic education- education, provides for the solution of the following tasks: the formation of economic thinking, mastery of economic knowledge, skills and habits of economic relations.
. Aesthetic education- the development of a person's sense of beauty, the formation of skills and abilities to create beauty in the surrounding reality, to be able to distinguish the beautiful from the ugly, to live according to the laws of spiritual beauty.
. moral education- education, involves mastering the norms and rules of moral behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, skills and abilities.
. legal education- the formation of a high legal culture among citizens, implies a conscious attitude of the individual to his rights and obligations, respect for the laws and rules of human society, readiness to observe and conscientiously fulfill certain requirements that express the will and interests of the people.
. physical education- education, aims to create optimal conditions for ensuring sufficient physical development of the individual, maintaining his health, mastering knowledge about the characteristics of the human body, f physiological processes occurring in it, acquiring sanitary and hygienic skills and skills of caring for own body, maintenance and development of its potentialities.
. National upbringing- historically conditioned and created by the ethnos is a system of educational ideals, views, beliefs, traditions, customs aimed at the expedient organization of the activities of members of society, in the process of which the process of mastering the moral and spiritual values of the people takes place, the connection and continuity of generations, the catholicity of the people is ensured.
. sexual education- mastering by the younger generation of ethics and culture in the field of gender relations, the formation of his needs to be guided by the norms of morality in relations between persons of the opposite sex.
. Gene(from gr genos - genus, origin, hereditary) - an elementary unit of heredity, a carrier of inclinations.
. Hygiene of educational work- a system of scientifically based rules for organizing the educational process, taking into account the necessary sanitary requirements.
. Dignity national- an ethical category that characterizes a person from the point of view of expanding the concept of spiritual values beyond the boundaries of one's "I" and the combination of personal experiences, sensations with national values.
. Humanization of education- creating optimal conditions for the intellectual and social development of each pupil, revealing deep respect for a person, recognizing the natural right of an individual to freedom, social protection, development of abilities and manifestation of individuality, self-realization of physical, mental and social potentials, to create a socio-psychological filter against destructive impacts negative factors environmental and social environment, educating young people of feelings of humanism, mercy, charity.
. Humanism(from Lat humanus - human, humane) - a progressive direction of spiritual culture, exalts a person as the greatest value in the world, affirms a person's right to earthly happiness, protection of the rights to freedom, comprehensive development and manifestation of one's abilities.
. dalton plan- a form of organization of training that provided for such a technology: the content of the educational material for each discipline was divided into parts (blocks), each student received an individual task in the form of a plan, independently worked on its implementation, reported on the work, gaining a certain number of points, and then received the next task. At the same time, the teacher was assigned the role of an organizer, a consultant. Students were transferred from class to class not after the end of the academic year, but depending on the degree of mastery of the program material (C-4 times a year).
. Democratization of education- the principles of organizing the educational system, providing for decentralization, autonomy of educational institutions, ensuring cooperation between educators and pupils, taking into account the opinion of the team and each individual, defining a person as the highest natural and social value, the formation of a free creative personality.
D demonstration- a teaching method that provides for the display of objects and processes in their natural form, dynamics.
. State standard education- a set of uniform norms and requirements for the level of educational training in certain educational institutions.
. Deviant behavior - (from Lat deviatio - deviation) - deviation from the established norms of morality and law.
. deduction I (from Lat deductio - inference) - the transition from general concepts about a subject of a certain type to private, partial knowledge.
. Definition(from Lat definitio - definition) - a short, logically motivated definition that reveals significant differences or features of a particular concept.
. Didactics(from gr didaktikos - I teach) - a branch of pedagogy that develops the theory of education and training.
. Discussion(from the Latin discussio - consideration, research) - a teaching method aimed at intensifying and effectiveness of the educational process through the vigorous activity of students (students) in search of a scientific truth.
. Dispute- reception (according to the method of persuasion) the formation of beliefs and conscious behavior through disputes, discussions in the process of verbal communication with members of the primary team or another group.
. Thesis(from Lat. dissertatio - research) - a scientific work performed with the aim of its public defense in order to obtain a degree.
. Discipline(from Latin disciplina - teaching, education, routine) - a certain order of behavior of people, ensures the consistency of actions in social relations, the obligatory assimilation and implementation of the rules by the individual.
. Psychological and pedagogical diagnostics(from gr diagnostikos - capable of recognizing) - a branch of psychology and pedagogy that develops methods for identifying individual characteristics and prospects for the development and education of a person.
. Dogmatism(from GR dogma - a teaching that is taken as an indisputable truth) - a way of assimilating and applying knowledge, in which this or that teaching or position is perceived as a complete, eternal truth, as a rule, is applied without taking into account the specific conditions of life.
. home study work- a form of organization of education, which provides for the independent fulfillment by pupils (students) of educational tasks in extracurricular time (directly at home, in after-school groups, etc.) --
. Assistant professor(from lat docens - one that teaches) - the academic title of a teacher in a higher educational institution.
. external student(from Lat externus - external, outsider) - a form of education based on independent mastery of academic disciplines in accordance with the professional educational program in the chosen specialty.
. Elitist(from French elite - the best, selective (Latin eligo - I choose) - an educational institution that is distinguished by its influence, privileged position and prestige, high level of education.
. Aesthetics(from gr aistesis - sensation, feeling) - the science of beauty and its role in human life, about the general laws of artistic knowledge of reality, the development of art.
. Ethics(from Greek - habit, disposition) - a science that studies morality as a form of social consciousness, its essence, historical development.
ethnicization education (from gr ethos - people) - saturation of education with national content, aimed at the formation of national consciousness and national dignity of the individual, the formation of features of the national mentality, the education of young people's feelings of social responsibility for the preservation, enhancement and vitality of ethnic culture.
. Ethnopedagogy- a science that studies the features of the development and formation of folk pedagogy.
. The task of education- Ensuring the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.
. Makings- genetically determined anatomical and physiological features of the brain and nervous system, which are individually a natural prerequisite for the process of development and personality formation.
. educational institutions- educational institutions that provide education and upbringing of the younger generation.
. Out-of-school establishments- children's educational institutions, whose activities are aimed at meeting the needs of a person in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills for schoolchildren, developing intellectual potentials, and promoting the future professional choice of an individual. This group of institutions includes palaces and houses of children's and youth creativity, stations young technicians, naturalists, sports, art, music schools, children's libraries, theaters, cinemas, children's iron shops.
. Habit- a way of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires for the individual the character of internal needs.
. Patterns of the educational process- factors reflecting the necessary, essential, stable, recurring, common for a particular industry relationship between the phenomena of objective reality.
. Patterns of learning- factors that express the most necessary, essential, important, common for the organization of training.
. promotion- a method of education that provides for a pedagogical impact on a person and expresses a positive assessment by the educator of the pupil's behavior in order to consolidate positive qualities and stimulate active activity.
. Means of education- property of material and spiritual culture (fiction and scientific literature, music, theater, radio, television, works of art, surrounding nature etc.), forms and types of educational work (gatherings, conversations, conferences, games, etc.), which are used in the process of applying one method or another.
. Means of education- items of school equipment used in the process of educational work (books, notebooks, tables, laboratory equipment, stationery, etc.,).
. Healthy lifestyle- human life activity, taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of one's body, ensuring socio-economic and biological conditions for its development and preservation.
. Knowledge- ideal expression in a symbolic form of objective properties and connections of the natural and human world; the result of a reflection of the surrounding reality.
. Ideal(from gr idea - idea, idea) - the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics, containing the highest moral requirements, the possible implementation of which would personally allow her to acquire perfection; the image of the abilsh valuable and majestic in man.
. Image(from English image - image, image) - the impression that a person makes on others, the style of his behavior, appearance, her manners. .
. Illustration(from Lat illustratio - I illuminate, explain) - a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their symbolic image (photos, drawings, diagrams, etc.)).
. Improvisation(from Lat improvisus - unpredictable, sudden) - the activity of the individual, the teacher-educator, is carried out in the process of pedagogical communication without prior preparation, comprehending.
. Individuality(from Lat individuum - indivisible) - a person "a person who is distinguished by a combination of features, qualities, originality of the psyche, behavior and activity, which emphasize its originality, originality.
. Induction(from Lat inductio - derivation) - a method of research, training associated with the movement of thought from the singular to the general.
. briefing(from Lat instructio - leadership) - "a method of training that provides for the disclosure of norms of behavior, features of the use of methods and training tools, compliance with safety precautions on the eve of involvement in the process of performing training operations.
. Intensification of the educational process(from French intensification (intensio) - tension) - activation of the mental capabilities of the individual to achieve the desired results.
. Internationalism(from lat inter - between and natio - people) - a moral concept that denotes a respectful attitude towards other peoples, their history, culture, language, the desire for mutual assistance.
. Infantilism(from lat infantilis - childish) - a delay in the development of the body, manifested in the preservation in an adult of the physical and mental traits characteristic of childhood.
. Categories of didactics(from Gr Kategoria - statement, main and common feature) - general concepts reflecting the most essential properties and relations of objects, phenomena of the objective world; category, a group of objects, phenomena, united by the commonality of certain signs.
. Chair(from gr kathedra - seat, chair): 1) a place for a teacher, a speaker, 2) in higher educational institutions - the main educational and scientific unit that carries out educational, methodological and research work with one or more related disciplines.
. Classification of methods- classification, which provides for the grouping of teaching methods depending on the sources of information, the logic of thinking, the level of independence in the process of cognition.
. Classroom teacher- a teacher who directly supervises the primary student team.
. Cloning(from gr klon - sprout, shoot) - a method of growing biological organisms from a single cell using cell culture.
. Team- socially significant group people united by a common goal, act in concert to achieve this goal and have self-government bodies.
. Curriculum Component(school) - a list of academic disciplines that can be included in the working curriculum by decision of the council of the school (gymnasium, lyceum).
. Pedagogical Council(from Lat. consilium - meeting, meeting) - a meeting of educators and psychologists to find out the causes of various systematic deviations in the pet's behavior and determine the science-based west of the virgins of his re-education.
abstract t (from lat conspectus - review) - a short written summary of the content of a book, article, oral presentation.
. parenting concepts(from lat conceptio - set, system) - a system of views on certain phenomena, processes, a way of understanding, interpreting pedagogical phenomena; the main idea of the theory of content and organization of human education.
. culture(from Lat kultura - upbringing, education, development) - a set of practical, material and spiritual achievements of society throughout its history.
. Kurata p (from lat curator, from curare - to take care, worry): 1) trustee, guardian, 2) person who is entrusted general observation for some work, 3) a person who oversees the educational process in the student group.
. Lecture(from Latin lectio - reading) is a teaching method that involves the use of previous experience of students in a certain field of knowledge and, on the basis of this, engaging them through dialogue in understanding new phenomena, concepts or reproducing already acquired ones.
. Leader(from the English leader - the one that leads, manages) - a member of the team, in important situations, is able to exercise a noticeable influence on the behavior of other members of the team, take initiative in actions, take responsibility for the activities of the team, lead it.
. Licensing(from Latin licentia - right, permission) - a procedure for determining the possibility of an educational institution of a certain type to conduct educational activities related to obtaining higher education and qualifications in accordance with the requirements of higher education standards, as well as state requirements regarding personnel, scientific, methodological and material technical support.
. License- special permission received from state bodies for various types of activities, including educational.
. The logic of the educational process- the optimally effective way of moving a person's cognitive activity from the initial level of knowledge, skills, abilities and development to the desired level of knowledge, skills, skills and development. It includes a number of components: awareness and understanding of educational tasks; independent activity aimed at mastering knowledge, defining laws and rules, developing skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice; analysis and evaluation of learning activities of students.
. speech therapy(from gr logos - word and paideia - education, training) - a science that studies speech disorders and deals with the correction of speech defects.
. Human- a biological creature of the homo sapiens type (a thinking person), which is characterized by physiological and biological features: a straight gait, a developed cranium, forelimbs, etc.
. master(from Lat magister - boss, teacher) - an academic degree awarded in higher educational institutions.
. Master's degree(from Lat magistratus - dignitary, chief) - the governing body in higher educational institutions that train masters.
. Mastery pedagogical- perfect creative performance by the teacher-educator of professional functions at the level of art, resulting in the creation of optimal socio-psychological conditions for the formation of the personality of the pupil to ensure a high level of intellectual and moral and spiritual development.
. mentality(from it Mentalitnet, from Latin mentis - a way of thinking, mental warehouse, soul, mind, thinking) - worldview, attitude, vision of oneself in the world, features of the manifestation of the national character, one's own day of character, attitude to the surrounding myrtle.
. The purpose of education- ideal prediction of the final results of education.
. Education methods(from gr methodos - way, way) ways of influence of the educator on the consciousness, will and behavior of the pupil in order to form his stable beliefs and certain norms of behavior.
. Research methods- methods, techniques and procedures for empirical and theoretical knowledge of the phenomena and processes of pedagogical reality.
. Teaching methods- ordered methods of activity of the teacher and students, aimed at the effective solution of educational problems.
. youth subculture- the culture of a certain generation of young people, which is distinguished by a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values and interests.
. Monitoring(from English monitoring, from Latin monitor - one who looks after, observes) - 1) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment in connection with human economic activity, 2) collection of information by means of mass communication 3) observation of educational and educational processes in order to determine whether they correspond to the desired result or previous assumptions.
. moral b (from Latin moralis - moral, from moris - custom) - one of the forms of social consciousness, a system of views and ideas, norms and assessments that regulate people's behavior.
. Teaching motives(from fr motif, from lat moveo - move) - internal mental forces (motors) that stimulate human cognitive activity. Types of motives: social, incentive, cognitive, professional value, mercantile line.
. Ownership- application of knowledge in practice, carried out at the level of automated actions through multiple repetitions.
. Suggestion- various means of verbal and non-verbal emotional impact on a person in order to introduce it into a certain state or encourage certain actions.
. Modular training(from Lat modulus - measure) - the organization of the educational process, which is aimed at mastering an integral block of adapted information and provides optimal conditions for the social and personal growth of the participants in her pedagogical process.
. Problem learning- learning, which is different in that the teacher creates a certain cognitive situation, helps students to highlight the problematic task, understand it and "accept" it; organizes students for independent mastery of the new volume of knowledge necessary for solving problems; offers a wide range of use of acquired knowledge in practice.
. distance learning- modern educational technology using means of transmitting educational and methodological information at a distance (telephones, television, computers, satellite communications, etc.)).
. Oligophrenopedagogy(from gr oligos - small and phren - mind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogical science that deals with the education and training of mentally retarded people.
. Optimization of the learning process(from Latin optimus - the best, the most) - the process of creating the most favorable conditions (selection of methods, teaching aids, provision of sanitary and hygienic conditions, emotional factors, etc.) for those received. Anna desired results without additional time and physical effort.
. Higher education- an education system that provides for the provision of fundamental, general cultural, practical training of specialists who should determine the pace and level of the scientific, technical, economic and socio-cultural process, the formation of the intellectual potential of societies.
. Preschool education- initial structural component education system, which ensures the development and upbringing of children in the family and preschool educational institutions (nurseries, kindergartens).
. Out-of-school education- components of the education system aimed at meeting the needs of a person in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge, skills and abilities for children, developing intellectual potentials.
. Polytechnic education(from gr poly - a lot and techne - art, skill, dexterity) - one of the types of education, the tasks of which are to familiarize yourself with various branches of production, to understand the essence of many technological processes, to master certain skills and skills in servicing simple technological processes.
. Professional education- education, aimed at mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform the tasks of professional activity.
. Vocational education- education, ensures that citizens receive a certain profession in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, social preparation for participation in productive work.
. Secondary general education- the leading component of the education system that provides education and upbringing of children up to 18 years old, preparing them for vocational education and labor activity.
. Education-media- a direction in pedagogy that provides for the study by schoolchildren (students) of the patterns of mass communications (press, television, radio, cinema, etc.)).
. Education- measure cognitive activity an individual, which is manifested in the level of acquired knowledge that can be used in practical activities.
personality b - socio-psychological concept; a person is characterized from a socio-psychological point of view, primarily by the level of development of the psyche, the ability to assimilate social experience, the ability to mate with other people.
. Educational qualification characteristic- a set of basic requirements for the professional qualities, knowledge and skills of a specialist necessary for the successful performance of his professional functions.
. orthodox(from gr orthodoxos - orthodox) - a person who unswervingly adheres to a certain doctrine, doctrine, system of views.
. Memory- the ability of the body to store and reproduce information about the external world and its internal state for its further use in the process of life.
. Paradigm(from gr paradeigma - example, sample) - recognition of scientific achievements, which for a certain time provide the community with models for posing problems and solving them.
. Pedagogy(from gr paidec - children; ano - I lead) - the science of training, education and upbringing of people in accordance with the needs of the socio-economic development of society.
. Waldorf Pedagogy- a set of methods and techniques of education and training based on anthroposophical (anthroposophy - a religious and mystical teaching, puts in place. God deified man) interpretation of human development as a holistic interaction of bodily, mental and spiritual factors.
. Folk Pedagogy- a branch of empirical pedagogical knowledge and folk experience, reflecting views on the system, directions, forms, means of education and training of the younger generation.
. Pedology(from gr pais - child and logos - teaching) - the science of the child, the features of its anatomical, physiological, mental and social development.
. Pedocentrism(from gr pais (pados) - child, lat centrum - center) is one of the areas of pedagogy, which claims that the content, organization and methods of teaching are determined by the direct interests and problems of children.
. re-education- a system of educational influences of a teacher on a pupil in order to inhibit negative manifestations in behavior and affirm positive qualities in activity.
. Belief- the rational moral basis of the activity of the individual, allows her to carry out a certain act consciously; the main moral attitude that determines the purpose and direction of a person's actions, a firm belief in h for some reason, based on a certain idea, worldview.
. perspective- the goal, "tomorrow's joy" (AC. Makarenko), which acts as an incentive for the activities of the team and its individual members.
. Textbook- an educational book, which discloses the content of educational material in a particular discipline in accordance with the requirements of the current program.
. An integrated approach to education- an approach to education, which implies the unity of goals, objectives and means of achieving it through the activities of various social institutions (families, educational institutions, the media).
. Training plan- a normative document that defines for each type of general education educational institutions a list of subjects, the order of their study by year, the number of hours per week allotted for their study, the schedule of the educational process.
. Extracurricular educational work- measures of an educational nature, which are carried out in general education educational institutions under the guidance of teachers-educators.
. Extracurricular work- various types of independent educational work of students within the framework of the system of education and upbringing (home study work, excursions, circle work and etc.)).
. Training manual- an educational book, which discloses the content of the educational material, which does not always meet the requirements of the current program, but goes beyond it, defines additional tasks aimed at expanding the cognitive interests of students, developing their independent cognitive activity.
. accustoming- organization of systematic and regular performance by pupils of certain actions with elements of coercion, obligation in order to form stable behavioral habits.
. parenting reception- a component of the method, determines the way to implement its requirements.
. Reception training- a component of the method, certain one-time actions aimed at implementing its requirements.
. Example- a method of education that provides for the organization of a role model in order to optimize the process of social inheritance.
. Principles of education(from lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - initial provisions that are the foundation of the content, forms, methods, means and techniques of the educational process.
. Principles of education(from lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - the initial provisions underlying the activity of the entire education system of Ukraine and its structural subdivisions.
. Management principles- initial provisions that determine the main directions, forms, means and methods of managing general education educational institutions.
pedagogical prognosis(from gr prognostike - the art of making a forecast) - a field of scientific knowledge that considers the principles, patterns and methods of forecasting for objects that are studied by pedagogy.
. Educational program- a normative document that describes the content of the educational material with the definition of sections, topics, the approximate number of hours for their study.
. Professiogram- description of the requirements, socio-psychological and physical personal qualities that a certain profession puts forward . Profession(from Lat professio - officially indicated occupation) - a type of labor activity that requires certain knowledge and labor skills and is a source of existence, vital activity.
. Psychotechnics- direction in psychology, develops questions of applying knowledge about mental activity of a person in the process of solving practical problems of educating a person's personality.
. Rada of a general educational educational institution- an association of employees of a general education institution, students, parents and the public, which operates between the general meeting (conference) to address social, organizational and economic issues and the life of a general education educational institution.
. Rada pedagogical- association of teachers of an educational institution in order to consider the issues of organization and improvement of the educational process.
. Rating(from English rating - assessment, class, category) - an individual numerical indicator in the education system, an assessment of the successes, achievements, knowledge at a particular moment of an individual in a certain area, discipline, allows you to determine the level of such achievements or the quality of knowledge in other areas.
retardation(from Lat retardatio - delay, slowdown) - the lag of children in development.
. Essay(from lat refeire - to report, inform) - summary content of the book read scientific work, report on the results of the researched scientific problem.
. Levels of education- gradual acquisition of general education and vocational training through the passage of certain stages: elementary education, basic general education, complete secondary education, vocational education, basic and higher education, higher.
. Development of physical- the growth of a biological organism as a result of cell division.
. Driving Force of Development- the result of contradictions between biological, physical and mental needs and the existing level of physical, mental and social development of the individual.
. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between the socio-psychological and physiological needs and the existing level of upbringing of the individual.
. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between cognitive and practical tasks, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the existing level of knowledge, skills and abilities, on the other.
. self-education- systematized and purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at the formation and improvement of its positive qualities and overcoming negative ones.
. Synthesis- a method that provides for a mental or practical combination of elements or properties of an object or phenomenon identified by analysis into a single whole.
. Education system- a set of educational institutions, scientific, scientific, methodological and methodological institutions, research and production enterprises, state and local educational authorities and self-government in the field of education.
. Scout(from the English scout - scout) - one of the systems of out-of-school education, which is the basis of the activities of children's and youth scout organizations. Originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Scout organizations for boys (ibo scouts) and girls (girl scouts) operate separately.
. Family- socio-psychological association of close relatives (parents, children, grandparents) living together and providing biological, social and economic conditions for procreation.
. aesthetic tastes- a stable, emotional and evaluative attitude of a person to the beautiful, which has a selective, subjective character.
. Heredity- the ability of biological organisms to transmit certain inclinations to their offspring.
. Speciality- necessary for society, the scope of application of the physical and spiritual forces of a person is limited, which gives it the opportunity to obtain the necessary means for life, a complex of knowledge and practical skills acquired by a person to engage in a certain type of activity.
. Communication pedagogical- the system of organic socio-psychological influence of the teacher-educator and pupil in all spheres of activity, has certain pedagogical functions, is aimed at creating optimal socio-psychological conditions for an active and productive life of the individual.
. Observation- a teaching method that provides for the perception of certain objects, phenomena, processes in the natural and industrial environment without outside interference in these phenomena and processes.
. Collective and creative affairs- a form of extra-curricular educational activities, in the preparation and conduct of which all members of the children's team take part, and each student has the opportunity to identify and develop their interests and capabilities.
. Stage development of the team- an expression of the internal dialectic of its formation, which is based on the level of relationships between the educator and pupils, between members of the team.
. Democratic style(from gr demokratia - the power of the people, democracy) - taking into account the opinion and freedom of the team in organizing the life of pupils.
. Style liberal(from lat liberalis - free) - an unprincipled indifferent attitude to the negative influences of pupils, connivance with students.
. Process structure skill- a number of interrelated and interdependent components: perception (direct, indirect), understanding (awareness, comprehension, insight), memorization, generalization and systematization, stratification, effective practice as an impetus to cognition and a criterion for the truth of the knowledge gained.
. The structure of the upbringing process- logically interconnected components that ensure the process of personality formation: mastering the rules and norms of behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, the development of skills and habits in these behaviors, practical activities in social environments.
. Deaf pedagogy(from Lat surdus - deaf and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology), dealing with the problems of development, education and upbringing of children with hearing impairments.
. Pedagogical tact(from Lat tactus - touch, feeling) - a sense of proportion, a sense of the specific state of the pet, which prompts the educator a delicate way of behavior in communicating with students in various fields of activity; VMI innya to choose the most appropriate approach to the individual in the system of educational relations with her.
. Talent(from gr talanton - weight, measure) - a set of abilities that make it possible to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty, high perfection and social significance.
. Tests(from English test - test, research) - a system of formalized tasks to identify the level of preparedness of students (students), mastering this knowledge, skills, and habits.
. Pedagogical technique(from gr technike - skillful, experienced) - a set of rational means and behavioral characteristics of a teacher-educator aimed at the effective implementation of the methods and techniques of educational work chosen by him with an individual student or the entire class team in accordance with the goal of the educator and specific objective and subjective prerequisites (skills in the field of speech culture; possession of your body, facial expressions, pantomime, gestures, the ability to dress, monitor your appearance, compliance with the pace and rhythm of work, the ability to communicate; possession of psychotechnics).
. Type of training- the method and features of the organization of human mental activity. In the history of school education, the following types of education have been distinguished: dogmatic, explanatory-illustrative, and problem-based.
. The type of training is dogmatic- type, which is characterized by the following features: the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge in finished form without explanation; students memorize them without awareness and understanding and almost verbatim recite what they have learned by heart.
. The type of training is explanatory and illustrative- this type, which consists in the fact that the teacher tells students a certain amount of knowledge, explains the essence of phenomena, processes, laws, rules, etc., using illustrative material; students are known to assimilate the proposed share of knowledge and reproduce at the level of deep understanding; be able to apply knowledge in practice.
. Tiflopedagogy(from gr typhlos - blind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology) about the features of the upbringing and education of children with visual impairments.
. Skill- the ability of a person to consciously perform a certain action based on knowledge, the willingness to apply knowledge in practical activities based on consciousness.
. persuasion- one of the techniques of the method of persuasion, aimed at preventing the deliberate actions of the pupil in order to slow them down, taking into account individual characteristics his socio-psychological development.
. Lesson- a form of organization of education, according to which the teacher conducts classes in a classroom with a constant composition of students with approximately the same level of physical and mental development, according to the established timetable and regulations.
. biological inheritance- the process of obtaining by future generations from biological parents due to the gene-chromosomal structure of certain inclinations.
. social inheritance- the process of assimilation by the child of the socio-psychological experience of parents and the environment (languages, habits, behavioral characteristics, moral and ethical qualities, etc.)).
A teacher is a specialist who has special training and carries out training and education of the younger generation.
. Parenting Factors(from Latin Factor - what does) - objective and subjective factors that influence the definition of the content, directions, means, methods, forms of education.
. Fetish(from French fetiche - amulet, magic): 1) an inanimate object, which, according to believers, is endowed with supernatural magical power and serves as an object of religious worship, 2) an object of blind worship.
. Forms of study(from lat forma - appearance, device) - organization of educational activities of students, clearly expressed in time and space, associated with the activities of the teacher:
bell lancaster- a form of organization of training, which consists in the fact that one teacher supervised the educational activities of a large group of students (200-250 people), involving older students (monitors) in this work, the teacher first taught the monitors, and then they taught their comrades in small groups ("mutual learning")nya");
brigade-laboratory- a form of organization of training, which consists in the fact that the class is divided into brigades (5-9 people each), headed by elected foremen; training assignments are given to the brigade, which should work on them and will complete them; the success of educational work is determined by the quality of the foreman's report
. Group a - teaching by a teacher a group of students who are at different levels of age and mental development without observing the schedule and regulations;
individual- teacher teaching only one student. Forms of work class teacher- individual, group, frontal, verbal, practical, subjecta.
. Formation(from Lat formo - I form) - the formation of a person as a person, which occurs as a result of development and education and has certain signs of completeness.
. Functions of the class teacher- provide conditions for the comprehensive harmonious development of schoolchildren, coordinate the activities of all educators in the implementation of national education, study the individual characteristics of students in the class, organize a primary children's team, take care of strengthening and maintaining the health of schoolchildren, form the skills of thoroughness and discipline of schoolchildren, organize extracurricular educational work that , work with parents, achieve unity of requirements for pupils, maintain class documentation.
. Team Functions- organizational, stimulating, educational.
Learning functions (from the Latin functio - performance, performance) - functions that provide for the implementation of educational, educational and developmental actions.
. Functions of Pedagogy(from Lat functio - execution, commission) - clearly defined areas and activities related to the tasks of the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.
. Family Functions- biological (reproductive), social, economic.
. Function ( from Latin y functio - execution, commission) - a way of action of a thing or element of a system, aimed at achieving a certain effect. The function of the family is aimed at solving biological (reproductive), social and economic tasks in the system continuation of the maternity hospital.
furcations(from lat furcatus - separate) - the construction of curricula in the upper grades of general education educational institutions in certain profiles - humanitarian, physical and mathematical, natural, etc. - with a preference for one or another group of academic disciplines.
. moral values universal to mankind- moral and spiritual acquisitions acquired by previous generations, regardless of race, nationality or religion, which determine the basis of the behavior and life of an individual or defined jointly.
. Moral national values- views, beliefs, ideals, traditions, customs, rituals, practical actions based on universal values, historically conditioned and created by a certain ethnic group, but reflect certain national manifestations, originality in behavior and serve as the basis social activities people of a particular ethnic group.
. Small school- a school without parallel classes with a small contingent of students.
school studies- a branch of pedagogy that studies the tasks, content and methods of school management, the system of management and organization of the activities of general educational educational institutions.
v abstraction- the process of thinking, as a result of which a person, abstracting from the inessential, forms concepts, entering from the concrete to the abstract, filling the abstract with concrete content.
v The authority of the teacher- a special professional position that determines the impact on students, giving the right to make decisions, express an assessment, give advice. Genuine A. u. relies not on job and age privileges, but on the high personal and professional qualities of the educator: a democratic style of cooperation with pupils, empathy, the ability to communicate openly, a positive self-concept of the teacher, his desire for continuous improvement, erudition, competence, justice and kindness, general culture. Irradiation of the teacher's authority- the transfer of authority to those spheres of life where the teacher's right to authoritative influence has not yet been tested. Authority Specification- recognition of a person's authority only in one of the areas, and in others he does not act as an authority.
v Adaptation- adaptation of the individual to the changed environment with the help of various means of influence.
v Acmeology(from the Greek acme - peak, peak, the highest degree of something) - an interdisciplinary science that arose at the intersection of natural, social and humanitarian disciplines. It studies the patterns and mechanisms of human development at the stage of its maturity (a period of about 30 to 50 years) and when it reaches the highest level in this development - acme. An important task of A. is to find out what should be formed in a person at each age stage in childhood and adolescence, so that he can successfully realize his potential at the stage of maturity.
v Acceleration- accelerating the growth and puberty of children and adolescents compared to previous generations.
v Axiology- philosophical doctrine of material, cultural, spiritual, moral and psychol. values of the individual, team, society, their relationship with the world of reality, changes in the value-normative system in the process historical development. In modern pedagogy, it acts as its methodological basis, which determines the system of ped. views, which are based on the understanding and assertion of the value human life, education and training, ped. activities and education.
v Artistry- artistic talent, outstanding Creative skills, high creative skill, virtuosity in any business, as well as a special elegance of manners, graceful movements (modern Dictionary Russian language T.F. Efremova).
v Artistry- a special, figurative-emotional language of the creation of the new; a penetrating style of co-creation between a teacher and a student, focused on understanding and dialogue with the Other, other-dominance; graceful and delicate lace of the creation of a living feeling, knowledge and meaning, born "here and now"; this is the ability to almost instantly switch to new situations, to appear in a new image, the ability to live with the ideas taught to students in the lesson, to live sincerely; this is a wealth of personal manifestations, a figurative way of posing and solving a problem, a game of imagination, grace, spirituality, a sense of inner freedom (V.I. Zagvyazinsky).
v Artistry is a manifestation of the rich inner world of the individual, is formed in the process of spiritual and practical development by a person of certain types of creative activity in order to meet the need for professional self-improvement and self-education (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Artistry - this is a personal quality of a teacher who has the aesthetic features of a lifestyle and activity that is creatively saturated and loves his profession (S.D. Yakusheva).
v artistic culture- an integrated quality of a person, which implements the unity of a common culture and artistry, axiological and aesthetic-ethical principles in various types of professional activities and communication (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Aspects of educational needs. It is advisable to distinguish the following aspects of educational needs: state, public and individual - depending on what kind of subject of needs we are talking about. It should be emphasized that all the listed types of needs in education are considered as social needs. What makes them social is not the subject ("one who wants"), but the object - the assignment to the field of education and the "nature" of the need as social attitude. In other words, it is possible to speak about individual, public and state requests only as different aspects of social needs, depending on who exactly these requests are presented (FGOS).
v affective- emotionally colored.
v Database- a unified data system organized according to certain rules that provide for general principles description, storage and processing of data.
v Knowledge base- a formalized system of information about a certain subject area, containing data on the properties of objects, patterns of processes and rules for using this data in given situations to make new decisions.
v Basic educational (educational) plan- a regulatory document that defines the structure of the content of education, the ratio of the mandatory part of the main educational program and the part formed by the participants educational process(invariant and variable); determining the maximum allowable load at 5- and 6-day school week by class, as well as the number of weekly hours for funding (GEF).
v Basic Needs determine the educational activity of a significant part of the population in the current social situation. Basic needs are manifested in dominant or primary orientations (attitudes) (FGOS).
v psychological barrier- a mental state, manifested in inadequate passivity of the individual, which prevents her from performing certain actions. The causes of B. p. can be the novelty and danger of the situation, unexpected or negative information, lack of flexibility and quickness of thinking.
v Validity- the degree of compliance of the measured indicator with what was to be measured in sociological or psychological-pedagogical research.
v Variable part of the basic educational (educational) plan- part of the basic curriculum (educational) plan, mandatory for implementation in general education institutions, is represented by the number of hours allocated to meet the individual needs and requests of students, including ethno-cultural, the interests of educational institutions, constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Filling with concrete content of this part of the basic (educational) plan is within the competence of the participants in the educational process (FSES).
v Verbal- oral, verbal.
v Video computer system- a set of equipment that allows the user to present various types of perceived information (text, hand-drawn graphics, video, moving images, sound), providing an interactive dialogue between the user and the system.
v Pedagogical impact- the influence of the teacher on the consciousness, will, emotions of the students, on the organization of their lives and activities in the interests of forming the required qualities in them and ensuring the successful achievement of the set goals.
v upbringing- the level of personality development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of formalization of socially significant qualities. The discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he really acts, can lead to an identity crisis. V. - the current level of personality development, in contrast to education- potential level of personality, zone of its proximal development.
v Educational work- purposeful activity to organize the life of adults and children, which aims to create conditions for the full development of the individual. Through V. p. educational process takes place.
v The educational system of the school- a set of interrelated components (educational goals, people implementing them, their activities and communication, relationships, living space), which constitutes an integral social-ped. structure of the school and acting as a powerful and permanent factor in education. signs humanistically oriented V. s. sh .: the presence of a unified concept for the development of the school educational system, the formation healthy lifestyle life, a combination of frontal, group and individual forms of influence and interaction, ensuring the protective functions of the team, diverse and diverse joint activities of teams and associations of different ages. Examples of humanistically oriented V. with. sh. there may be schools of V. Karakovsky, A. Tubelsky and others.
v parenting relationship- a kind of relationship between people that arises in educational interaction, aimed at spiritual, moral, etc. development and improvement.
v nurturing education- training, in which an organic connection is achieved between the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by students and the formation of their emotionally holistic attitude to the world, to each other, to the educational material being assimilated.
v Dimensional(lat. habitus- appearance) culture- culture of personality, which includes individuality, which determines the color scheme, physical and psychophysiological features; style (romantic, sporty, dramatic), which establishes an individual creative characteristic in accordance with the requirements of the profession; fashion, reflecting development trends and helping the teacher to be modern and recognized among colleagues and students (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Hypothesis- a statement about facts, empirical relationships or principles of functioning and development of phenomena that do not have justification or are recognized as insufficiently substantiated.
v Epistemology- theory of knowledge.
v Humanization of education- spreading the ideas of humanism on the content, forms and methods of teaching; providing the educational process with the free and comprehensive development of the individual, his active participation in the life of society.
v Humanism- the principle of worldview, which is based on the recognition of the limitlessness of human capabilities and his ability to improve, the rights of the individual to the free manifestation of his abilities, beliefs, the assertion of the good of man as a criterion for assessing the level of social relations. It is now becoming one of the basic principles of pedagogy.
v Humanitarianization of education- establishing a harmonious balance between the natural-mathematical and humanitarian cycles in education with the aim of developing in each student a spiritually rich personality who can resist technocracy and inhumanity.
v Humanities education- priority development of general cultural components in the content of education, aimed at the formation of personal maturity of students.
v Humanitarian- related to human society to man and his culture.
v Humanity(from lat. humanus - humane) - humanity, philanthropy, respect for people and their experiences. One of the leading moral values that should be formed in modern man in the process of education and training.
v Data(in the subject area) - presentation of information in a formalized form, convenient for sending, collecting, storing and processing.
v Deviant behavior- Behavior that is different from the norm.
v Active approach- 1) the principle of studying the psyche, which is based on the category of objective activity (I. Fichte, G. Hegel, M.Ya. Basov, S.L. Rubinshtein, A.N. Leontiev, etc.); 2) a theory that considers psychology as a science of the generation, functioning and structure of mental reflection in the processes of activity of individuals (A.N. Leontiev).
v Activity- a form of mental activity of the individual, aimed at the knowledge and transformation of the world and the person himself. D. consists of smaller units - actions, each of which has its own particular goal or task. D. includes the goal, motive, methods, conditions, result.
v Pedagogical activity- professional activity aimed at creating in ped. the process of optimal conditions for the upbringing, development and self-development of the personality of the pupil and the choice of opportunities for free and creative self-expression. The main problem of D. p. is the combination of the requirements and goals of the teacher with the possibilities, desires and goals of the students; the successful implementation of D. p. is determined by the level of professional consciousness of the teacher, mastering it ped. technology, ped. technique. Three models of P. d.: coercive pedagogy(authoritarian pedagogy), pedagogy of complete freedom, pedagogy of cooperation.
v Diagnostics- analysis of the state of objects and processes, identification of problems in their functioning and development.
v Didactics(from Greek. didaktikos- receiving, related to learning) - the theory of education and training, a branch of pedagogy. The subject of teaching is learning as a means of educating and educating a person, that is, the interaction of teaching and learning in their unity, which ensures that students master the content of education organized by the teacher. D. Functions: theoretical(diagnostic and prognostic) and practical(normative, instrumental).
v Distance learning - learning at a distance using textbooks, personal computers and computer networks.
v Document- information recorded on a material carrier, having details that allow it to be identified.
v dominance- power, inclination and ability to occupy a dominant position.
v Data protection- actions and means to prevent leakage, theft, distortion or falsification of information.
v Knowledge(about the subject area) - the whole set useful information and the procedures that can be applied to it to produce new domain information.
v Identity- conscious unity and continuity of human actions, mental processes.
v Identical- the same, the same.
v Image- a set of meanings and impressions about a person, a style and form of behavior, a symbolic image of the subject created in the process of interaction, - a universal psychological process carried out by each person when entering certain social groups (V.G. Gorchakova).
v The image of the teacher- integrative quality of personality, synthesis of intellectual, dimensional, kinetic, speech, environmental and artistic culture (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Individualism- a property of the individual, determined by the predominance of the goals of activity aimed at satisfying only the personal needs of one's "I" while ignoring the public.
v Individual image- a purposefully formed integral, holistic, dynamic phenomenon, due to the correspondence and interpenetration of the internal and external individual, personal and individual qualities of the subject, designed to ensure the harmonious interaction of the subject with nature, society and himself (V.N. Cherepanova).
v Individuality- a unique, inimitable originality of a person, a set of individual mental characteristics inherent only to her. I. manifests itself in the specifics of temperament, character, interests, intellect, needs and abilities. A prerequisite for the formation of human I. are the anatomical and physiological inclinations that are transformed and fully revealed in the process of education.
v Individual style of activity and communication of the teacher- a set of tasks, means and methods of ped. activities and communication, as well as more particular features, such as, for example, the rhythm of work, characteristic and stable for a given teacher. Since I. s. is determined by the ratio of tasks and methods of activity, then it can change.
v Innovation culture- knowledge, skills and experience of targeted training, integrated implementation and comprehensive development of innovations in various areas of human life while maintaining the dynamic unity of the old, modern and new in the innovation system; in other words, it is the free creation of the new in compliance with the principle of continuity (A.I. Nikolaev).
v Innovation culture- a stable system of norms, rules and methods for implementing innovations in various spheres of society, characteristic of a given sociocultural community (O.A. Kobyak).
v innovative creative thinking- the teacher's focus on self-development and self-education, the unification of the logical and figurative, the integration of conceptual and visual, finding new, original solutions to professional problems, the formation of intellectual imagery and sensory modeling (S.D. Yakusheva).
v intellectual culture- flexibility of thinking, reflection and self-awareness associated with the development of creativity and the growth of professional skills of the personality of the teacher (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Intonation- raising and lowering the tone of the voice during pronunciation (interrogative, narrative, imperious, correct, false); manner of pronunciation, reflecting any feelings of the speaker, tone; the accuracy of the sound of a musical instrument when playing or voice when singing (S.I. Ozhegov).
v Intuition- the core component of the activity of a teacher-master, based on the sensory perception of the pedagogical situation, the integration of the creative and improvisational quality of the individual (S.D. Yakusheva).
v intuition - knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it, a specific ability (for example, artistic or scientific), “holistic coverage” of the conditions of a problem situation (sensory, intellectual intuition), the mechanism of creative activity (creative intuition) (pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary, ed. B .M. Bim-Bada).
v Intuition- flair, subtle understanding, penetration into the very essence of something without a detailed rationale (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Computer science- a scientific discipline that studies the laws and methods of accumulation, processing and transmission of information using computers.
v Information technology- a system of scientific and engineering knowledge, as well as methods and tools that is used to create, collect, transfer, store and process information in the subject area.
v Informatization of education- the process of providing the education sector with methodology and practice for the development and optimal use of modern information technologies focused on the implementation of the psychological and pedagogical goals of training and education. This process initiates, firstly, the improvement of the mechanisms for managing the education system based on the use of automated data banks of scientific and pedagogical information, information and methodological materials, as well as communication networks; secondly, the improvement of the methodology and strategy for selecting the content, methods and organizational forms of training, education, corresponding to the tasks of developing the personality of the student in modern conditions informatization of society; thirdly, the creation of methodological training systems focused on the development of the intellectual potential of the student, on the formation of skills to independently acquire knowledge, carry out information and educational, experimental and research activities, various types of independent information processing activities;
fourthly, the creation and use of computer testing, diagnostic methods for monitoring and evaluating the level of knowledge of students.
v Informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant type of activity in the sphere of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information, carried out on the basis of modern means of microprocessor and computer technology, as well as a variety of means information exchange.
v Information Technology Education- pedagogical technology using special methods, software and technical means(cinema, audio and video facilities, computers, telecommunication networks) for working with information.
v Information and methodological center organized with the aim of introducing SNIT into the educational process of educational institutions; it should be provided with educational and material base of informatization of education.
v Information processes- processes of collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search and dissemination of information.
v Information(about the subject area) - any kind of information about objects, facts, concepts of the subject area.
v The quality of education- a comprehensive characteristic that reflects the range and level of educational services provided to the population (of different ages, gender, physical and mental condition) by the system of primary, general, vocational and additional education in accordance with the interests of the individual, society and the state. Quality education should enable each individual to continue education in accordance with his interests (FSES).
v personality traits- the totality of all socially and biologically determined components of the personality, which determine its stable behavior in the social. and the natural environment.
v The quality of education- a certain level of knowledge and skills, mental, moral and physical development, which students achieve at a certain stage in accordance with the planned goals; the degree of satisfaction of the expectations of various participants in the educational process from the educational services provided by the educational institution. K. o. primarily measured by its compliance with the educational standard. K. o. depends on the level of prestige of education in the public mind and the system of state priorities, funding and material and technical equipment of educational institutions, modern technology managing them.
v Qualification categories of educators- the level of qualification, professionalism and productivity of the ped that meets the regulatory criteria. and (or) managerial work, providing the employee with the opportunity to solve professional problems.
v Professional qualification- levels of professional readiness of an employee, allowing him to perform labor functions of a certain level and complexity in a particular type of activity. An indicator of K. p. are qualification categories, which are assigned to the employee in accordance with the normative characteristics of this profession.
v Keyword(Keyword)- a word or phrase that a user enters into a search form when searching for information on a topic of interest in a search engine.
v cognitive- informative.
v Control in educational activities- ensuring the effectiveness of training activities by detecting deviations from the reference sample and making appropriate adjustments to the action. Criteria for evaluating the formation of universal educational activities: compliance with age-psychological regulatory requirements; compliance of properties of universal actions with predetermined requirements; the formation of educational activity among students, reflecting the level of development of meta-subject actions that perform the function of managing the cognitive activity of students (FSES).
v Communication potential- this is a complex characteristic of a person, which determines a person's readiness for communication, the need for communicative activity, activity and comfort in it (I.I. Zaretskaya).
v CD- an optical disk used for permanent storage of large volumes of information.
v General cultural competence- the level of education sufficient for self-education and independent solution of the cognitive problems arising in this case and determining one's position.
v The competence of the teacher is professional- the teacher's possession of the necessary amount of knowledge, skills and abilities that determine the formation of his ped. activities, ped. communication and personality of the teacher as a carrier of certain values, ideals and ped. consciousness.
v Communicative culture of the teacher- a certain position of the teacher's personality, a qualitative characteristic of his pedagogical activity, covering the system of communicative knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as determining the effectiveness and success of professional skills (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Communication- informational connection of the subject with one or another object - a person, an animal, a machine (M.S. Kagan).
v Competence- the person has the appropriate competence, including his personal attitude towards it and the subject of activity (L.V. Zanina, N.P. Menshikova).
v Concept- system of views: the leading thought of a work or scientific work.
v Credo- Beliefs: views, fundamentals of the worldview.
v Criterion- a sign on the basis of which an assessment, definition or classification of something is made; measure of judgment, assessment of k.-l. phenomena. The development of criteria for certain phenomena in pedagogy presents certain difficulties due to the fact that the subject of pedagogy itself is complex and diverse in its manifestations.
v culture(from lat. cultura - cultivation, upbringing, development, veneration) - a historically defined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values created by them. Culture in education acts as its content component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc.
v Culture is intellectual- the culture of mental work, which determines the ability to set goals for cognitive activity, plan it, perform cognitive operations in various ways, work with sources and office equipment.
v culture of personality- 1) the level of development and realization of the essential forces of a person, his abilities and talents; 2) a set of competencies: political and social, related to the ability to take responsibility, participate in joint decision-making, regulate conflicts in a non-violent way, participate in joint decision-making regarding the functioning and development of democratic institutions; competencies related to life in a multicultural society (understanding the differences between representatives of different cultures, languages and religions, respect for other people's traditions, beliefs), etc. K. l. formed in the process of education and training, under the influence of social. environment and personal need for constant development and improvement.
v Culture of personality is informational- a set of rules for human behavior in the information society, methods and norms of communication with artificial intelligence systems, dialogue in human-machine systems of "hybrid intelligence", use of telematics, global and local information and computer networks. It includes the ability of a person to realize and master the information picture of the world as a system of symbols and signs, direct and reverse information links, freely navigate in the information society, and adapt to it. Formation To. l. And. carried out primarily in the process of organized teaching of computer science and information technology at school and the inclusion of modern electronic means of information transmission in the educational process (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Culture of thinking- the degree of mastery by a person of techniques, norms and rules mental activity, expressed in the ability to accurately formulate tasks (problems), choose the best methods (ways) to solve them, obtain reasonable conclusions, and correctly use these conclusions in practice. Increases focus, organization, efficiency of any type of activity (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Culture of self-education(self-educational culture) - high level development and perfection of all components of self-education. The need for self-education is a characteristic quality of a developed personality, a necessary element of its spiritual life. Considered the highest form of satisfaction of the cognitive needs of the individual, self-education is associated with the manifestation of significant volitional efforts, a high degree of consciousness and organization of a person, the assumption of internal responsibility for one's self-improvement (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Lecture- a method of training and education, a consistent monologue presentation of a system of ideas in a certain area (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Personality- there is the highest instance of selfhood, personalized, self-determined among others, for others, and thus for oneself (V.I. Slobodchikov and E.I. Isaev).
v Personality- a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man (S.L. Rubinshtein).
v Personal culture- quality that implements the unity of the general and basic, intellectual and communicative culture, creativity and skill of the teacher (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Personal approach(in ped.) - an individual approach of the teacher to each pupil, helping him in realizing himself as a person, in identifying opportunities that stimulate self-formation, self-affirmation, self-realization.
v Pedagogical skill- high level of mastery of ped. activity; a complex of special knowledge, abilities and skills, professionally important personality traits that allow the teacher to effectively manage the educational and cognitive activities of students and carry out purposeful ped. impact and interaction (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Pedagogical management- a set of principles, methods, organizational norms and technological methods for managing the educational process, aimed at increasing its efficiency.
v Meta-subject results of educational activities- methods of activity applicable both within the framework of the educational process and in solving problems in real life life situations mastered by students on the basis of one, several or all subjects (FSES).
v Method(from the Greek methodos - the path of research or knowledge) - a set of relatively homogeneous methods, operations of practical or theoretical development of reality, subject to the solution of a specific problem. In pedagogy, the problem of developing methods of education and training and their classification is one of the main ones (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Methodology in education - description of specific techniques, methods, techniques ped. activities in separate educational processes.
v Teaching methodology as a private didactics - a set of ordered knowledge about the principles, content, methods, means and forms of organizing the educational process in individual academic disciplines that ensure the solution of the tasks set.
v Methodology of pedagogical research- a set of techniques, ways of organizing and regulating ped. research, the order of their application and interpretation of the results obtained in achieving a certain scientific goal.
v Methodology of Pedagogy - based on the general methodology of science and the study of trends community development system of knowledge about the starting positions of ped. theory, about the principles of approach to the consideration of ped. phenomena and methods of their study, as well as ways to introduce the acquired knowledge into the practice of upbringing, training and education.
v Methods of control and self-control- ways of obtaining information about the effectiveness of educational influences. These include: ped. observation, conversation, ped. consultation, surveys, analysis of the results of the activities of pupils, the creation of control situations, psychodiagnostics, trainings.
v Teaching methods- a system of consistent, interrelated actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education, the development of mental strength and abilities of students, their mastery of the means of self-education and self-learning. M. o. designate the purpose of learning, the method of assimilation and the nature of the interaction of subjects of learning.
v Method for studying products of creativity- diagnostics of a person's mental characteristics through inclusion in a standardized creative activity. M.'s examples and. etc.: a test for drawing a human figure (a variant of Goodenough and Machover), a test for drawing a tree (Koch), a test for drawing a house, a fictional hypothetical animal, etc. The method of psychol., but is very widely used in ped. research and in the process of studying the personality of students by a teacher or educator.
v Observation Method- targeted, systematic fixation of the specifics of the flow of certain ped. phenomena, manifestations in them of a person, a team, a group of people, the results obtained. Observations m.b.: solid And selective; included And simple; uncontrollable And controlled(when registering observed events according to a previously worked out procedure); field(when observed in natural conditions) and laboratory(under experimental conditions), etc.
v Method of generalization of independent characteristics- studies based on the generalization of the largest possible number of information about the individual being studied, obtained from the largest possible number of persons observing him in the largest possible number of his activities; compilation of characteristics of a person or event by various experts independently of each other.
v sociometric method- study of the structure, nature of people's relations based on the measurement of their interpersonal choice. This measurement takes place according to a certain sociometric criterion, and its results take the form of a sociometric matrix, or sociogram. The use of this method by the teacher in the process of forming a children's team allows him to find more productive ways of influencing both the entire team or small groups, and its individual members.
v terminological method- operating with basic and peripheral concepts of the problem, analysis of ped. phenomena through the analysis of the concepts fixed in the language of the theory of pedagogy.
v Test method- the study of personality by diagnosing (psychoprognostic) its mental states, functions based on the performance of Ph.D. standardized task.
v Modeling(in ped.) - building copies, models of ped. materials, phenomena and processes. Used for a schematic representation of the investigated ped. systems. By "model" is meant a system of objects or signs that reproduces some of the essential properties of the original, capable of replacing it in such a way that its study provides new information about this object.
v facial expressions(from Greek mimikos - imitative) - expressive movement of the muscles of the face, one of the forms of manifestation of human feelings. Quite often, the teacher's M. acts on students much more strongly than words. Children "read" the face of the teacher, guessing his mood, attitude, so the teacher should be able to show only what is relevant (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Motivation- the whole set of persistent motives, motives that determine the content, direction and nature of the activity of the individual, her behavior.
v Multimedia(Multimedia)- computer systems with integrated support for audio and video recordings.
v Scientific and educational management– a methodology for managing the management and marketing space and pattern engineering based on the principles of scientificity, synergy, multiplicity, innovation, variability and determinism, based on the convergence and integration of science, education and practice in accordance with the demands and needs of society (S.D. Yakusheva) .
v The charm of man- sociability, empathy, reflexivity, eloquence, as well as external attractiveness, easy adaptation to new conditions, the ability to maintain confidence in a circle of strangers, tolerance for dissent (N.A. Moreva).
v Communication- individual typological features of the socio-psychological interaction between the teacher and students (V.A. Kan-Kalik).
v Additional education- educational programs and services implemented in order to comprehensively meet the educational needs of citizens, society and the state in general educational institutions of vocational education outside the main educational programs that determine their status, in educational institutions of O. D.: institutions for advanced training, courses, vocational guidance centers, musical and art schools, art schools, home children's creativity, stations for young technicians, stations for young naturalists, etc. (Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").
v Classical education- a type of general secondary education, providing for the systematic study of ancient languages and mathematics as the main subjects.
v Education continuous- Purposeful acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities throughout his life in educational institutions and through organized self-education. O.'s purpose n. - maintaining the socially and individually necessary level of culture, general education and professional training. It is organized on the principles of universality, democracy, accessibility, continuity, integrativity, succession, the principle of self-education, flexibility and efficiency.
v Educational environment- a set of factors formed by the way of life of the school: the material resources of the school, the organization of the educational process, nutrition, medical care, psychological climate (FGOS).
v Object-oriented software systems are software systems based on a certain model of the object "user's world".
v The paradigm is pedagogical(from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of theoretical, methodological and other guidelines adopted by the scientific ped. community at every stage of the development of pedagogy, which are guided as a model (model, standard) when solving ped. problems; a certain set of prescriptions (regulations). The concept of "paradigm" was introduced by Amer. historian T. Kuhn, who identified various stages in the development scientific discipline: pre-paradigm (preceding the establishment of P.), the dominance of P. (“normal science”), the stage of crisis in the scientific revolution, which consists in changing P., the transition from one P. . to others
v Pedagogical artistry- the ability of the teacher's emotional and psychological influence on students based on the elements of stagecraft, exercising the emancipation, interaction and co-creation of the participants in the pedagogical process in solving certain educational tasks (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Teacher-master- a specialist of high culture, a master of his craft, who is fluent in the taught discipline, teaching and upbringing methods, possessing psychological knowledge, as well as knowledge in various branches of science and art (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Pedagogical culture- a special kind of culture, but it is present as an element in each of the types of culture, linking it with the system of social research (V.L. Benin).
v Pedagogical culture- the level of mastery of pedagogical theory and practice, modern pedagogical technologies, ways of creative self-regulation of individual abilities of the individual in pedagogical activity (V.A. Mizherikov, T.A. Yuzefavicius).
v Pedagogical impact of a long-term nature- the result of the phenomenon of synergy of pedagogical influence, focused on: initiating the processes of development of thinking; development of memory, attention, observation; learning to make the best decision in a difficult situation, forming a reaction to unforeseen situations; removal of psychological barriers, complexes; education of the qualities of a leader capable of leading and organizational and managerial activities; aesthetic education; education of information culture; teaching self-representation and extraction of knowledge; the formation of skills and abilities for the implementation of experimental research activities.
v Pedagogical competence of the teacher- the unity of his theoretical and practical readiness to carry out his professional activities (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Pedagogical excellence- professional ability to optimize all types of educational activities aimed at the comprehensive development and improvement of the individual, the formation of her worldview and abilities (S.D. Yakusheva).
v teacher-manager- an integrative personality with a psychological and pedagogical background, professional and artistic culture, innovative creative thinking, competence and image, organizational and managerial skills, possessing professional skills and knowledge in the field of professional pedagogical engineering (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Pedagogical communication- a specific form of communication, which has its own characteristics and at the same time obeys the general psychological laws inherent in communication as a form of human interaction with other people (M.V. Bulanova-Toporkova).
v Pedagogical communication- a multifaceted process of organizing, establishing and developing communication, mutual understanding and interaction between teachers and students, generated by the goals and content of their joint activities (V.A. Slastenin).
v Pedagogical Synergetics- a complex open and self-organizing, non-equilibrium and non-linear system that reveals the general principles and patterns of the educational process, defines the stages of bifurcation as unstable phases of existence, suggests a plurality of scenarios for its further development S.D. Yakushev).
v Pedagogical directing- management of a harmoniously holistic educational process that has scientific and artistic unity and emotional and psychological logic, carrying out the activities of a teacher in the development and implementation of the idea pedagogical interaction(S.D. Yakusheva).
v Pedagogical technique- a complex of general pedagogical skills and abilities of the teacher, ensuring his possession of his own psychophysiological state, mood, emotions, body, speech and the organization of pedagogically appropriate communication, i.e. the optimal behavior of the teacher and his effective interaction with pupils in various pedagogical situations (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v perceptual- receptive.
v Knowledge Representation- a method of formal expression, representation of all types of knowledge (representable for machine processing), which is used to process knowledge in artificial intelligence systems.
v Exemplary curricula for individual subjects- programs that have an orienting character, including an explanatory note, which defines the goals of studying the subject at each level of education, the features of the content; the content of education, including a list of the studied material; exemplary thematic planning with the definition of the main activities of schoolchildren; planned results of the development of subject programs; recommendations on the material and technical equipment of the educational process (FSES).
v Management process- a continuous sequence of actions carried out by the subject of management, as a result of which the image of the managed object is formed and changed, the goals of joint activity are established, ways to achieve them are determined, work is divided between its participants and their efforts are integrated. It is the teacher who plans, organizes, manages and controls the process of training, education and development of students (M.M. Potashnik).
v Professiogram of a teacher- a document that gives a complete qualification description of the teacher from the standpoint of the requirements for his knowledge, skills and abilities; to his personality, abilities, psycho-physiological capabilities and level of training.
v career guidance- a scientific and practical system for preparing young people for a free, conscious and independent choice of profession, taking into account the individual characteristics and needs of the individual and the labor market and carried out through prof. information, prof. diagnostics, prof. consultation, prof. selection, prof. adaptation.
v Data search- selection of data for a certain combination of features.
v search engine, search engine(V Internet)- software that automatically collects and classifies information about websites in Internets issuing it at the request of users. Examples: AltaVista, Google, Excite, Northern Light etc. In Russia - Rambler, Yandex, Apart.
v Keyword position on the page- an indicator that takes into account how close to the top of the page the given keyword is. As a rule, the closer to the top of the page a query word occurs, the more relevant, significant, this page is considered when performing a search for this word.
v Subject area - a set of objects of the real or supposed world, considered within a given context, which is understood as a separate reasoning, a fragment of a scientific theory or a theory as a whole and is limited by the framework information technologies chosen area.
v Program-methodical complex (PMC)- a set of software and methodological tools to support the process of teaching a particular academic subject (course) or its topic.
v Software and methodological support (PMO)- educational process - a complex, which includes: a software tool for educational purposes or a package of software tools for educational purposes; instruction for the user of the software for educational purposes or the package of software for educational purposes; description of the methodology ( guidelines) on the use of software for educational purposes or a package of software for educational purposes.
v Software tool (PS) for educational purposes- a software tool that reflects a certain subject area, to some extent the technology of its study is implemented, conditions are provided for the implementation various kinds educational activity. PS for educational purposes is intended for use in the educational process, in the preparation, retraining and advanced training of personnel in the field of education, in order to develop the personality of the student, intensify the learning process. The use of PS for educational purposes is focused on: solving a specific educational problem that requires its study and (or) resolution ( problem-oriented PS ); performing some activity with the object environment ( object-oriented PS ); carrying out activities in some subject environment (domain-specific PS).
v Program for the formation of universal educational activities- a program designed to regulate various aspects of the development of meta-subject skills, i.e., methods of activity applicable within the framework of both the educational process and in solving problems in real life situations; contains a description of value orientations at each level of education; description of the continuity of the program for the formation of universal educational activities in stages general education; connection of universal educational activities with the content of educational subjects; characteristics of personal, regulatory, cognitive, communicative universal learning activities (FGOS).
v Profession there is an activity that has its own purpose, having its own product, norms and means, which, ultimately, are determined by the social function and technology of the sphere of public life that this activity serves (E.I. Rogov).
v Professional Competence- a set of individual personality traits, consisting in a specific sensitivity to the object, means, conditions of pedagogical work and the creation of productive models for the formation of the desired qualities in the student's personality (L.V. Zanina, N.P. Menshikova).
v Personal professionalism- a set of psychophysiological and personal changes that occur in it in the process of mastering and long-term performance of activities, providing a qualitatively new, more effective level of solving complex professional problems in special conditions (E.I. Rogov).
v Professional and pedagogical communication- the interaction of the teacher-educator with his colleagues, students and their parents, with representatives of the educational authorities and the public, carried out in the field of his professional activity, going beyond the contact "teacher-student" and involves the interaction of the teacher with other subjects of the pedagogical process (A. A. Lobanov).
v Professional and pedagogical mistake- unintentional incorrectness of specific education procedures, manifested in the discrepancy between these procedures and generally accepted standards of professional pedagogical activity (V.A. Mizherikov, T.A. Yuzefavicius).
v Professional self-development- the process of integrating external professional training and internal movement, the personal development of a person (V.A. Slastenin).
v Professional self-development of a master teacher- a continuous process of improving one's "I", professional qualities and abilities, creative self-realization, which is a means of self-knowledge and transformation of the inner world (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Psychodiagnostics- a branch of personality psychology, the subject of which is the assessment of the potential abilities of specific individuals or their types for certain types of activities.
v Disclosure of the objective foundations of the system of K.S. Stanislavsky, creates an awareness by the teacher of various aspects of artistic action and creativity (director's idea, actor's reincarnation) as a special professional-pedagogical, culturological and communicative form(S.D. Yakusheva).
v Text editors- programs for preparing and editing texts on a computer.
v Respondent(from the English respondent - respondent) - a research participant as a respondent. Depending on the nature of the study, R. acts in different capacities: the subject, the client, the informant, the patient, the interlocutor, etc. (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v speech culture- the possibility of all language system, which expresses the specific content in each real situation of speech communication, develops the ability to select and use language means in the process of speech communication, helps to cultivate a conscious attitude towards their use in speech practice (A.N. Ksenofontova).
v speech culture- personal culture, developing on the basis of the principle of objectively existing links between language and cognitive processes, suggesting a sense of style, developed taste and erudition (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Speech etiquette- an element of the teacher's skill, consisting of a set of speech formulas, rules and quality of pedagogical speech used in his professional activities in solving pedagogical problems in various situations (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Reflection- self-knowledge in the form of reflections on one's own experiences, sensations, thoughts.
v Reflection in pedagogy - the process and result of the participants fixing the essential features of its development, self-development, as well as determining the motives for their appearance (S.D. Yakusheva).
v self-education- systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic culture of the individual (IP Podlasy).
v self-knowledge- the process of knowing oneself, one's potential and actual properties, personal, intellectual characteristics, character traits, one's relationships with other people, etc. (V.G. Maralov).
v Self-knowledge as a process- discovery in oneself of any qualities, personal and behavioral characteristics, fixing them, comprehensive analysis, evaluation and acceptance (V.G. Maralov).
v Self - integral quality personality, the teacher's ability to professional self-development, self-knowledge, self-determination, self-realization, self-regulation and self-improvement (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Sensory- technique for designing and using sensors of physical parameters.
v Synergy of pedagogical impact- the result of the combined action of its constituent factors and (or) influences, in which the summed effect exceeds the action exerted by each of them separately.
v Synergistic reflection in the educational process - a reflection of the influence of the teacher on the student (scientific teaching) and the student on the teacher (self-determination, co-creation) through a communicative channel, which is formed with the resonance of multidirectional reflection and the achievement of unison through: mastery, thinking, self-observation, self-analysis and self-organization (S.D. Yakushev).
v System of learning aids (LMS), which includes teaching aids operating on the basis of NIT (LAT based on NIT), - a set of interconnected and interacting (and within the framework of the methodology for their use) elements and (or) components of the system that form a certain integrity , unity. MTR component- an integral part of the SSO, filled with subject content; MTR element- an integral part of the CCO, invariant with respect to filling. The composition of the SSO system: teaching aids designed to support the process of teaching a subject (course), including software and methodological support; object-oriented software systems designed to form an information culture; educational, demonstration equipment interfaced with a computer, allowing the trainee to implement the range of SNIT capabilities (control real objects, input and manipulate textual and graphic information, receive and use information about the controlled physical parameter or process for educational purposes); artificial intelligence systems designed to organize the process of self-learning; subject-oriented environments for teaching and developing purposes.
v System(in the subject area) - a set of interrelated elements, each of which is connected directly or indirectly with each other element, and any two subsets of this set cannot be independent without violating the integrity, unity of the system.
v Database management system (DBMS)- a set of software and language tools, designed to manage data in the database, maintaining this database, providing multi-user access to data.
v Modern teacher- bright personality creative person capable of developing personal and intellectual culture, innovative creative thinking, self-knowledge and understanding, able to solve problem situations, as well as to interest and captivate the process of self-development (S.D. Yakusheva).
v Sociogram- a special scheme depicting a picture of interpersonal relationships in a group or class team, identified through special studies.
v Means of informatization of education- means of new information technologies jointly (used together) with educational-methodical, normative-technical and organizational-instructive materials that ensure the implementation of the optimal technology for their pedagogically expedient use.
v Data sorting- ordering data according to a certain attribute.
v Formation- the acquisition of new features and forms in the process of development, approaching a certain state. We can talk about the formation of character, personality, thinking (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v The formation of the personality of the teacher- a continuous process of personality development in the aspect of socialization, self-knowledge and self-improvement of the essence of "I", the variability of the transformations of the vectors of professional skill (S.D. Yakusheva).
v the formation of the inner world of the individual based on the epistemological, emotional, spiritual and creative-creative sphere is fundamental for the development of the ability to transform, empathy, co-creation, empathy, expressiveness, expressiveness and the art of self-expression in the professional and pedagogical activity of S.D. Yakushev).
v Structure(systems) - a set of stable links, ways of interaction of the elements of the system, which determines its integrity and unity.
v The structure of the pedagogical process- a set of its constituent parts, corresponding to the components of the ped. systems. Components: target, content, operational and activity, evaluative and effective (G.M. Kodzhaspirova).
v Lesson structure- a set of lesson elements that ensure its integrity and the preservation of the main characteristics with various combinations. These elements include: organization of the beginning of the lesson, goal setting And lesson tasks, explanation, consolidation, repetition, homework, summing up the lesson. The type of lesson is determined by the presence and sequence of structural parts.
v Subjects of the educational process- students, their families, social and professional groups, administrative institutions and civil society institutions (FSES).
v Tact- this is a sense of proportion, creating the ability to behave in a decent, appropriate way (S.I. Ozhegov).
v Creation- thinking in its highest form, going beyond the limits required for solving the problem that has arisen by already known methods.
v Creative activity- an activity in which creativity as a dominant component is included in the structure of either its goals or methods.
v Creativity pedagogical- the development and implementation by the teacher in the constantly changing conditions of the educational process, in communicating with children of optimal and non-standard ped. solutions. T. p. characterizes the teacher's deep and comprehensive knowledge and their critical processing and comprehension; the ability to translate theoretical and methodological provisions into ped. actions; ability to self-improvement and self-education; development of new methods, forms, techniques and means and their original combinations; dialectic, variability, variability of the system of activity; effective application of existing experience in new conditions; the ability to reflexively evaluate one's own activity and its results, to form an individual style of professional activity based on the combination and development of standard and individually unique personality traits of a teacher; the ability to improvise based on knowledge and intuition; the ability to see the "fan of options."
v Thesaurus- 1) linguistic dictionary of the language with complete semantic information; 2) a complete systematic set of data on c.-l. a field of knowledge that allows a person or a machine to freely navigate in it; 3) dictionary academic discipline, state educational standard.
v Theory of education- a section of pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns, driving forces of education, its main structural elements and methodology.
v Theory of general development in the learning process(L.V. Zankov) - the theory of developmental learning, assuming a high theoretical level of learning difficulty; fast pace of learning, continuous repetition of educational material in new conditions (accompanying repetition and consolidation); education in students of positive motivation for learning and cognitive interests; humanization of the relationship between teachers and students in the educational process; linear construction of training programs.
v Tolerance(from lat. tolerantia - patience) - the absence or weakening of the response to c.-l. an unfavorable factor as a result of a decrease in sensitivity to its effects; the ability of a person to withstand all sorts of life difficulties without losing psychol. adaptation. For example, T. to anxiety is manifested in an increase in the threshold of emotional response to a threatening situation, and outwardly - in endurance, self-control, the ability to endure adverse effects for a long time without reducing adaptive capabilities. One of the most important professional qualities of a teacher. T. is based on the teacher's ability to adequately assess the real situation, on the one hand, and the ability to foresee a way out of the situation, on the other. The formation of T. in oneself is one of the important tasks of the teacher's professional education.
v training- a form of interactive learning, the purpose of which is to develop the competence of interpersonal and professional behavior in communication. It is one of the most important methods in the system of teacher training.
v Tuter- guardian.
v Managerial abilities- abilities, the structure of which enriches organizational and communication skills with excellent knowledge of the specifics of the phenonemes that are objects of control.
v Training Database (UBD), focused on a certain subject area, provides the ability to: form data sets, create, save and use data, information selected by conjunction and (or) disjunction of features; processing of available data sets, search (selection, sorting), analysis and modification of information according to given criteria; using a service technology module that allows you to use the image editor, text editor, control the results of the solution, regulate the work.
v Training Knowledge Base (UBZ), focused on a certain subject area, implies the presence of: Training base data of a certain subject area and a teaching methodology focused on a certain model of the student. This provides: checking the correctness of the answers; formation of correct answers; management of the learning process.
v Training and metodology complex(UMK) based on SNIT- teaching aids, including those functioning on the basis of NIT, in conjunction with educational and methodological materials (textbooks, teaching aids for students, teaching aids, recommendations for the teacher), forming a kind of integrity, represented by a certain composition and structure. The structure of the teaching materials on the basis of SNIT is a certain relationship, the relative position of its components.
v Teacher facilitator- a teacher working in the paradigm of personality-oriented pedagogy and guided by the following guidelines in working with children: openness to one's own thoughts, feelings, experiences; encouragement, trust as an expression of the teacher's inner personal confidence in the abilities and abilities of students; "empathic understanding" (vision of the student's behavior, his reactions, actions, skills). The concept was introduced by K. Rogers.
v File- a named organized set of data on a magnetic storage medium.
v Factor- the reason, the driving force of any process, which determines its nature or its individual features.
